Harvard Psilocybin Project

The Harvard Psilocybin Project was a series of experiments in psychology conducted by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. The founding board of the project consisted of Leary, Aldous Huxley, David McClelland (Leary's and Alpert's superior at Harvard University),[1] Frank Barron, Ralph Metzner, and two graduate students who were working on a project with mescaline.[2]

Round window above the altar at Boston University's Marsh Chapel, site of the Harvard Psilocybin Project's Marsh Chapel Experiment

Description

The experiments began some time in 1960 and lasted until March 1962, when other professors in the Harvard Center for Research in Personality raised concerns about the legitimacy and safety of the experiments in an internal meeting.[3][4][5] Leary and Alpert's experiments were part of their personal discovery and advocacy of psychedelics. As such, their use of psilocybin and other psychedelics ranged from the academically sound and open Concord Prison Experiment, in which inmates were given psilocybin in an effort to reduce recidivism, to frequent personal use.

The Marsh Chapel Experiment, an example of the Project's activities, was run by a Harvard Divinity School graduate student under Leary's supervision. Boston area graduate divinity students were administered psilocybin as a part of a study designed to determine if the drug could facilitate the experience of profound religious states, and all of the ten divinity students reported such experiences.

Huston Smith's last work, Cleansing the Doors of Perception, describes the Harvard Psilocybin Project in which he participated in the early 1960s as a serious, conscientious, mature attempt to raise awareness of entheogenic substances. Of the members of the subgroup in which Smith took part, Leary is not listed.

History

In 1960, Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert ordered psilocybin from Swiss-based company Sandoz with the intent to test if different administration modes lead to different experiences. To a greater extent, they believed that psilocybin could be the solution for the emotional problems of the Western man.[6]

The first test group was composed of 38 people of various backgrounds. Soothing environments were chosen to conduct the experiments. Each subject controlled its own intake dosage, and the lead researchers Leary and Alpert also ingested the substance. This study led to the conclusions that, while 75% of the subjects in general described their trip as pleasant, 69% were considered to have reached a «marked broadening of awareness». 167 subjects in total participated to the 1960 study. At the end of the study, 95% of the subjects declared that the psilocybin experience had «changed their lives for the better».[6]

In 1961, Leary decided to orient the study towards psilocybin and the rehabilitation of inmates. It resulted in the inmates being able to visualize themselves in a «cops-and-robbers game».[6]

Controversy

Other professors were concerned with Leary and Alpert's abuse of power over students. They pressured graduate students to participate in their research who they taught in a class required for the students' degrees. Additionally, Leary and Alpert gave psychedelics to undergraduate students despite the university only allowing graduate students to participate (a deal was passed with the administration to avoid this in 1961). The legitimacy of their research was questioned because Leary and Alpert took psychedelics with the students during the experiments, an accusation to which Leary replied that the researchers had to be in the same state of mind as the subject to understand his experience in the moment it happens. In 1961, two Harvard students ended up in the mental hospital after consuming psilocybin, and the Harvard administration started to dislike the project.[6]

While Leary and Alpert are described as ridiculing the rules that were set by the school, they also believed that nothing should deny someone the right to explore his inner self, or this would mean taking another step towards totalitarianism.[6]

Also, the selection of research participants was not random sampling. These concerns were then printed in The Harvard Crimson (edition of 20 February 1962). Leary and Alpert immediately replied to the Crimson to rectify its doomy tone, but a few days later, Dana L. Farnsworth, director of Harvard University Health Services, also wrote to the Crimson to expose the risks related to the consumption of mescaline. A dispute rose on campus, which led the Harvard Center for Research in Personality to organize a meeting on 14 March 1962 to solve the issue.[6]

The meeting turned into a trial against Leary and Alpert, and was« reported in the Crimson by a journalist who discreetly assisted to the meeting. This article accelerated the crisis. Local newspapers followed and published about the drug scandal on university grounds. A member of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health stated the experiments led by Leary and Alpert should be conducted by a -"«sober»"- researcher, followed by the state food and drug administration which declared its intention to open an investigation on the psilocybin experiments.[6]

In April, the state authorities finally decided to authorize the psilocybin experiments under the conditions that a (sober) physician is present during the experiments. When an advisory committee demanded Alpert that he gives away his psilocybin to legal authorities for safe-keeping, he insisted on keeping some for his personal use, which outraged the committee that never met again afterwards. It is believed that Leary and Alpert used Harvard stationary to order more psilocybin from Sandoz to stock up before leaving for their Zihuatanejo Project. Maybe smeared, Alpert's reputation on campus quickly became tainted.[6]

On 27 May 1963, Alpert was fired for distributing psilocybin to an undergraduate student.[6]

Another concern were the private psilocybin parties that took place and gathered professors and students,[7] or at least the cocktail party appearances of some «sessions«.[6]

At the time only Mescaline and the Peyote cactus were illegal. It would be five years until LSD and psilocybin were made illegal. Both Leary and Alpert had been rising academic stars until their battles with Harvard and their advocacy of the use of psychedelics made them major figures in the nascent counterculture.

See also

References
  1. "Leary Lectures at Harvard for First Time in 20 Years". The New York Times. 25 April 1983. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  2. Stafford, Peter; Jeremy Bigwood (1993). Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-51-8.
  3. Davidson, Sara (Fall 2006). "The Ultimate Trip". Tufts Magazine. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  4. Kansra, Nikita; Shih, Cynthia W. (21 May 2012). "Harvard LSD Research Draws National Attention". The Harvard Crimson.
  5. Department of Psychology. "Timothy Leary (1920-1996)". Harvard University. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  6. Andrew T. Weil, The Strange Case of the Harvard Drug Scandal, Psychedelic-library.org, 5 November 1963
  7. Virginia Prescott, Tripping out at Harvard, Maps.org, 12 June 2008
  • Leary's active participation in the Marsh Chapel Experiment and its effects on Reverend Randall Laakko (who, at the time, was a student at the Divinity School) are depicted in a segment of a BBC video, which can be viewed here.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.