Hipparion

Hipparion (Greek, "pony") is an extinct genus of horse that lived in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa during the Miocene through Pleistocene ~23 Mya—781,000 years ago. It lived in non-forested, grassy plains, shortgrass prairie or steppes.

Hipparion Temporal range: Early Miocene to Pleistocene,[1] 23–0.781 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
H. laromae skeleton
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Subfamily:	Equinae
Tribe:	†Hipparionini
Genus:	†Hipparion De Christol, 1832
Species
See text
Synonyms
Hemihipparion

Morphology

Hipparion resembled the modern horse, but still had two vestigial outer toes (in addition to its hoof). In some species, these outer toes were functional.[2] Hipparion was about 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) tall at the shoulder.[1]

Species

• H. chiai Liu et al., 1978
• H. concudense Pirlot, 1956
• H. condoni Merrian, 1915
• H. crassum Gervais, 1859
• H. dietrichi Wehrli, 1941
• H. fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar, 1971
• H. forcei Richey, 1948
• H. gromovae Villalta and Crusafont, 1957
• H. laromae Pesquero et al., 2006
• H. longipes Gromova, 1952
• H. lufengense Sun, 2013
• H. macedonicum Koufos, 1984
• H. matthewi Abel, 1926
• H. mediterraneum Roth and Wagner, 1855
• H. molayanense Zouhri, 1992
• H. minus Pavlow, 1890
• H. periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont, 1957
• H. philippus Koufos & Vlachou, 2016
• H. phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala, 2014
• H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 (type)
• H. rocinantis Pacheco, 1921
• H. sellardsi Matthew and Stirton, 1930
• H. shirleyae MacFadden, 1984
• H. sithonis Koufos & Vlachou, 2016
• H. sitifense Pomel, 1897
• H. tehonense (Merriam, 1916)
• H. theniusi Melentis, 1969
• H. venustum Leidy, 1860

References

1. Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 257. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
2. Williams, Wendy (2015). The Horse. Toronto, Canada: Harper Collins. p. 117. ISBN 9781443417860.