Hyaenodonta

Hyaenodonta ("hyena teeth") is an extinct order of hypercarnivorous eutherian mammals,[3] originally classified along with the oxyaenids as part of Creodonta.[4] Hyaenodonts may have evolved in Africa in the Paleocene.[5]

Hyaenodonta Temporal range: 70.4–11.608 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Cretaceous to middle Miocene[1]
skeleton of Tritemnodon agilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Ferae
Order:	†Hyaenodonta Van Valen, 1967
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms
Hyaenodontida (Leidy, 1869)[2] Hyaenodontidae (Leidy, 1869)

Hyaenodonts differed from Carnivora in that they replaced their deciduous dentition slower in development than carnivorans.[6]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

• Order: †Hyaenodonta (Van Valen, 1967)
  • Genus: †Eoproviverra (Solé, 2014)
  • Genus: †Gazinocyon (Polly, 1996)
  • Genus: †Parvagula (Lange-Badré, 1987)
  • Genus: †Parvavorodon (Solé, 2014)
  • Genus: †Pyrocyon (Gingerich & Deustch, 1989)
  • (unranked): †Arfia clade
    • Family: †Arfiidae (Solé, 2014)
  • (unranked): †Galecyon clade
    • Genus: †Galecyon (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
  • (unranked): †Indohyaenodon clade
    • Genus: †Glibzegdouia (Crochet, 2001)
    • Family: †Indohyaenodontidae (Solé, 2014)
  • (unranked): †Lahimia clade
    • Genus: †Boualitomus (Gheerbrant, 2006)
    • Genus: †Lahimia (Solé, 2009)
  • (unranked): †Sinopa clade
    • Family: †Sinopidae (Solé, 2014)
  • (unranked): †Tritemnodon clade
    • Genus: †Tritemnodon (Matthew, 1906)
    • Family: †Koholiidae (Crochet, 1988)
  • Family: †Limnocyonidae (Wortman, 1902)
  • Superfamily: †Hyaenodontoidea (Leidy, 1869)
    • Family: †Hyaenodontidae (Leidy, 1869)
    • Family: †Proviverridae (Schlosser, 1886)
  • Superfamily: †Hyainailouridea (Borths, 2016)
    • Family: †Hyainailouridae ^{(paraphyletic family)} (Pilgrim, 1932)
    • Family: †Prionogalidae (Morales, 2008)
    • Family: †Teratodontidae (Savage, 1965)
  • †Hyaenodonta ichnotaxa:
    • Ichnogenus: †Creodontipus (Santamaria, 1989)
    • Ichnogenus: †Dischidodacylus (Sarjeant & Wilson, 1988)
    • Ichnogenus: †Sarcotherichnus (Demathieu, 1984)
    • Ichnogenus: †Zanclonychopus (Sarjeant & Langston, 1994)
    • Ichnofamily: †Sarjeantipodidae (McCrea, Pemberton & Currie, 2004)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of order Hyaenodonta are shown in the following cladogram:[7][6][8][9]

Ferae

Pholidotamorpha    Pan-Carnivora    †Oxyaenodonta       Carnivoramorpha    †Hyaenodonta      †Altacreodus     †Tinerhodon   †Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade    †Hyaenodonta    †Eoproviverra         †Lahimia     †Boualitomus   †Lahimia clade        †Hyaenodontoidea    †Hyaenodontidae     †Proviverridae       †Parvagula           †Arfiidae †Afria clade     †Limnocyonidae       †Sinopidae †Sinopa clade           †Pyrocyon     †Gazinocyon       †Galecyon †Galecyon clade         †Indohyaenodontidae     †Glibzegdouia   †Indohyaenodon clade     †Parvavorodon         †Koholiidae     †Tritemnodon   †Tritemnodon clade     †Hyainailouridea  ••••••>             sensu stricto   sensu lato

†Hyainailouridea

†Teratodontidae     †Hyainailouridae   †Apterodontinae     †Hyainailourinae   †Orienspterodon       †Paroxyaenini       †"Pterodon" africanus     †"Pterodon" phiomensis         †Pterodon     †Kerberos         †Hemipsalodon     †Akhnatenavus             †Exyguodon     †Isohyaenodon zadoki           †Isohyaenodon   †Isohyaenodon andrewsi       †Sivapterodon     †Hyainailouros bugtiensis         †Hyainailouros napakensis       †Hyainailouros   †Hyainailouros sulzeri     †hyainailourine sp. (Arrdrift)       †Simbakubwa       †Sectisodon     †Mlanyama     †Falcatodon       †Leakitherium     †Megistotherium       †Metapterodontini       †Pakakali       †Thereutherium     †Prionogalidae

••••••>

References

1. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). "The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301. PMC 5636082. PMID 29020030.
2. Morlo, M.; Bastl, K.; Wenhao, W.; Schaal, S. F. (2014). "The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America". Palaeontology. 57 (1): 111–125. doi:10.1111/pala.12052.
3. Solé, F.; Amson, E.; Borths, M.; Vidalenc, D.; Morlo, M.; Bastl, K. (2015-09-23). "A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)". PLoS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698. PMC 4580617. PMID 26398622.
4. Lambert, David and the Diagram Group (1985): The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. Facts on File Publications, New York. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7
5. Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013-07-16). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
6. Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
7. Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261
8. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
9. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.