Hypsipyle (play)

Hypsipyle (Ancient Greek: Ὑψιπύλη) is a partially preserved tragedy by Euripides, about the legend of queen Hypsipyle of Lemnos, daughter of King Thoas.[1] It was one of his last and most elaborate plays.[2] It was performed c. 411–407, along with The Phoenician Women which survives in full, and the lost Antiope.[3]

Hypsipyle
Written by	Euripides
Place premiered	Athens
Original language	Ancient Greek
Genre	Tragedy

Originally only known from a few fragments, knowledge of the play was greatly expanded with the discovery of Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 852 in 1905, and its publication by Grenfell and Hunt in 1908.[4] Of his lost plays, it is the one with the most extensive fragments.[5]

Plot

The heroine of Euripides' play is Hypsipyle, the former queen of Lemnos, and lover of Jason. When the women of Lemnos killed all the men on the island, Hypsipyle had refused to kill her father Thoas, the king, and instead secretly helped him flee the island. She ruled Lemnos when Jason and the Argonauts visited the island, and she had, by Jason, twin sons Thoas and Euneus. Later, when the Lemnian women discovered Hypsipyle's deception, she fled the island, but was captured by pirates, and sold as a slave to Lycurgus, the priest of Zeus at Nemea. Hypsipyle has come to be the nursemaid of Opheltes, the infant son of Lycurgus, and his wife Eurydice.[6]

As the action of the play begins, Hypsipyle's twin sons by Jason, Euneus and Thoas, arrive seeking shelter for the night.[7] The sons have been separated from Hypsipyle since infancy, so neither recognizes the other. When Jason left Lemnos he had taken his sons to Colchis. After he died, Jason's fellow argonaut Orpheus took the boys to Thrace, where he raised them. They eventually met Hypsipyles' father Thoas, who took them back to Lemnos. From there they embarked on a search for their mother.[8]

The Seven against Thebes have also just arrived and encounter Hypsipyle. Amphiaraus tells Hypsipyle that they need water for a sacrifice, and she leads the Seven to a spring.[9] Hypsipyle brings Opheltes with her, and somehow, in a moment of neglect, Opheltes is killed by a serpent.[10] The child's mother Eurydice is about to have Hypsipyle put to death, when Amphiaraus arrives and Hypsipyle pleads with him to speak in her defense.[11] Amphiaraus tells Euridice that the child's death was destined, proposes that funeral games be held in Opheltes' honor, and is able to convince Euridice to spare Hypsipyle's life.[12] Funeral games are held, and Hypsypyle's sons participate, as a result of which, a recognition and reunion between Hypsipyle and her sons is effected, who then manage to free Hypsipyle from her servitude.[13]

The surviving fragments of Euripides' play do not make it clear how the recognition between Hypsipyle and her sons was brought about, but two later accounts may have been based on the play.[14] According to the Second Vatican Mythographer, after the sons won the foot-race, at the funeral games, their names and parents were announced, and in this way their identities were revealed.[15] The Cyzicene epigrams, the third book of the Palatine Anthology, describes a depiction, on a temple in Cyzicus, of Euneus and Thoas showing Hypsipyle a gold ornament ("the golden vine") as proof of their identities.[16]

Notes

1. For the extant fragments of Euripides' play, with introduction and notes, see Collard and Cropp, pp. 250–321.
2. Collard and Cropp, p. 251.
3. Collard and Cropp, pp. xiv, 254.
4. Collard and Cropp, pp. 250, 255; Gantz, p. 511 with note 44.
5. Collard and Cropp, p. 255.
6. Gantz, p. 511; Collard and Cropp, p. 251; Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 759a.72–74, 79–87 (Hypsipyle's flight, capture by pirates, slavery), fr. 752h.26–28 (Lycurgus as priest of Zeus), fr. 757 (Eurydice as mother), fr. 757.41–44 (Hypsipyle as nurse). Although Lycurgus is a king in later accounts, there is no indication of that here, see Bravo, p. 107.
7. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 752c [= fr. 764 Nauck], fr. 752d.
8. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 759a.93–105 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 314–315).
9. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 752h, fr. 753.
10. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 753d, fr. 754, fr. 754a.
11. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 757.37–68 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 294–297).
12. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 757.69–144 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 297–303. The seer Amphiaraus describing his defense of Hypsipyle as relying "on piety", (fr. 757.73) is suggestive of the child's death having been ordained by the gods.
13. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 759a.58–110.
14. Collard and Cropp, pp. 253 259, tests. iv, va with notes.
15. Second Vatican Mythographer 141 Bode [= Euripides Hypsipyle test. va = 164 Pepin, pp. 166–167].
16. Greek Anthology 3.10 [= Palatine Anthology 3.10 = Euripides Hypsipyle test. iv]. Compare with Euripides Hypsipyle fr. 759a.110, where Euneus mentions a "wine-dark grape-bunch".

References

• Bravo, Jorge J., III, Excavations at Nemea IV: The Shrine of Opheltes, Univ of California Press, 2018. ISBN 9780520967878.
• Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-674-99631-1. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
• Grenfell, B. P.. and Hunt, A. S., P. Oxy VI 852, London, 1908.
• Paton, W. R. (ed.), Greek Anthology, Volume I: Book 1: Christian Epigrams, Book 2: Description of the Statues in the Gymnasium of Zeuxippus, Book 3: Epigrams in the Temple of Apollonis at Cyzicus, Book 4: Prefaces to the Various Anthologies, Book 5: Erotic Epigrams, translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by Michael A. Tueller, Loeb Classical Library No. 67, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-674-99688-5. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Pepin, Ronald E., The Vatican Mythographers, Fordham University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780823228928.