Ilex cassine

Ilex cassine is a holly native to the southeastern coast of North America, in the United States from Virginia to southeast Texas, in Mexico in Veracruz, and in the Caribbean on the Bahamas, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. It is commonly known as dahoon holly[2] or cassena, the latter derived from the Timucua name for I. vomitoria.[3]

Ilex cassine
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Aquifoliales
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Genus: Ilex
Species:
I. cassine
Binomial name
Ilex cassine
Natural range in United States

It is a large shrub or small tree growing to 10–13 m tall. The leaves are evergreen, 6–15 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, glossy dark green, entire or with a few small spines near the apex of the leaf. The flowers are white, with a four-lobed corolla. The fruit is a red drupe, 5–6 mm in diameter, containing four seeds.[4][5][6]

As with other hollies, it is dioecious with separate male and female plants. Only the females have berries, and a male pollenizer must be within range for bees to pollinate them.

Varieties

There are three varieties:[2]

  • Ilex cassine var. cassine (United States, Caribbean)
  • Ilex cassine var. angustifolia Aiton. (United States)
  • Ilex cassine var. mexicana (Turcz.) Loes. (Mexico)

Ilex × attenuata is a naturally occurring hybrid of Ilex cassine and Ilex opaca.[7]

Cultivation

Ilex cassine is grown in warmer climates as an ornamental plant for the attractive bright red berries set against the glossy green leaves. It is known to grow to 30 feet tall. Its original range was close to the coast, but the range has been extended by planting.

Stimulant

Ilex cassine leaves, like those of its sister species I. vomitoria, contain measurable amounts of the stimulants caffeine and theobromine. The leaves of both species may have been used in the Native American cassena (the Black drink), and there has been confusion in the literature as to which species was commonly used to brew the drink, but I. vomitoria provides more caffeine and was probably the usual ingredient in cassena. An analysis of the levels of methylxanthines in the leaves used in various stimulant drinks found that I. cassine leaves have about 20% (by dry weight) of the amount of caffeine found in I. vomitoria, 8% of that in Coffea arabica, and about 3% of the caffeine in Camellia sinensis Kunze. I. cassine has twice as much theobromine as I. vomitoria and 20% of the level in C. sinensis Kunze (C. arabica does not contain significant amounts of theobromine), but the stimulant effect of theobromine is just 10% of that of caffeine.[8]

References
  1. Rhodes, L.; Maxted, N.; Stritch, L. (2018). "Ilex cassine". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20678718A20695061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T20678718A20695061.en. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  2. "Ilex cassine". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  3. Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. pp. 590–591. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.
  4. Florida Department of Environmental Protection: Florida's Hollies Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  6. "Ilex cassine Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
  7. "Ilex × attenuata 'Fosteri'". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  8. Edwards, Adam L.; Bennett, Bradley C. (2005). "Diversity of Methylxanthine Content in Ilex cassine L. and Ilex vomitoria Ait.: Assessing Sources of the North American Stimulant Cassina". Economic Botany. 59 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0275:DOMCII]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4256992.
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