Izmail

Izmail (Ukrainian: Ізмаї́л, translit. Izmayil; Russian: Измаил, translit. Izmail, formerly Тучков ("Tuchkov"); Romanian: Ismail or Smil; Polish: Izmaił, Bulgarian: Исмаил) is a historic city on the Danube river in Odessa Oblast in south-western Ukraine. Administratively, Izmail is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. It also serves as the administrative center of Izmail Raion, one of twenty-six districts of Odessa Oblast, though it is not a part of the district.

Izmail

Ізмаїл
City
Cathedral of the Intercession
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Faith, Freedom, Victory
Izmail
Izmail
Coordinates: 45°21′6″N 28°50′11″E
Country Ukraine
Oblast Odessa Oblast
RaionIzmail Raion
Population
 (2020)
 • Total71,299
ClimateCfa
Websiteizmail-rada.gov.ua
For the class of Russian warships, see Izmail-class battlecruiser.

In Russian historiography Izmail is associated with the 18th century sacking of Ottoman fortress of Izmail by Russian general Alexander Suvorov.

It is the largest Ukrainian port in the Danube Delta, on its Chilia branch. As such, Izmail is a center of the food processing industry and a popular regional tourist destination. It is also a base of the Ukrainian Navy and the Ukrainian Sea Guard units operating on the river. The World Wildlife Fund's Isles of Izmail Regional Landscape Park is located nearby. Population: 71,299 (2020 est.)[1]

History

The fortress of Izmail was built by Genoese merchants in the 12th century. It belonged for a short period of time to Wallachia (14th century) – as the territory north of the Danube was one of the possessions of the Basarabs (later the land being named after them, Bessarabia). The town was first mentioned with the name Ismailiye, derived from the name of the Ottoman Grand Vizier Izmail.

From the end of the 14th century, Izmail was under the rule of Moldavia. In 1484, the Ottoman state conquered the territory, which became from that moment an Ottoman protectorate (under direct rule from 1538). Since the early 16th century it was the main Ottoman fortress in the Budjak region. In 1569 Sultan Selim II settled Izmail with his Nogai subjects, originally from the North Caucasus.

The 1790 siege of Izmail;
by Aleksey Kivshenko.

After Russian general Nicholas Repnin took the fortress of Izmail in 1770, it was heavily refortified by the Turks, so as never to be captured again. The Sultan boasted that the fortress was impregnable, but during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 the Russian Army commander Alexander Suvorov successfully stormed it on 22 December 1790. Ottoman forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end, haughtily declining the Russian ultimatum. The defeat was seen as a catastrophe in the Ottoman Empire, while in Russia it was glorified in the country's first national anthem, Let the thunder of victory sound!.

Suvorov announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to the Empress Catherine in a doggerel couplet, after the assault had been pressed from house to house, room to room, most of the garrison and support forces in the city had been killed in three days, a few hundred taken into captivity. For all his bluffness, Suvorov later told an English traveler that when all was over he went back to his tent and wept.[2]

At the end of the war, Izmail was returned to the Ottoman Empire, but Russian forces took it for the third time on 14 September 1809. After it was ceded to Russia with the rest of Bessarabia by the 1812 Treaty of Bucharest, the town was rebuilt thoroughly. The Intercession Cathedral (1822–36), the churches of Nativity (1823), St. Nicholas (1833) and several others date back to that time. Izmail's oldest building is the small Turkish mosque, erected either in the 15th or 16th centuries, converted into a church in 1810 and currently housing a museum dedicated to the 1790 storm of Izmail.

The entrance to the territory of the Izmail Fortress
Suvorov Museum, Izmail
Small Mosque in Izmail
Danube River

After Russia lost the Crimean War, the town returned to the Principality of Moldavia, which would soon become part of the Romanian Principalities. Russia gained control of Izmail again after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. With the breakup of the Russian Empire in 1917 and in the aftermath of World War I, the city was occupied by the Romanian Army on 22 January 1918, after a skirmish with troops of the Danube flotilla. Later that year, the Sfatul Țării of Chișinău, which claimed to be the representative of the whole of Bessarabia, voted to formally unite the region with Romania. This union was recognized by the United Kingdom, France and Italy in the Treaty of Paris, but not by the Soviet Union which had territorial claims over Bessarabia.

In 1940, and again during World War II, it was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and included (August 1940) in the Ukrainian SSR; the region was occupied in 1941–1944 by the Romanian Army participating in Operation Barbarossa. During the Soviet period following World War II, many Russians and Ukrainians migrated to the town, gradually changing its ethnic composition. Izmail Oblast was formed in 1940 and the town remained its administrative center until the oblast was merged to Odessa Oblast in 1954. Since 24 August 1991, Izmail has been part of independent Ukraine.

Geography

Climate

Under the Köppen classification, Izmail has a humid continental climate (Dfa) with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round, typical for the inland South. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures somewhat moderated by the city's elevation. Winters are cool but variable, with an average of 48 freezing days per year.

Climate data for Izmail (1887–2005)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1)		 23.0
(73.4)		 27.6
(81.7)		 31.2
(88.2)		 38.7
(101.7)		 37.8
(100.0)		 40.7
(105.3)		 39.1
(102.4)		 35.9
(96.6)		 32.2
(90.0)		 25.5
(77.9)		 19.9
(67.8)		 40.7
(105.3)
Average high °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1)		 4.1
(39.4)		 9.0
(48.2)		 16.1
(61.0)		 22.3
(72.1)		 26.0
(78.8)		 28.5
(83.3)		 28.2
(82.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 17.0
(62.6)		 10.1
(50.2)		 4.4
(39.9)		 16.0
(60.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 4.1
(39.4)		 10.6
(51.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 20.4
(68.7)		 22.6
(72.7)		 21.9
(71.4)		 17.1
(62.8)		 11.2
(52.2)		 5.9
(42.6)		 0.8
(33.4)		 10.8
(51.4)
Average low °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 0.0
(32.0)		 5.5
(41.9)		 10.8
(51.4)		 14.6
(58.3)		 16.5
(61.7)		 15.7
(60.3)		 11.4
(52.5)		 6.3
(43.3)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −25.4
(−13.7)		 −24.1
(−11.4)		 −19.0
(−2.2)		 −10.6
(12.9)		 0.0
(32.0)		 5.6
(42.1)		 9.1
(48.4)		 3.6
(38.5)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −8.9
(16.0)		 −17.6
(0.3)		 −20.8
(−5.4)		 −25.4
(−13.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36
(1.4)		 43
(1.7)		 33
(1.3)		 34
(1.3)		 47
(1.9)		 57
(2.2)		 51
(2.0)		 38
(1.5)		 46
(1.8)		 25
(1.0)		 37
(1.5)		 42
(1.7)		 489
(19.3)
Average precipitation days 13.8 10.8 9.0 8.5 7.0 6.3 3.9 2.8 8.8 7.5 11.0 12.1 101.5
Average relative humidity (%) 81.1 73.5 70.8 67.2 61.7 60.9 58.9 60.7 70.5 74.1 81.7 79.1 70.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.8 109.2 179.8 225.0 300.7 354.0 328.6 310.0 219.0 155.0 60.0 86.8 2,383.9
Source: Climatebase.ru[3]

Demographics

Before 1920, the population of Izmail was estimated at 37,000. During that time, approximately 11,000 of the population were Jewish, 8,000 Romanians and 6,000 Germans. Additional members of the population were Russians, Bulgarians, Turks and Cossacks.[4]

  • 2008 — 77,076 people;[5]
  • 2011 — 75,581 people.[6]

The national composition (2001): Russians - 43.7% (33,600), Ukrainians - 38.0% (29,200), Bulgarians - 10.0% (7,700) and Romanians - 4.3% (3,300).[5] In 2010, the population was 75,300.[7] The population also consists of many other nationalities: Gagauz, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, etc. - 75 nationalities.

Notable residences
  • Immaculate Conception church in Izmail
  • Izmail city garden
  • Old lycaeum building
  • Old-believers St. Nicholas church
  • Old dwelling house
  • Tulchianov House
  • Old hospital
  • Sailors' inn
  • Old city hall building
  • Eparchial office building
  • Old trade gallery
  • Shevchenko palace of culture
  • Shopping street
  • Suvorov Monument in Izmail
  • Port of Izmail

Notes
  1. "Чисельність наявного населення України (Actual population of Ukraine)" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  2. J. Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons, p. 244, 1998, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-6342-0
  3. "Izmail, Ukraine Climate data (Period supervision: 1887–2005)". Climatebase. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  4. Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 16.
  5. "О городе. История Измаила. Краткая информация о Измаиле. - Интернет Портал города Измаил". izmail-city.org (in Russian). Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  6. Государственный комитет статистики Украины. Сборник: Численность наличного населения Украины на 1 января 2011. Киев 2011. Ответственная за выпуск Тимошенко Г. В. (doc) Archived 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Изменение численности населения по Измаилу за январь-июнь 2010 года. По материалам Управления статистики в Измаильском районе.
  • Izmail travel guide from Wikivoyage
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