Jahiliyyah

The age of ignorance (Arabic: ‏جَاهِلِيَّة‎‎, romanized: jāhilīyah, lit. 'ignorance') is an Islamic concept referring to the period of time and state of affairs in Arabia before the advent of Islam in 610 CE.[1] It is often translated as the "Age of Ignorance".[1] The term jahiliyyah is derived from the verbal root jahala "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly".[2] In modern times various Islamic thinkers have used the term to criticize what they saw as the un-Islamic nature of public and private life in the Muslim world.[3] In current use, Jahiliyyah refers to secular modernity, as in the work of Abul A'la Maududi, who viewed modernity as the “new jahiliyyah.”[4] Sayyid Qutb viewed jahiliyyah as a state of domination of humans over humans, as opposed to their submission to God.[4] Radical groups have justified armed struggle against secular regimes as a jihad against jahiliyyah.[4]

Etymology

The term jahiliyyah is derived from the verbal root jahala "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly".[2]

Recent scholarship has begun to suggest that al-Jahiliyya (or simply Jahiliyya) did not originally express any temporal connotations but instead a state of being. It was only after several centuries following the emergence of the Quran that it began to represent a period of time preceding Muhammad's revelations.[5]

It has been suggested that the word jahiliyyah in the Quran means "ignorant people", against both the traditional Islamic interpretation "Age of Ignorance", and the Orientalist interpretation "(state of) ignorance" (Ancient Greek ἄγνοια).[6] The basic argument is that the ending -iyyah in early Arabic (Arabiyya) denotes a collective plural noun rather than an abstract noun, as the word jahiliyya was later understood.

In the Quran

The term Jahiliyyah is used several places in the Quran, and translations often use various terms to represent it:

• Then, following misery, He sent down upon you a feeling of security, a slumber overcoming a party among you, while another party cared only for themselves, thinking false thoughts about God, thoughts fit for the Age of Idolatry. Quran 3:154 [7]
• Do they truly desire the law of paganism? But who is fairer than God in judgment for a people firm of faith? Quran 5:50 [8]
• Remain in your homes, and do not display your adornments, as was the case with the earlier Age of Barbarism. Quran 33:33 [9]
• For the unbelievers had planted in their hearts a zealotry, the zealotry of lawlessness ... Quran 48:26 [10]

Historical concept

This term can be used in reference to the Arabic culture before the arrival of Islam.

Before the Islamic conversion a portion of the Arab tribes were nomadic, with a strong community spirit and some specific society rules. Their culture was patriarchal, with rudimentary religious beliefs. Although there were some traces of monotheism in the "hanifs" figures, their religious beliefs were based mostly on idol adorations[11] and social congregations once a year around the Kaaba for trading and exchanges. Since the term is, in its deep sense, used as a condition, and not as an historical period,[12] the Jahiliyya is used to describe the period of ignorance and darkness that pre-dated the arrival of Islam. It refers to the general condition of those that haven't accepted the Muslim faith.

Modern Jahiliyyah and Islamic revivalism

The term "modern Jahiliyyah" was coined by the Pakistani Islamist writer Abul Ala Maududi, who characterized modernity with its values, lifestyles, and political norms as "the new barbarity" which was incompatible with Islam.[1] Such criticisms of modernity were taken up in the emerging anti-colonialist rhetoric, and the term gained currency in the Arab world through translations of Maududi's work.[1] The concept of modern Jahiliyyah attained wide popularity through a 1950 work by Maududi's student Abul Hasan Nadvi, titled What Did the World Lose Due to the Decline of Islam?[1] Expounding Maududi's views, Nadvi wrote that Muslims were to be held accountable for their predicament, because they came to rely on alien, un-Islamic institutions borrowed from the West.[1]

in Egypt, Sayyid Qutb popularized the term in his influential work Ma'alim fi al-Tariq "Milestones", which included the assertion that "the Muslim community has been extinct for a few centuries."[13]

When a person embraced Islam during the time of the Prophet, he would immediately cut himself off from Jahiliyyah. When he stepped into the circle of Islam, he would start a new life, separating himself completely from his past life under ignorance of the Divine Law. He would look upon the deeds during his life of ignorance with mistrust and fear, with a feeling that these were impure and could not be tolerated in Islam! With this feeling, he would turn toward Islam for new guidance; and if at any time temptations overpowered him, or the old habits attracted him, or if he became lax in carrying out the injunctions of Islam, he would become restless with a sense of guilt and would feel the need to purify himself of what had happened, and would turn to the Quran to mold himself according to its guidance. — Sayyid Qutb[14]

In his commentary on verse 5:50 of the Quran, Qutb wrote:[15]

Jahiliyya [...] is the rule of humans by humans because it involves making some humans servants of others, rebelling against service to God, rejecting God's divinity (ulahiyya) and, in view of this rejection, ascribing divinity to some humans and serving them apart from God. [...] People—in any time and any place—are either governed by God's shari'a—entirely, without any reservations—accepting it and submitting to it, in which case they are following God's religion, or they are governed by a shari'a invented by humans, in whatever form, and accept it. In that case they are in jahiliyya [...]

Qutb further wrote: "The foremost duty of Islam in this world is to depose Jahiliyyah from the leadership of man, and to take the leadership into its own hands and enforce the particular way of life which is its permanent feature.[16]

Use of the term for modern Muslim society is usually associated with Qutb's other radical ideas (or Qutbism) -- namely that reappearance of Jahiliyya is a result of the lack of Sharia law, without which Islam cannot exist;[17] that true Islam is a complete system with no room for any element of Jahiliyya;[18] that all aspects of Jahiliyya ("manners, ideas and concepts, rules and regulations, values and criteria") are "evil and corrupt";[19] that Western and Jewish conspiracies are constantly at work to destroy Islam,[20] etc.

The Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir adds the concept of the caliphate to that of shariah law to insist that the Muslim world has been living in jahiliyya since the last caliphate was abolished in 1924 will not be free of it until it is restored.[21][22]

Jahili poetry

With the pre-Islamic period being defined as the time of "Jahiliyyah", pre-Islamic poetry is commonly referred to in Arabic as "الشعر الجاهلي" or Jahili poetry – literally "the ignorant poetry".

As iconoclastic rationale

Jahiliyya is associated with iconoclasms. In 2015, the ancient history scholar Lucinda Dirven noted that in the destruction of antiquities by the Islamic State terrorist group, the religious rationale also covers for economic and political factors. "Cultural cleansing is a way to claim political power within a certain territory as well as control over history."[23] The assyriologist Eckart Frahm said, "Such iconoclasm is not specifically Islamic... What is quite unique in the case of ISIS is that the destruction is directed against images that are thousands of years old, often damaged, and no longer worshipped by anyone, and that there is a concerted effort to use these acts of vandalism as propaganda by broadcasting them through videos."[24][25]

See also

• Arabic poetry
• Hanif
• Pre-Islamic Arabia
• Rahmanism
• Stunde Null
• Takfir
• Year Zero (political notion)

References

1. Eleanor Abdella Doumato (rev. Byron D. Cannon) (2009). "Jāhilīyah". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Amros, Arne A. & Stephan Pocházka. (2004). A Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic, Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden
3. Eleanor Abdella Doumato (rev. Byron D. Cannon) (2009). "Jāhilīyah". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Since the twentieth century various movements, some with quite clear political agendas, have used the concept of Jāhilīyah to refer to what they deem to be an un-Islamic state of affairs affecting both private and public life in the Muslim world generally.
4. Jahiliyyah The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
5. Webb, Peter (2014-01-01). "Al-Jāhiliyya: Uncertain Times of Uncertain Meanings". Der Islam. 91 (1): 72–3. doi:10.1515/islam-2014-0005. ISSN 1613-0928.
6. Bjorsnes, Amund (2018). "Jāhiliyya and Rahbāniyya in the Qur'ān". Retrieved 8 July 2018.
7. (3:154)
8. (5:50)
9. (33:33)
10. (48:26)
11. Ali Tajddin S. Ali, Mumtaz. "Jahiliyya".
12. Colla, Elliott (2007). Conflicted antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian modernity. U.S.A: Duke University Press. pp. 265, 266. ISBN 978-0822390398.
13. Qutb, Milestones, p. 9
14. Qutb, Milestones, p. 19
15. William E. Shepard SAYYID QUTB'S DOCTRINE OF JAHILIYYA Int. J. Middle East Stud. 35 (2003), 521-545.
16. Miroslav Volf Exclusion or Saturation? Rethinking the Place of Religion in Public Life ABC Religion and Ethics. 2014
17. Qutb, Milestones, p.9, 82
18. Qutb, Milestones, p.32, 47
19. Qutb, Milestones, p.9, 132
20. Qutb, Milestones, p.110-111, 114, 116
21. "The Re-establishment of the Khilafah is an obligation upon all Muslims". khilafah.com. 24 June 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
22. Baran, Zeyno (December 2004). "Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam's Political Insurgency" (PDF). Nixon Center. p. 18. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
23. Dirven, Lucinda (2015). "Iconoclasm in the 'Islamic State'". Retrieved 8 October 2015.
24. Gonzalez, Susan (March 16, 2015). "ISIS' destruction of cultural antiquities: Q&A with Eckart Frahm". Yale News. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
25. Shaheen, Kareem (March 9, 2015). "Isis attacks on ancient sites erasing history of humanity, says Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2015.

• Qutb, Sayyid (2006). Milestones (PDF). Maktabah. Retrieved 5 April 2016.

Further reading

• Dr. Hina Azam. "Terrorism: A Return to Jahiliyya". alt.muslim. Archived from the original on 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2005-12-01.
• Kepel, Gilles (1985). The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt. Al Saqi. ISBN 0-86356-118-7.
• Qutb, Sayyid (1981). Milestones. Mother Mosque Foundation.
• Sivan, Emmanuel (1985). Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. Yale University Press.

External links

• The dictionary definition of jahiliyyah at Wiktionary