Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau

Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (French pronunciation: ​[ʁɔʃɑ̃bo]; 1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman and general whose army played the decisive role in helping the United States defeat the British army at Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolution. He was commander-in-chief of the French Expeditionary Force sent by France in order to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces.

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur de Rochambeau
Rochambeau wearing the sash of the Order of Saint Louis
Born	1 July 1725 Vendôme, Orléanais, France
Died	10 May 1807 (aged 81) Thoré, Loir-et-Cher, France
Buried	Thore Cemetery, Thore-la-Rochette
Allegiance	Kingdom of France  Kingdom of the French
Service/branch	French Army
Years of service	1742–1792
Rank	Marshal of France
Battles/wars	War of the Austrian Succession Siege of Maastricht (1748) Seven Years' War Battle of Minorca (1756) Battle of Krefeld Battle of Kloster Kampen American Revolutionary War Yorktown campaign Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route Siege of Yorktown Battle of the Chesapeake French Revolutionary Wars War of the First Coalition
Awards	Order of the Holy Spirit Order of Saint Louis Society of the Cincinnati

Military life

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur was born in Vendôme, in the province of Orléanais, and he was schooled at the Jesuit college in Blois. After the death of his elder brother, he entered a cavalry regiment and served in Bohemia, Bavaria, and on the Rhine during the War of the Austrian Succession. By 1747, he had attained the rank of colonel. He took part in the Siege of Maastricht (1748) and became governor of Vendôme in 1749. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Minorca (1756) on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War and was promoted to Brigadier General of infantry. In 1758, he fought in Germany, notably in the Battle of Krefeld and the Battle of Clostercamp, receiving several wounds at Clostercamp.

American Revolution

Landing of a French auxiliary army in Newport, Rhode Island on 11 July 1780 under the command of the comte de Rochambeau. This image is one of 12 scenes from the American Revolution printed in Allegemeines historisches Taschenbuch by Daniel Nickolaus Chodowiecki, a well-known Polish engraver.

NPS map of the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route

In 1780, Rochambeau was appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code named Expédition Particulière.[1] He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition.[2]

Bataille de Yorktown by Auguste Couder

Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicting Cornwallis surrendering at Yorktown to the French troops of General Rochambeau (left) and American troops of Washington (right); oil on canvas, 1820

He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on 10 July but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by the British in Narragansett Bay. The College in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now known as Brown University) served as an encampment site for some of Rochambeau's troops, and the College Edifice was converted into a military hospital, now known as University Hall.[3] In July 1781, the force left Rhode Island and marched across Connecticut to join Washington on the Hudson River in Mount Kisco, New York. The Odell farm served as Rochambeau's headquarters from 6 July to 18 August 1781.[4]

Washington and Rochambeau then marched their combined forces to the siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. On 22 September, they combined with the Marquis de Lafayette's troops and forced heavily outnumbered and trapped Lord Cornwallis to surrender on 19 October. The Congress of the Confederation presented Rochambeau with two cannons taken from the British in recognition of his service. He returned them to Vendôme, and they were requisitioned in 1792.

Return to France

Upon his return to France, Rochambeau was honored by King Louis XVI and was made governor of the province of Picardy. He supported the French Revolution of 1789, and on 28 December 1791 he and Nicolas Luckner became the last two generals created Marshal of France by Louis XVI. When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, he commanded the Armée du Nord for a time in 1792 but resigned after several reversals to the Austrians. He was arrested during the Reign of Terror in 1793–94 and narrowly escaped the guillotine. He was subsequently pensioned by Napoleon and died at Thoré-la-Rochette during the First Empire.

Legacy

Honors

US Postage Stamp, 1931 issue, honoring Rochambeau, George Washington, and François Joseph Paul de Grasse, commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown, 1781

President Theodore Roosevelt unveiled a statue of Rochambeau by Ferdinand Hamar as a gift from France to the United States on 24 May 1902, standing in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.. The ceremony was made the occasion of a great demonstration of friendship between the two nations. France was represented by ambassador Jules Cambon, Admiral Fournier, and General Henri Brugère, as well as a detachment of sailors and marines from the battleship Gaulois. Representatives of the Lafayette and Rochambeau families also attended. A Rochambeau fête was held simultaneously in Paris. In 1934, A. Kingsley Macomber donated a statue of General Rochambeau to the city of Newport, Rhode Island. The sculpture is a replica of a statue in Paris.

The French Navy gave his name to the ironclad frigate Rochambeau. USS Rochambeau was a transport ship that saw service in the United States Navy during World War II. President Obama signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act on 30 March 2009 with a provision to designate the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route as a National Historic Trail. A bridge is named for Rochambeau in the complex of bridges known as the 14th Street Bridge (Potomac River) connecting Washington D.C. with Virginia. A mansion on the campus of Brown University is named Rochambeau House and houses the French Department.

Memoirs

Jeanne Therese Tilles D'Acosta, Madame la Marquise de Rochambeau

Rochambeau's Mémoires militaires, historiques et politiques, de Rochambeau was published by Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival in 1809. Part of the first volume was translated into English and published in 1838 under the title Memoirs of the Marshal Count de R. relative to the War of Independence in the United States. His correspondence during the American campaign was published in 1892 in H. Doniol's History of French Participation in the Establishment of the United States[5]

Legacy

Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.

• Rochambeau's son, the vicomte de Rochambeau, was an important figure in the Haitian Revolution, French Revolutionary, and Napoleonic Wars.
• Rochambeau Middle School in Southbury, Connecticut is named for the comte de Rochambeau, as is the Rochambeau Bridge which carries Interstate 84 and U.S. Highway 6 between Southbury and Newtown, Connecticut (Rochambeau's army marched through the area during the American Revolutionary War). There are also various shopping centers and minor streets named in Rochambeau's honor throughout Connecticut.
• The French international school (lycée français) in Bethesda, Maryland is named Lycée Rochambeau.
• A bridge over the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., is also named for Rochambeau.
• There is a Rochambeau Drive named in his honor in Greenburgh, New York and in Williamsburg, Virginia, which is not far from the Yorktown battlefield.
• There is a Rochambeau Avenue named in his honor in Providence, Rhode Island, as well as a Rochambeau Street in both [[New Bedford]
• There is a Rochambeau Avenue named in his honor in the Bronx, New York.
• There is a Rochambeau Place in Springfield, Virginia.
• There is a statue of Rochambeau in Newport, Rhode Island and another in Washington, D.C. on Pennsylvania Avenue across from the White House in Lafayette Park that, according to the United States Park Service was sculpted by Fernand Hamar and cast by the Pal d'Osne foundry in France and dedicated 24 May 1904, and a statue memorializing his meeting with George Washington in Dobbs Ferry, New York.
• There is a Rochambeau Playground in the Richmond District in San Francisco, California.[6]
• There is a Rochambeau Farm on the Historic Guard Hill in Bedford Corners, New York.
• There is a Rochambeau monument at French Hill in Marion, Connecticut close to the Asa Barnes Tavern, the eighth campsite of his troops through Connecticut in 1781.
• Rochambeau is referenced twice in the American musical Hamilton, in the songs "Guns and Ships" (where Washington sings, "We rendezvous with Rochambeau, consolidate their gifts,"[7]) and "Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)" (where Hamilton sings, "The code word is Rochambeau, dig me?! Rochambeau! You have your order now, go, man, go!"[8]) These songs reference both Rochambeau's status as a commander and the name Rochambeau sounding like "rush on boys" and supposedly being used as a code word.

Motto and coat of arms

Coat of arms	Motto
	VIVRE EN PREUX, Y MOURIR[9] (To live and die valiantly)

Notes

1. Kennett, Lee (1977). The French Forces in America, 1780–1783. Greenwood Press, Inc. Page 10
2. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Count de Rochambeau" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4. Lenore M. Rennenkampf (February 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:Odell House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
5. Doniol, H. Histoire de la participation de la France en l'établissement des Etats Unis d'Amérique, Vol. V. [publisher unknown] Paris: 1892
6. Rochambeau Playground
7. Leslie Odom, Jr., Daveed Diggs, Christopher Jackson & Original Broadway Cast of "Hamilton" – Guns and Ships, retrieved 9 August 2020
8. Original Broadway Cast of "Hamilton" – Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down), retrieved 9 August 2020
9. Johannes Baptist Rietstap, Armorial général : contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe : précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason, G.B. van Goor, 1861, 1171 p

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 425–426.
• "Jean Baptiste Donatien De Vimeur Rochambeau." in Dictionary of American Biography (1936). online
• Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783 (Greenwood, 1977),
• Nager, Cody E. "The Fading Mirage Of Revolution: The French Expeditionary Force's Disillusionment With America, 1780–1782." The Historian 81#3 (2019), p. 426+. online
• Whitridge, Arnold. "Rochambeau And The American Revolution" History Today (May 1962_, Vol. 12 Issue 5, pp 312-320.
• Tugdual de Langlais, L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle de France, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. (ISBN 9782919339280).
• Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochambeau, Relative to the War of Independence of the United States, ed. and trans, by M. W. E. Wright (New York: The New York Times and Arno Press, 1971),

External links

• France and the American Revolution at the John Carter Brown Library
• Jean-Baptiste-Donatien Count de Rochambeau at Find a Grave