Ji (polearm)

The ji (pronunciation: [tɕì], English approximation: /dʒiː/ jee, Chinese: 戟; pinyin: jǐ) was a Chinese polearm, often translated into English as halberd,[1] though they are fundamentally different weapons. They were used in one form or another for over 3000 years, from at least as early as the Zhou dynasty, until the end of the Qing dynasty. They are still used for training purposes in many Chinese martial arts.

Eastern Zhou halberd

History

The ji was initially a hybrid between a spear and a dagger-axe. It was a relatively common infantry weapon in Ancient China, and was also used by cavalry and charioteers.

In the Song dynasty, several weapons were referred to as ji, but they were developed from spears, not from ancient ji. One variety was called the qinglong ji (Chinese: 青龍戟; lit. 'cerulean dragon ji'), and had a spear tip with a crescent blade on one side. Another type was the fangtian ji (Chinese: 方天戟; lit. 'square sky ji'), which had a spear tip with crescent blades on both sides.[2][3] They had multiple means of attack: the side blade or blades, the spear tip, plus often a rear counterweight that could be used to strike the opponent. The way the side blades were fixed to the shaft differs, but usually there were empty spaces between the pole and the side blade. The wielder could strike with the shaft, with the option of then pulling the weapon back to hook with a side blade; or, he could slap his opponent with the flat side of the blade to knock him off his horse.

The Ji is popularized through a historical character known as Lü Bu. His weapon of choice was the Fang Tian Hua Ji (方天画戟).

  • Ge (two dagger-axes at left), ji (two variants at centre), and Song-dynasty ji (two at right)
  • A king of Xia, Jie, holding an ancient ji
  • Lü Bu wielding his famed weapon
  • A qinglong ji (azure dragon ji) from the Qing-dynasty encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng


See also

References
  1. Lorge 2011, p. 43.
  2. Jiang Feng-wei (蔣豐維), Chinese weapons dictionary (中國兵器事典)
  3. Sadaharu Ichikawa (市川定春), Dictionary of the Weapon (武器事典)

Bibliography
  • Lorge, Peter A. (2011), Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-87881-4
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