João Maria Ferreira do Amaral

João Maria Ferreira do Amaral (4 March 1803 – 22 August 1849) was a Portuguese military officer and politician. While he was governor of Macau, he was assassinated by several Chinese men, triggering the Battle of Passaleão between Portugal and China.

João Maria Ferreira do Amaral
79th Governor of Macau
In office 21 April 1846 – 22 August 1849
Monarch	Mary II
Preceded by	José Gregório Pegado
Succeeded by	Government Council
Personal details
Born	4 March 1803 Lisbon, Portugal
Died	22 August 1849 (aged 46) Macau
Nationality	Portuguese
Spouse(s)	Maria Helena de Albuquerque
Children	Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral Joana Teresa de Albuquerque
Military service
Allegiance	Portuguese Empire
Branch/service	Portuguese Navy
Years of service	1821–1849
Battles/wars	War of Independence of Brazil Liberal Wars Revolt of the Faitiões
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	亞馬留
Simplified Chinese	亚马留
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yà Mǎliú Yue: Cantonese Jyutping aa3 maa5 lau4

Background

João was the first son of Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, born in the parish of Alcântara, Lisbon, on 3 May 1773. His father was a descendant from de Macedo, a fidalgo of the Royal Household and a sergeant in the Portuguese Army and the Portuguese Legion during the Napoleonic Wars. His father froze to death during the French Invasion of Russia, where he might have been promoted to alferes, in the winter of 1812. His father was married in Alcântara, Lisbon, on 4 February 1801 to Ana Isabel Cirila de Mendonça. He had two brothers, Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, born in Alcântara, Lisbon, on 15 October 1804, and Francisca Ferreira do Amaral, born in Alcântara, Lisbon, on 10 May 1805.

Career

João Maria Ferreira do Amaral was a distinguished and valiant officer of the Portuguese Royal Fleet. In 1821, he started his military career as a midshipman in the Brazilian Squadron of the Portuguese Navy posted in Brazil. In 1821, during Brazil's brief war of independence against Portugal, Ferreira do Amaral lost his right arm in the Battle of Itaparica.

During the Portuguese Civil War, he was one of the few navy officers that managed to make his way from mainland Portugal to the Terceira island in the Azores, where the Liberal side had established its base. Throughout the war, he served as an officer in the navy of the Portuguese Liberal side. By the end of the war, Ferreira do Amaral was already a high-ranking officer in the Portuguese Navy.

After serving as a deputy governor for Angola, he was appointed as the 79th Governor of Macau on 21 April 1846. During his three-year tenure as governor, he implemented a range of policies to entrench Portugal's colonial authority over Macau. Within a month of taking office he demanded that all Chinese residents in Macau pay ground rent, poll tax and property tax. The Qing authorities in Macau immediately protested against his action and attempted to negotiate. However, beginning in 1849, he expelled all Qing officials from Macau, destroyed the Qing Customs and ceased paying ground rent to the Qing government.

Assassination of Amaral

His actions enraged the Chinese residents further, and he was assassinated on 22 August 1849 by seven Chinese men, who knocked him off his horse and cut off his head.[1] This was the trigger for the Passaleão incident.

Marriage and issue

Maria Helena de Albuquerque, 1st Baroness of Oliveira Lima (Funchal, São Pedro, 1817 – Lisbon, 6 June 1909), was married to the deceased João Maria Ferreira do Amaral by proxy on 2 October 1849 in Lisbon, Santa Catarina. This marriage took place nearly two months after João Maria Ferreira do Amaral was killed. She did this to legitimize their son Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral and their daughter Joana Teresa de Albuquerque, Maria Helena de Albuquerque, 1st Baroness of Oliveira Lima (Funchal, São Pedro, 1817 – Lisbon, 6 June 1909). At the time of the marriage, Maria Helena de Albuquerque was unaware that João Maria Ferreira do Amaral was dead.

At that time, Maria Helena was a widow and was taking advantage of the fact that her first husband, António Teixeira Dória, the Lord of the Portuguese colony of Macau, son of Francisco Teixeira Dória and Joana Margarida da Câmara, had died earlier that year. António Teixeira Dória, her first husband, whom she had married in 1836, was a first mate in a navy corvette, whose commander was João Maria Ferreira do Amaral.

According to one of Maria Helena and João Maria’s descendants, Augusto Martins Ferreira do Amaral, 3rd Baron of Oliveira Lima, Maria Helena cheated on her first husband and had an affair with the commander of her first husband’s ship, who was João Maria Ferreira do Amaral. He would later become her second husband. It is also believed that her first son of her first marriage, João Eduardo Teixeira Dória (Lisbon, São Paulo, 13 October 1841), an artillery officer, was also João Maria Ferreira do Amaral's son, for he had similar features. Maria Helena later separated from her first husband and went to live in a convent.

It was during this time that she conceived Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, by the ship's commander; although this baby was baptized as son of João Maria Ferreira do Amaral and an unknown mother, to avoid being registered under the name of her first husband.

Legacy

Amaral receives a mixed reception in the former Portuguese colony. While Chinese officials regard him as a symbol of colonialism and national humiliation, the local Macanese community often praises his defense of Macau's autonomy and promotion of free trade with China.[2]

References

1. Ride, Lindsay; Ride, May (1999). The Voices of Macao Stones. Hong Kong University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9789622094871.
2. Yee, Herbert S.; Lo, Sonny S. H. (1991). "Macau in Transition: The Politics of Decolonization". Asian Survey. 31 (10): 911. doi:10.2307/2645063. ISSN 0004-4687.

• Anuário da Nobreza de Portugal, III, 1985, Tomo II, p. 758 to 761
• GeneAll.net – João Maria Ferreira do Amaral at www.geneall.net João Maria Ferreira do Amaral