John Paul Vann

John Paul Vann (born John Paul Tripp; July 2, 1924 – June 9, 1972) was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army, later retired, who became well known for his role in the Vietnam War. Although separated from the military before the Vietnam War reached its peak, he returned to service as a civilian and by the waning days of the war was the first American civilian to command troops in regular combat there. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and was the only civilian in Vietnam to receive the Distinguished Service Cross. He died in a helicopter crash in 1972 at 47 years old.

"John Vann" redirects here. For the baseball player, see John Vann (baseball).
John Paul Vann
John Paul Vann
(photo taken between 1962 and 1972)
Birth nameJohn Paul Tripp
Born(1924-07-02)July 2, 1924
Norfolk, Virginia, United States
DiedJune 9, 1972(1972-06-09) (aged 47)
Kon Tum, South Vietnam
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchUnited States Army Air Forces (1943-1947)
United States Army (1947-1963)
Years of service1943–1963
RankLieutenant Colonel
Battles/warsWorld War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
AwardsArmy Distinguished Service Cross
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal (2)
Army Commendation Medal (2)
Purple Heart

Early life

Born John Paul Tripp in Norfolk, Virginia, out of wedlock, to John Spry and Myrtle Lee Tripp. Vann's mother married Aaron Frank Vann, and Vann took his stepfather's surname; Vann had three half-siblings, from Aaron and Myrtle: Dorothy Lee, Aaron Frank, Jr., and Eugene Wallace. In 1942, Aaron Vann officially adopted him.[1] Although the Vann children grew up in near-poverty, Vann was able to attend boarding school at Ferrum College through the patronage of a wealthy member of his church. He graduated from its high school in 1941, and from its junior college program in 1943. With the onset of World War II, Vann sought to become an aviator/pilot.

Military career

In 1943, at the age of 18, Vann enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. He underwent pilot training, transferred to navigation school, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1945.[1] However, the war ended before he could see action.[2]

Vann married Mary Jane Allen of Rochester, New York in October 1945, at the age of 21.[3] They had five children.[4]

When the Air Corps separated from the Army in 1947 to form its own branch, the United States Air Force, Vann chose to remain in the Army and transferred to the infantry. He was assigned to Korea, and then Japan, as a logistics officer. When the Korean War began in June 1950, Vann coordinated the transportation of his 25th Infantry Division to Korea. Vann joined his unit, which was placed on the critical Pusan Perimeter until the amphibious Inchon landing relieved the beleaguered forces.

In late 1950, in the wake of China's entrance into the war and the retreat of allied forces, now-Captain Vann was given his first command, a Ranger company, the Eighth Army Ranger Company. He led the unit on reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines for three months, before a serious illness in one of his children resulted in his transfer back to the United States. While assigned to Rutgers University's ROTC program as an assistant professor of military science and tactics,[5] he received a B.S. with a concentration in economics and statistics in 1954.[3]

In 1954, Vann joined the 16th Infantry Regiment in Schweinfurt, Germany, becoming the head of the regiment's Heavy Mortar Company. A year later, he was promoted to major and transferred to Headquarters U.S. Army Europe at Heidelberg, where he returned to logistics work.

Vann returned to the U.S. to attend the Command and General Staff College (a prerequisite for further promotion) in 1957. During this period, he earned an M.B.A. from Syracuse University in 1959 and completed all course requirements for a Ph.D. in public administration at the University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1961.[5][3]

Vietnam War service

Vann was voluntarily assigned to South Vietnam in 1962 as an adviser to Colonel Huỳnh Văn Cao, commander of the ARVN IV Corps. In the thick of the anti-guerrilla war against the Viet Cong, Vann became concerned with the way in which the war was being prosecuted, in particular the disastrous Battle of Ap Bac. Directing the battle from a spotter plane overhead, he earned the Distinguished Flying Cross for his bravery in taking enemy fire. He attempted to draw public attention to the problems through press contacts such as New York Times reporter David Halberstam, directing much of his ire towards MACV commander General Paul D. Harkins. Vann completed his Vietnam assignment in March 1963 and left the Army within a few months, having completed 20 years of service.[3]

Civilian career

Vann accepted a job in Denver, Colorado with defense contractor Martin Marietta. Although he succeeded there for nearly two years, he missed Vietnam and angled to return.[3] Vann returned to Vietnam in March 1965 as an official of the Agency for International Development (AID).[6]

After an assignment as province senior adviser, Vann was made Deputy for Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS) in the Third Corps Tactical Zone of Vietnam, which consisted of the twelve provinces north and west of Saigon—the part of South Vietnam most important to the US. CORDS was an integrated group that consisted of USAID, U.S. Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency and State Department along with U.S. Army personnel to provide needed manpower. Among other undertakings, CORDS was responsible for the Phoenix Program, which involved neutralization of the Viet Cong infrastructure.

Vann served as Deputy for Civil Operations and Rural Development Support CORDS III (i.e., commander of all civilian and military advisers in the Third Corps Tactical Zone) until November 1968 when he was assigned to the same position in IV Corps, which consisted of the provinces south of Saigon in the Mekong Delta.

Vann was highly respected by a large segment of officers and civilians who were involved in the broader political aspects of the war because he favored small units performing aggressive patrolling instead of grandiose engagements by large units. Unlike many US soldiers, he was respectful toward the ARVN soldiers notwithstanding their low morale and was committed to training and strengthening their morale and commitment. He encouraged his personnel to engage themselves in Vietnamese society as much as possible and he constantly briefed that the Vietnam War must be envisaged as a long war at a lower level of engagement rather than a short war at a big-unit, high level of engagement.

On one of his trips back to the U.S. in December 1967, Vann was asked by Walt Rostow, an advocate of more troops and Johnson administration National Security Advisor, whether the U.S. would be over the worst of the war in six months: "Oh hell no, Mr. Rostow", replied Vann, "I'm a born optimist. I think we can hold out longer than that." Vann's wit and iconoclasm did not endear him to many military and civilian careerists but he was a hero to many young civilian and military officers who understood the limits of conventional warfare in the irregular environment of Vietnam.

After his assignment to IV Corps, Vann was assigned as the senior American advisor in II Corps Military Region in the early 1970s when American involvement in the war was winding down and troops were being withdrawn. For that reason, his new job put him in charge of all United States personnel in his region, where he advised the ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) commander to the region and became the first American civilian to command U.S. regular troops in combat. His position was the equivalent in responsibilities of a major general in the US Army.

Death

Three days after the Battle of Kontum, Vann was killed when his helicopter crashed into a grove of trees near a village cemetery. He was 47 years old. He was buried on June 16, 1972, in Section 11 of Arlington National Cemetery. His funeral was attended by such notables as General William Westmoreland, Major General Edward Lansdale, Lieutenant Colonel Lucien Conein, Senator Edward Kennedy, and Daniel Ellsberg.

In Slow Burn: The Rise and Bitter Fall of American Intelligence in Vietnam, Orrin DeForest cited speculation from South Vietnamese sources that Vann's death was caused by disgruntled South Vietnamese Rangers. "They hated his guts up there", he wrote, and added, "Vann was an abrasive man with a foul mouth, given to embarrassing Vietnamese commanders in public. He'd meet a commander of a unit out in the field some place and he didn't care who was standing around. He'd tell them right there, 'Hey, you dumb son of a bitch, you couldn't run an operation against the VC if you were the last one in the world.' It made no difference to Vann that 'face' was the most significant thing of all to an Asian. You simply cannot embarrass a Vietnamese, at least not in front of someone else. Not unless you are ready to make an enemy for life, one who will get his revenge if he possibly can. He will watch and wait and be patient, and he'll just brood on it until he finds a way to do it."[7]

CORDS Deputy District Senior Advisor Ronald Rockwell worked under Vann for one year while he was the CORDS Deputy at III Corps. Rockwell believes that the quotations describing Vann's behavior toward ARVN commanders are totally unfounded and contrary to everything Vann believed about the proper prosecution of the war.

Legacy

On June 18, President Richard Nixon posthumously awarded Vann the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian citation, for his ten years of service in South Vietnam.[8] For his actions from April 23–24, 1972, Vann, ineligible for the Medal of Honor as a civilian, was also awarded (posthumously) the Distinguished Service Cross,[9] the only civilian so honored since World War II.[1]

Neil Sheehan wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning Vietnam history and biography of Vann, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam, in which Sheehan also examines two of Vann's alleged career-stunting incidents involving morals charges during his service in West Germany and at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and how these possibly affected Vann's future actions and resulting career path both in and after Vietnam.[1] In 1998, HBO made the film A Bright Shining Lie, adapted from the book, with Bill Paxton playing the role of Vann.[10]

Quotes
  • "It was a miserable damn performance." (speaking of the Battle of Ap Bac)
  • "If it were not for the fact that Vietnam is but a pawn in the larger East-West confrontation, and that our presence here is essential to deny the resources of this area to Communist China, then it would be damned hard to justify our support of the existing government."[11]
  • "This is a political war and it calls for discrimination in killing. The best weapon for killing would be a knife, but I'm afraid we can't do it that way. The worst is an airplane. The next worst is artillery. Barring a knife, the best is a rifle — you know who you're killing."[12]
  • "We don't have twelve years' experience in Vietnam. We have one year's experience twelve times over."[13]
  • "In one fell swoop [President Thieu's Land to the Tiller Program] eliminated tenancy in Vietnam. All rents were suspended."[14]:194
  • "The basic fact of life is that the overwhelming majority of the population — somewhere around 95 percent — prefer the government of Vietnam to a Communist government or the government that's being offered by the other side."[14]:348
  • "These people may be the world's greatest lovers but they're not the world's greatest fighters. But they're good people and they can win a war if someone shows them how." (speaking about the South Vietnamese)[15]

Awards
Combat Infantryman Badge
Basic Army Aviator Badge
Basic Parachutist Badge
25th Infantry Division Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
Army Distinguished Service Cross (posthumous)
Distinguished Flying Cross
 Bronze Star Medal with one bronze oak leaf cluster
 Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster
Purple Heart
Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumous)
Army Good Conduct Medal
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal with "Japan" clasp
 National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
Korean Service Medal with four service stars
 Vietnam Service Medal with service star
Vietnam Civilian Service Award
Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm
Korean Presidential Unit Citation
United Nations Korea Medal
Vietnam Campaign Medal
Korean War Service Medal (posthumous)

Dates of rank
  • Enlisted – 10 March 1943
  • 2nd Lieutenant – 10 February 1945
  • 1st Lieutenant – 17 April 1947
  • Captain – 13 September 1950
  • Major – 19 April 1955
  • Lieutenant Colonel – 26 May 1961[16]

See also


References
  1. Kross, Peter (2007-02-20). "John Paul Vann: Man and Legend". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2019-10-04. Vann was credited with rescuing more than 50 wounded and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the only civilian to be so honored since World War II.
  2. Sheehan, Neil (1988-06-13). "An American Soldier in Vietnam". New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-10-04. He had been trained to kill Germans and Japanese in the Second World War, although the war had ended before he could see combat.
  3. Sheehan, Neil (1988). A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. New York: Random House.
  4. Mehren, Elizabeth (1988-10-12). "Trapped By Vietnam : Before He Could Tell the Tale of a Soldier and a War, Neil Sheehan First Had to Battle His Own Emotions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-10-04. He had five children by his wife, Mary Jane, and though they were divorced at the time he was killed in a helicopter accident in Vietnam, at the funeral she placed a rose on the coffin and told the man inside she loved him.
  5. Montgomery, Paul L. (1972-06-10). "Career Approached Legend". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  6. Steel, Ronald (1988-09-25). "The Man Who Was the War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  7. DeForest, O.; Chanoff, D. (1990). Slow Burn: The Rise and Bitter Fall of American Intelligence in Vietnam. Simon & Schuster. p. 154. ISBN 0671692585.
  8. Sheehan, Neil (1988-06-13). "An American Soldier in Vietnam". ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-10-04. He was buried at Arlington & honored by Pres. Nixon, with the posthumous award of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
  9. "Distinguished Service Cross Recipients, Vietnam War, 1956-1975" (PDF). Department of Defense.
  10. Lyman, Rick (1998-05-20). "HBO's 'Shining Lie' Draws Early Complaints". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-04. If anything, Vann was even more intense than the way he is portrayed in the film by Bill Paxton
  11. Sheehan, Neil (1988). A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. Random House. p. 524. ISBN 978-0679724148.
  12. Halberstam, David (2008). The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam During the Kennedy Era. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. ISBN 978-0742560086.
  13. Lewy, Guenter (1980). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0195023916.
  14. Sorley, Lewis (1999). A Better War. Harcourt Brace. ISBN 9780547417455.
  15. Karnow, Stanley (1991). Vietnam: A History. Penguin. p. 277. ISBN 9780140145335.
  16. Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army. Various editions from 1950 to 1962.

Sources
  • Sheehan, Neil (1988). A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. New York: Random House.
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