Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR; Finnish: Karjalais-suomalainen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta ; Russian: Каре́ло-Фи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика, tr. Karelo-Finskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union. It existed from 1940 until it was made part of the Russian SFSR in 1956 as the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The latter became the Republic of Karelia, a federal subject of Russia, on 13 November 1991.

Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic

Karjalas-Suomelaine sosialistine nevvostotazavaldu
Karjalais-suomalainen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta
Карело-Финская Советская Социалистическая Республика
1940–1956
Motto: Kaikkien maiden proletaarit, liittykää yhteen!
"Proletarians of all countries, unite!"
Anthem: Karjalais-suomalaisen sosialistisen neuvostotasavallan hymni
"Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR"
Location of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (red) within the Soviet Union (1940 boundaries)
CapitalPetrozavodsk
Common languagesKarelian, Finnish, Russian
GovernmentMarxist-Leninist one-party socialist soviet republic
• 1940–1956
Otto Wille Kuusinen
LegislatureSupreme Soviet of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
Historical eraWorld War II / Cold War
• SSR established
31 March 1940
• Demoted to ASSR
16 July 1956
Area
1959172,400 km2 (66,600 sq mi)
Population
• 1959
651,300
CurrencySoviet ruble (руб) (SUR)
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Karelian ASSR
Finnish Democratic Republic
Leningrad Oblast
Karelian ASSR
Today part of Russia

History

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic was established by the Soviet government on 31 March 1940 by merging the KASSR with the Finnish Democratic Republic. The latter was created in territory ceded by Finland in the Winter War by the Moscow Peace Treaty, namely the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, including the cities of Viipuri and Sortavala.

Virtually the entire Karelian population of the ceded areas, about 422,000 people, was evacuated to Finland, and the territories were settled by peoples from other parts of the Soviet Union.

Creating a new Republic of the Union for an ethnic group that neither was large in absolute terms, nor constituted anything close to a majority in its territory, nor had been a separate independent nation prior to its incorporation into the USSR, was unprecedented in the history of the USSR. Some later historians believe that the elevation of Soviet Karelia from an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (within the RSFSR) to an SSR was a political move as a "convenient means for facilitating the possible incorporation of additional Finnish territory" (or, possibly, the whole of Finland) into the USSR.[1][2][3]

  KASSR, 1938–40
  Territories merged with the KASSR in 1940 to form the KFSSR
  Territories added to the KFSSR in 1940 but transferred to RSFSR in 1944

In 1941, Finland re-annexed the territory that it had lost in 1940 and occupied most of the Karelian lands that had been within the USSR prior to 1940, including the capital Petrozavodsk (Petroskoi).[3] In 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured the area. Soviet sovereignty was recognized by Finland in the Moscow Armistice and Paris Peace Treaty. The Finnish Karelians were evacuated to Finland again.

In September 1944, the Karelian Isthmus with Vyborg (Viipuri) was transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR to the Leningrad Oblast of the RSFSR, but Ladoga Karelia remained a part of the republic.

On 16 July 1956, the republic was incorporated into the Russian SFSR as the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This move can perhaps be explained in the context of the general post-war improvement of Finno-Soviet relations,[1] which also included such steps as the Soviets' return of the Porkkala Naval Base leased territory to full Finnish sovereignty (January 1956), and leasing Maly Vysotsky Island and the Soviet section of the Saimaa Canal (conquered by the USSR in 1940 and 1944) back to Finland (1963).

The abolition of the Karelian SSR in 1956 was the only case in the history of the USSR (1922–1991) of merging a member republic of the USSR into another republic. The State Emblem of the Soviet Union had to be changed to reflect this, with one of the 16 ribbons symbolizing constituent republics removed. Soviet ruble money bearing the Emblem was also changed accordingly.

In the waning days of the USSR, the Karelian ASSR became the Republic of Karelia, a subdivision of the Russian Federation, on 13 November 1991.

Politics

The chairman of the Karelo-Finnish Supreme Soviet (1940–1956) was Finnish communist Otto Wille Kuusinen. In the republic there was also a separate Karelo-Finnish Communist Party led in the 1940s by G.N. Kupriyanov.

Yuri Andropov served for some years as the first secretary of the republic's Komsomol branch, the Leninist Communist Youth League of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.

Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet[4]
NamePeriod
Nikolai SorokinAugust 7, 1940 – 1947
Adolf TaimiApril 15, 1947 – 1955
Johannes Sogijainen1955 – 1956

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
NamePeriod
Mark Vasilyevich GorbachevMarch 31, 1940 – July 11, 1940
Otto KuusinenJuly 11, 1940 – July 16, 1956

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Kantele players from the KFSSR at the Second World Festival of Youth and Students, 1949

The Council of People's Commissars was renamed the Council of Ministers in 1946.

NamePeriod
I. P. Babkin (acting)1940
Pavel Prokkonen1940 – February 1947
Voldemar VirolainenFebruary 1947 – February 24, 1950
Pavel Prokkonen1950 – July 16, 1956

See also

References
  1. Helin, Ronald Arthur (1961). Economic-geographic Reorientation in Western Finnish Karelia: A Result of the Finno-Soviet Boundary Demarcations of 1940 and 1944. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. p. 101.
  2. "Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev". Edited by Sergeĭ Khrushchev. Published by Penn State Press, 2007. ISBN 0-271-02332-5. Page 871 (biographic note on O. Kuusinen). On Google Books
  3. Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 109. ISBN 1-85065-293-7.
  4. http://knowbysight/1_KAREL/03476.asp%5B%5D

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