Katherine Warington

Katherine Warington (5 September 1897 – 3 July 1993) was a botanist and the first person to show that boron, as boric acid, was essential for the healthy growth of plants.[1]

Katherine Warington
Born(1897-09-05)5 September 1897
Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England
Died3 July 1993(1993-07-03) (aged 95)
St Albans, Hertfordshire, England
NationalityBritish
Alma materRoyal Holloway, University of London
Scientific career
InstitutionsRothamsted Research

Early life and education

Katherine Warington was born in Harpenden, Hertfordshire on 5 September 1897, a twin and one of the five daughters of Helen Louisa Makins and the agricultural chemist Robert Warington FRS [Jnr].[2] She was educated at the all-women Holloway College, University of London graduating with a B.Sc (Hons) in Botany in 1921.[3] In 1923 she gained her MSc from the University of London with her thesis: The effect of boric acid and borax on the broad bean and certain other plants.[4]

In 1928 she studied spectrographic methods of analysis under Professor Lundegårdh at Experimentalfältet, Stockholm.[5] Her work on boron was the basis for her D.Sc. from the University of London.[3]

Career

Katherine Warington's father had worked at Rothamsted Experimental Station. Here she began as a voluntary worker, much like visiting scientists today.[6] She was then appointed to the Botany Department in 1921, working with Dr. Winifred Brenchley.

Warington's work with boron came about because an entomologist wanted to find a way of making bean plants distasteful to black fly (Aphis). The botanists were responsible for supplying solutions with a range of concentrations of various elements for water culture solutions. These included several elements, of which boron was one, not previously recognized as plant nutrients. Using the solutions he found that all his plants died except those given boron.[7]

Warington's work required meticulous care as she had to maintain a boron free solution as her control throughout the life of the beans. Her test solution concentrations were as low as 5 ppm (parts per million). Everyone coming into the glasshouse had first to wash their hands even if they weren't going to handle the plants.[7] By 1923 she had published the proof that boron was essential to the healthy growth of broad beans.[1] Dr Hugh Nicol commented "It is not given to everyone to found a minor industry with her first piece of research, yet this, in effect, happened in her case...the agricultural consumption of boron compounds attained considerable dimension".[7] Warington went on to produce papers on other micronutrients including molybdenum and manganese.

St Nicholas church in Harpenden, Hertfordshire.

Warington also worked with Brenchley on the Rothamsted Classical Experiments: Broadbalk (winter wheat study started 1843) and Park Grass (started 1856), where from 1921 they carried out field surveys of weeds. Warington tested the germination of weed seeds, demonstrating that most species had an optimal germination period during the year.[3][8]

Later life

Katherine Warington retired in 1957. She had an active retirement including voluntary clerical work at the St Nicholas' parish office. During her last few years she lived in a residential home in St Albans where she died on 3 July 1993 following a stroke at the age of 95.[3] She is buried in the family plot in St Nicholas Churchyard.

Warington Family Plot, St Nicholas Churchyard, Harpenden, England

References
  1. Warington, K. (1923) "The effect of boric acid and borax on the broad bean and certain other plants". Annals of Botany 37 pp. 629-672
  2. Goddard, N. 'Warington, Robert (1838-1907)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004 [1], accessed 15 Aug 2013
  3. Thurston, Joan M. (9 August 1993). "Obituary: Katherine Warington". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  4. University of London Library Catalogue
  5. Warington, K. (1934) "Studies in the absorption of calcium from nutrient solutions with special reference to the presence or absence of boron." Annals of Botany 48(191) p.763
  6. (1987) 'Happy Birthday Katherine Warington'. Micronutrient News 8(1) p. 3
  7. Nicol, H. (1942) 'What the plant does with its materials'. Nature 3792 p.13
  8. International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950, p. PA322, at Google Books
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