Kenji Misumi

Kenji Misumi (三隅 研次, Misumi Kenji) (2 March 1921 – 24 September 1975) was a Japanese film director. He created film series such as Lone Wolf and Cub and the initial film in the long-running Zatoichi series, and also directed Hanzo the Razor: Sword of Justice, starring Shintaro Katsu.[1] He died at age 54.[2]

Kenji Misumi
Born(1921-03-02)2 March 1921
Kyoto, Japan
Died24 September 1975(1975-09-24) (aged 54)
OccupationFilm director

In 2012, his 1973 film Sakura no Daimon was voted by Makoto Shinozaki at the BFI The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time.[3]

Biography

Kenji Misumi was born on March 2, 1921.[4] His father was a Kobe entrepreneur Fukujiro Misumi and his mother was a geisha from Kyoto's pleasure district who went by the name Shizu. [4] The parents were not in a formal relationship and neither parent wanted to take care of Kenji.[4] This led to him being taken care of by his aunt Shika with Fukujiro financially supporting him.[4] This led to Kenji Misumi later being enrolled in the Ritsumeikan business school.[4] Kenji was more interested in film, specifically chanbara films with actors like Tsumasaburo Bando and Denjiro Okochi, which led him to tell his father that he wanted to pursue arts and work in film.[4] This led to his father cutting his allowance severing their last ties together.[4]

Misumi continued his studies at Ritsumeikan as well as beginning work at his Aunt's restaurant.[4] While working there, he entered into conversation about cinema with novelist and playwright Kan Kikuchi who slipped him contact information with Nikkatsu Studios.[4] Two years after this, Misumi went to his contact at Nikkatsu finding that the person no longer was employed there.[5] The recommendation from Kikuchi was enough to have him enter employment at Nikkatsu however, allowing him to start work as trainee assistant director in 1941.[5] Before Misumi began work on any project, he was drafted into World War II.[5] Misumi spoke little of his war time experiences.[5] He was taken as a prisoner of war by Russians and sent to Siberia where he remained for two and a half years.[5] He was sent back to Japan in 1948 where he re-entered the film industry.[5]

Film career

The film industry in Japan had changed after World War II with Nikkatsu having been absorbed into the structure of Daiei where Misumi sought employment and was hired as an assistant director.[5][6] Misumi worked on two films for director Kozaburo Yoshimura, The Tale of Genji and Sisters of Nishijin.[6] Misumi spent his spare time during this period watching other directors at work and watching films.[6] Misumi began a friendship with director Teinosuke Kinugasa, assisting him on his films Dedication of the Great Buddha and Gate of Hell, which led to Kinugasa personally asking Daiei's head Masaichi Nagata to promote Misumi to a director position.[6] Misumi was promoted with his first film being Tange Sazen: Kokezaru no tsubo (lit. 'Tange Sazen: The Moss Monkey's Jar'), a third film in a trilogy about a one-armed and one-eyed samurai portrayed by Okochi.[6] The film was very successful being the second highest-grossing film in domestically in Japan that year.[6] Misumi followed it with further chanbara films, averaging about four films per year.[6]

Misumi's films has continued success at the box office in Japan which led him to direct more features often with the same crew.[7] The crew included assistant director Toshinori Tomoeda, cinematographer Chishi Makirua, film editor Kanji Suganuma, and production designer Akira Naito.[7] Misumi stayed loyal with Daiei early in his career, even turning down an offer to work for Toei.[7] One of Misumi's projects became Japan's first 70 mm film with Buddha, the film was a very expensive feature that became the highest-grossing film that year in Japan in 1961.[7][8] Misumi was offered by Nagata to direct more prestigious films for Daiei, but Misumi continued working on chanbara films, including directing the first entry in the Zatoichi film series with The Tale of Zatoichi released in 1962.[8] Misumi would direct several chanbara films in the 1960s including films in the Zatoichi series.[8]

Misumi was released from his contract with Daiei in 1971 when the studio shut down film production.[9][10] Misumi had already made Zatoichi at the Fire Festival the previous year for Katsu Productions and made his debut in television with the series Tenno no seiki in 1971, following it up with the first entry in the Lone Wolf and Cub series with Lone Wolf and Cub: Sword of Vengeance again for Katsu.[10] After directing three films in the Lone Wolf and Cub series, Misumi began work for Katsu Productions on the Hanzo the Razor series.[10] Following work on the television jidaigeki series Hissatsu series in 1973(Misumi directed 19 episodes in the "Hissatsu series".[11]), Misumi began work on The Last Samurai for Shochiku.[10][12] It would be his last film as Misumi died of liver failure on September 24, 1975.[12]

Selected filmography
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref(s)
DirectorOther
1952 Dedication of the Great Buddha Yes Assistant director [6][13]
1953 Gate of Hell Yes Assistant director [14]
1959 Yotsuya kaidan Yes [15]
1960 Satan's Sword Yes [16]
1960 Satan's Sword II Yes [16]
1961 Satan's Sword III Yes [16]
1961 Buddha Yes [17][18][19]
1962 The Tale of Zatoichi Yes [20][21]
1964 Fight, Zatoichi, Fight Yes [22][23]
1965 Zatoichi and the Chess Expert Yes [24]
1966 The Return of the Giant Majin Yes [25][26]
1967 Zatoichi Challenged Yes [27]
1968 Samaritan Zatoichi Yes [28][29]
1969 Devil's Temple Yes [30]
1970 Zatoichi Goes to the Fire Festival Yes [29]
1972 Lone Wolf and Cub: Sword of Vengeance Yes [31]
1972 Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart at the River Styx Yes [32]
1972 Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart to Hades Yes [33]
1972 Hanzo the Razor: Sword of Justice Yes [34]
1973 Sakura no daimon Yes [35]
1973 Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart in the Land of Demons Yes [36]
1974 The Last Samurai Yes [37]

Television
Show Premiere date Channel Episode Notes Ref(s)
Hissatsu Shiokiya Kagyō 1975 Asahi Broadcasting Corporation Episode 13 Misumi's final work [11]

References

Footnotes
  1. Vijn, Ard (30 July 2007). "HANZO THE RAZOR trilogy DVD Review - Twitch". Twitch Film.
  2. Gatto, Robin; Mes, Tom (24 October 2005). "Midnight Eye feature: Remembering Kenji Misumi". Midnight Eye.
  3. Shinozaki, Makoto (2012). "Shinozaki Makoto - BFI - British Film Institute". Sight & Sound. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012.
  4. Mes 2018, p. 32.
  5. Mes 2018, p. 33.
  6. Mes 2018, p. 34.
  7. Mes 2018, p. 35.
  8. Mes 2018, p. 37.
  9. Mes 2018, p. 45.
  10. Mes 2018, p. 46.
  11. "映画監督 三隅研次" (in Japanese). National Film Archive of Japan. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  12. Mes 2018, p. 47.
  13. Bakker 2009, p. 140.
  14. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 178.
  15. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 449.
  16. Palmer, Palmer & Myers 1995, p. 300.
  17. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 127.
  18. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 128.
  19. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 129.
  20. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 262.
  21. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 263.
  22. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 452.
  23. "Fight, Zatoichi, Fight". Criterion Collection. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  24. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 357.
  25. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 334.
  26. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 335.
  27. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 453.
  28. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 455.
  29. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 456.
  30. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 151.
  31. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 280.
  32. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 282.
  33. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 284.
  34. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 286.
  35. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 289.
  36. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 291.
  37. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 257.

Sources
  • Bakker, Freek L. (2009). The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad. ISBN 9004194045.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Galbraith IV, Stuart (1996). The Japanese Filmography: 1900 through 1994. McFarland. ISBN 0786400323.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 1461673747.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Palmer, Bill; Palmer, Karen; Meyers, Richard (1995). The Encyclopedia of Martial Arts Movies. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810830271.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Mes, Tom (2018). Father, Son, Sword: The Lone Wolf and Cub Saga. Arrow Books. ISBN 9780993306099.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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