Kfar Hittim

Kfar Hittim (Hebrew: כְּפַר חִטִּים‎) is a moshav shitufi in northern Israel. Located on a hill 3 km west of Tiberias, it falls under the jurisdiction of Lower Galilee Regional Council. It was Israel's first moshav shitufi,[2][3] and can also be considered the first tower and stockade settlement.[4] In 2019 it had a population of 619.[1]

Kfar Hittim כְּפַר חִטִּים‎
Kfar Hittim Kfar Hittim
Coordinates: 32°48′1″N 35°30′9″E
Country	Israel
District	Northern
Council	Lower Galilee
Affiliation	Moshavim Movement
Founded	7 December 1936
Founded by	Jewish National Fund
Population  (2019)[1]	619

History

Antiquity

Horns of Hattin

Hittin was located on the northern slopes of the double hill known as "Horns of Hattin." It was strategically and commercially significant due to its location overlooking the Plain of Hittin, which opens onto the coastal lowlands of Lake Tiberias to the east, and to the west is linked by mountain passes leading towards the plains of lower Galilee. These plains, with their east-west passages, served as routes for commercial caravans and military invasions.[5]

Archaeological excavations have yielded pottery fragments from the Pottery Neolithic and Chalcolithic period.[6]

It has been suggested that the Arab village of Hittin was built over the Canaanite town of Siddim or Ziddim (Joshua 19:35), which in the third century BCE acquired the Old Hebrew name Kfar Hittin ("village of grain"). It was known as Kfar Hittaya in the Roman period.[7][8] In the 4th century CE, it was a Jewish rabbinical town.[5]

Ottoman era

In 1596, Hittin was a part of the Ottoman Nāḥiyah (Arabic: نَـاحِـيَـة‎, "Subdistrict") of Tiberias under the Liwā’ (Arabic: لِـوَاء‎, "District") of Safed. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, goats and beehives.[9]Richard Pococke, who visited in 1727, writes that the village was "famous for some pleasant gardens of lemon and orange trees; and here the Turks have a mosque, to which they pay great veneration, having, as they say, a great sheik buried there, whom they call Sede Ishab, who, according to tradition (as a very learned Jew assured me) is Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses."[10] William McClure Thomson, who visited in the 1850s, reported that visiting the shrine was considered a cure for insanity.[11] In 1875 Victor Guérin wrote about the local tradition that the tomb of Jethro (Neby Chaʾīb), the father-in-law of Moses, was found in Hittin.[12]

A population list from about 1887 showed 1,350 inhabitants; 100 Jews and 1,250 Muslims.[13] An elementary school was established in the village around 1897.[5]

In the early 20th-century, village land in the eastern part of the Arbel Valley was sold to Jewish land societies. In 1910, Mitzpa, was established there.[5]

The land on which Kfar Hittin sits was purchased by the Jewish National Fund in 1904,[14] with the help of David Chaim, an Ottoman citizen previously in the employment of Edmond James de Rothschild.[15] Two thousand dunams of land, consisting of 400 small parcels, were purchased from the Arab village of Hittin. The first attempt to settle there in 1913 failed due to friction with the local Arabs, the shortage of water and the lack of contiguity of the land.

British Mandate

In 1924, another attempt was made to settle in Kfar Hittin. Forty families moved to the site, where they lived in wooden cabins and built a barn, a communal chicken coop, a synagogue and a water tower. In the 1929 Palestine riots the moshav was attacked by the Arabs. As economic and security problems mounted, families left until the site was abandoned completely in 1933. Another short-lived attempt to settle the land was made in 1934, but the settlers left within a short period of time.

On 7 December 1936, 11 pioneers from HaKotzer group re-established the moshav as a tower and stockade settlement, using the abandoned synagogue as a fort and the old milk sheds as housing. The new settlement was set as moshav shitufi. On 19 December 1937 the moshav's guard, Shlomo Bin-Nun, was ambushed and murdered by an Arab gang.[16][17]

During the 1940s additional families joined the moshav. Irrigation problems were solved in 1942 when piping was laid delivering water from the Sea of Galilee to the moshav. In 1944 a road connecting the moshav to Tiberias was laid.[15] During this period the settlers started building permanent housing using basalt bricks and developed the moshav economy by building textile factory, dairy farm, garage, carpentry shop and bakery.

State of Israel

After the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the moshav continued to develop economically, expanding the textile factory and by building an apiary and a jewellery factory. However, by the 1990s the moshav was in deep debts and had to enter receivership and most of the moshav assets were either closed or leased out,[18] and the moshav itself became a community settlement and a new neighborhood was built to the north of the old moshav.[15] Plans to build a golf court and a luxury hotel in the moshav were made, but never materialized.[19]

Landmarks

• Horns of Hattin – an extinct volcano and the battleground of the Battle of Hattin, in which the Muslim army led by Saladin defeated the Crusader army in 1187, leading to the siege and defeat of the Crusaders who controlled Jerusalem.
• Mount Arbel – a national park in the nearby moshav Arbel, containing the ruins of an ancient Jewish settlement and a synagogue and cliff dwellings on the northern side of the mount.
• Nabi Shu'ayb – the supposed burial site of Jethro (Yitro), a site revered by the Druze[20]
• Hittin – the ruins of the depopulated Arab village of Hittin, which was taken by Jewish forces in 1948 and whose former inhabitants were forbidden from returning to.[21]

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  Kfar Hittim 1937
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  Kfar Hittim 1940
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  Kfar Hittim 1940
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  Kfar Hittim 1944
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  Kfar Hittim 1944 (Horns of Hattin visible in distance)
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  Kfar Hittim 1945
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  Kfar Hittim 1945

References

1. "Population in the Localities 2019" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
2. Moshav Shitufi, Tnu'at HaAvoda (in Hebrew)
3. Moshav Shitufi Historical Dictionary of Israel
4. Which is First Tower and Blockade Settlement Ma'ariv, 10.12.1986, Historical Jewish Press (in Hebrew)
5. Khalidi, 1992, p. 521.
6. Nimrod Getzov, 2007, Hittin, Volume 119, Year 2007, Israel Antiquities Authority
7. Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah 1:1 (2a)
8. See p. 77 [21] in: Rosenfeld, Ben-Zion (1998). "Places of Rabbinic Settlement in the Galilee, 70–400 C.E.: Periphery versus Center". Hebrew Union College Annual (in Hebrew). 69: 57–103. JSTOR 23508858.
9. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 190. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 521.
10. Pococke, 1745, vol 2, p. 67
11. Thomson, 1859, vol 2, pp. 117–118
12. Guérin, 1880, pp. 190-191
13. Schumacher, 1888, p. 185
14. 1910-1901 Jewish National Fund (in Hebrew)
15. Kfar Hittim Tnu'at HaAvoda (in Hebrew)
16. Shlomo Bin Nun Izkor (in Hebrew)
17. The Guard S. Bin-Nun Was Found Killed Near Sejera HaZofe, 21.12.1937, Historical Jewish Press (in Hebrew)
18. ניסיון מימוש שני: בכפר חיטים רצו להחזיר חובות ולמדו לקח אומלל Dotan Levi, 3 March 2016, Calcalist (in Hebrew)
19. A Missed Putt: Moshe Shapira Seeks to Make Israel a Golf Empire Maariv, 20 January 2012 (in Hebrew)
20. "Kever Yitro (קבר יתרו)". Retrieved 2010-05-11.
21. Hittin Palestine Remembered