King Ghidorah

King Ghidorah (キングギドラ, Kingu Gidora) is a fictional monster, or kaiju, which first appeared in Ishirō Honda's 1964 film Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster. Although the name of the character is officially trademarked by Toho as "King Ghidorah",[17] the character was originally referred to as Ghidorah or Ghidrah in some English markets.[10]

"King Ghidra" redirects here. For the rapper, see MF Doom. For the software, see Ghidra.
King Ghidorah
Godzilla film series character
A production image of the first King Ghidorah suit, not fully painted[1]
First appearanceGhidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964)
Created byTomoyuki Tanaka
Portrayed byShōwa era:
Shoichi Hirose[2]
Susumu Utsumi[3]
Kanta Ina[4]
Heisei era:
Hurricane Ryu[5]
Tsutomu Kitagawa[6]
Millennium era:
Akira Ohashi[7]
Legendary Pictures:
Jason Liles[8]
Alan Maxson[9]
Richard Dorton[9]
In-universe information
AliasGhidrah[10]
King Ghidra[11]
King Ghidora[12]
Monster Zero[13]
The 10,000 Year Old Dragon[14]
The King of Terror[15]
The Gold King[16]
God of the Void[16]
King of the Void[16]
Titanus Ghidorah
Ghidorah
The One Who is Many
SpeciesThree-headed dragon-like monster

Although King Ghidorah's design has remained largely consistent throughout its appearances (an armless, bipedal, golden-scaled, bat-winged dragon with three heads and two tails), its origin story has varied from being an extraterrestrial planet-killing dragon,[18] a genetically engineered monster from the future,[19] a guardian monster of ancient Japan,[20] or a god from another dimension. The character is usually portrayed as an archenemy of Godzilla and a foe of Mothra,[21] though it has had one appearance as an ally of the latter.[20]

Despite rumors that Ghidorah was meant to represent the threat posed by China, which had at the time of the character's creation just developed nuclear weapons,[22] director Ishirō Honda denied the connection and stated that Ghidorah was simply a modern take on the dragon Yamata no Orochi.[23]

Overview

Development

The initial idea for Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster came from Tomoyuki Tanaka, who also created Godzilla. Tanaka's inspiration came from an illustration of the Lernaean Hydra in a book about Greek Mythology, and Orochi of Japanese folklore. Tanaka was enamored with the idea of Godzilla fighting a multi-headed serpent, but considered seven or eight heads to be too excessive, and thus the number of heads was reduced to three.[24] The final version was a three-headed dragon with large wings, two tails and of extraterrestrial origin.[25]

Toho also drew inspiration from the three-headed dragon Zmey Gorynych or King Dragon キング・ドラゴン (Kingu Doragon)[26] in Japanese version from the 1956 Soviet film Ilya Muromets, which had been distributed theatrically in Japan by Shintoho in March 1959.[27][28] King Ghidorah's name is composed of "King" (キング, Kingu) and "Ghidorah." The "Ghidorah" part of King Ghidorah's name comes from the pronunciation of the word "hydra" (Гидра, ˈɡʲidrə) in Russian, written as ヒドラ (Hidora) in Japanese.

Other sources of inspiration included mythological creatures such as the hydra, unicorn, pegasus, and qilin.[29]

Shōwa era (1964–1973)
Shōwa King Ghidorah

In its debut film, Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ghidorah is portrayed as an ancient extraterrestrial entity responsible for the destruction of the Venusian civilization, five thousand years before the film's events. Its attempt to destroy Earth is thwarted by the combined efforts of Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra.[30]

Subsequent Shōwa era films would portray Ghidorah as the pawn of various alien races seeking to subjugate Earth.[31][32][33] King Ghidorah also appears in the fifth and sixth episodes of the television series Zone Fighter, where it is revealed that it is supposedly a creation of the Garoga aliens, though it is left unclear as to whether this statement is true or not.[34][35]

Screenwriter Shinichi Sekizawa insisted that the Ghidorah suit be fabricated using light-weight silicone-based materials in order to grant the wearer greater mobility.[36][37] The final Ghidorah design was constructed by special effects artist Teizo Toshimitsu,[38] who had initially painted it green in order to further differentiate it from Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra, but changed it to gold on the insistence of Eiji Tsuburaya, after his assistant noted that being a creature from Venus, the "gold planet", Ghidorah should be that color.[24]

The monster suit itself was built by Akira Watanabe, and worn by Shoichi Hirose.[2] Hirose walked hunched over inside the Ghidorah costume, holding a metal bar for balance, while puppeteers would control its heads, tails and wings off-camera like a marionette.[25] The monster's heads were each fitted with remotely controlled motors, which were connected to operators via a wire extending from the suit's backside.[38]

Performing as Ghidorah proved challenging to Hirose, as he had to time his movements in a way that would not conflict with the separately operated heads and wings, as doing so would have resulted in the overhead wires tangling.[36][37] Because of the suit's weight, it frequently snapped the overhead wires supporting it.[38] Special effects were added as the creature is capable emitting destructive, lightning-like "gravity beams" from its mouths and generating hurricane-force winds from its wings.[39]

Despite King Ghidorah's central role in the film's plot, the character was given little screen time, as Hirose had fallen out with special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya, who never forgave Hirose for accepting a Hollywood deal, and subsequently he hired Susumu Utsumi to play King Ghidorah after Invasion of Astro-Monster.[36][37] In that film, King Ghidorah was given a darker shade of gold, and its movements both on land and in the air were more fluid than during Ghidorah the Three-Headed Monster, as the special effects crew had at that point learned from the shortcomings of the previous film's depiction of the creature.[40]

Heisei era (1991–1998)
Heisei King Ghidorah

In Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991), the creature is re-envisioned as a trio of diminutive genetically engineered creatures called Dorats owned by a group of humans from the 23rd century known as the Equal Environment Earth Union, a group dedicated to equalizing the power of Earth's nations. Seeking to stop Japan's global economic dominance in their timeline by transforming the Dorats into King Ghidorah through nuclear exposure, the Earth Unionists plant the Dorats on Lagos Island during the 1954 H-bomb tests there. Prior to doing so, they remove the dinosaur that would ultimately become Godzilla from the island, so that King Ghidorah would be able to attack Japan without opposition. In 1991, the Earth Unionists unleash Ghidorah onto Japan, but he is defeated by a recreated Godzilla. King Ghidorah's body stays under the ocean for two centuries before being recovered by a defected Earth Unionist to make it a cyborg and sent back to 1992 as Mecha-King Ghidorah in order to stop Godzilla's rampage.[41]

The character's manes were deleted and replaced with multy horns, as it proved difficult for the special effects team to superimpose the manes footage of people escaping the monster.[42] Special effects director Koichi Kawakita had originally planned on having each of Ghidorah's heads fire differently colored beams, but this was ultimately scrapped in favor of the classic yellow color.[43] This version of King Ghidorah was portrayed by Hurricane Ryu.[5]

In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993), Mecha-King Ghidorah's leftovers are salvaged by the United Nations Godzilla Countermeasures Center (UNGCC) and used to build Mechagodzilla.[44]

In Rebirth of Mothra III (1998), King Ghidorah is depicted as an extraterrestrial that landed on earth during the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era and wiped out the dinosaurs by draining them of their life energies. Ghidorah left Earth and returns in modern times to feed on human children. Mothra Leo fails to defeat the monster and travels back to the Cretaceous in order to kill Ghidorah retroactively. Leo defeats the younger Ghidorah, but the monster's severed tail allows it to regenerate back into its adult form in modern times. After hibernating from the Cretaceous era to the present day, aided by the ancient Primitive Mothra species, Leo finally kills the monster by transforming into a new form: "Armor Mothra".[45] This version of King Ghidorah was portrayed by Tsutomu Kitagawa.[6]

Millennium era (2001)
Millennium King Ghidorah

In Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Ghidorah is portrayed as having been one of the three Guardians of Yamato, originating 1,000 years before the events of the film. Initially an antagonist, Ghidorah was imprisoned in Mount Fuji, only to be reawakened in 2001 to halt Godzilla's destruction of Tokyo. Ghidorah is defeated, but then revived and empowered by ally Mothra.[46]

Director Shūsuke Kaneko had originally planned on using Varan as Godzilla's principal antagonist, but was pressured by Toho chairman Isao Matsuoka to use the more recognizable and profitable King Ghidorah,[47] as the previous film in the franchise, Godzilla vs. Megaguirus, which featured an original and unfamiliar antagonist, was a box office and critical failure. In order to emphasize Ghidorah's heroic role in the movie, the creature's size was greatly reduced, and was portrayed by Akira Ohashi, who moved the creature's heads as hand puppets.[48][49]

Anime trilogy (2018)

Ghidorah is referenced by Metphies in a post-credits scene for Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle[50] and is featured in Godzilla: The Planet Eater.[51] The anime incarnation of Ghidorah is markedly different from his original portrayal, having evolved to the point of discarding his physical body in favor of a form of pure astral energy with two tails, two wings, and three necks that reach at least 20 kilometers in length, stretching out of three black hole-like portals to devour planets sacrificed to him by the Exif cult with his gravitational powers while his torso remaining within an alternate dimension.

In the anime, Ghidorah is the deity worshipped by the Exif under the titles of "Wings of Death", "Golden Demise", and "God of Destruction". He is summoned to Earth by Metphies and his cult in order to destroy Godzilla and devour Earth just as how they fed him other planets they visited and converted to the Exif faith. Virtually invincible due to his defiance of physics, it is only when his link to this universe (in this case, Metphies) is broken that he can be affected by conventional physical laws, allowing Godzilla to disperse, defeat, and effectively banish him back to his realm of reality for the time being.

MonsterVerse (2019)
MonsterVerse King Ghidorah

In 2014, Legendary Pictures announced their acquisition of the licenses to Rodan, Mothra and King Ghidorah from Toho to use in their MonsterVerse franchise.[52] The trio were introduced in Kong: Skull Island in a post-credits scene depicting cave paintings of all three monsters, including Godzilla.[53]

In June 2017, a press release confirmed Rodan, Mothra, and King Ghidorah would all be featured in the upcoming Godzilla: King of the Monsters.[54] In April 2018, Jason Liles, Alan Maxson, and Richard Dorton were cast to provide the motion capture performances of the heads of King Ghidorah, with Liles performing the middle head, Maxson performing the right head, and Dorton performing the left head. Other actors would perform the rest of King Ghidorah's body.[8][9] This version of Ghidorah stands 521 ft (158.8 m) tall, weighing 141,056 tons with an unknown wingspan that can allow it to fly at a speed of 550 knots. It is referred to as "Monster Zero" (a reference to Invasion of Astro-Monster) by the organization Monarch. According to Monarch's database, ancient civilizations called the monster "Ghidorah".[55] This incarnation is also notable as the first to portray Ghidorah's heads as having distinct personalities, with the middle head being the cruel and intelligent leader, the right head being the aggressive and obedient one, and the left head, despite appearing to be curious and easily distracted, actually serves as an observant lookout, surveying and paying attention to the environment and enemy movements more so than the other two.

In the film, King Ghidorah is portrayed as a rival apex predator to Godzilla that had originated from another world (how exactly it traveled through space to Earth is unclear) and threatens Earth's natural order. Referenced in various myths, King Ghidorah is shown through ancient cave paintings to have fought with Godzilla or its species in the past before. King Ghidorah ended up being frozen in Antarctica, discovered sometime after 1973 by Monarch who proceeded to study the monster until it was freed by eco-terrorists led by Alan Jonah. Godzilla is attracted to Ghidorah's activity and they engage in a short battle, but the humans lure Ghidorah into retreat with their Orca device, proceeding to Mexico, where Rodan is awoken from its hibernation inside a volcano.

Ghidorah forces Rodan into submission, but is then attacked by Godzilla again, who manages to gain the upper hand by dragging the flying monster into the ocean. Godzilla is nearly victorious after he completely bites off Ghidorah's left head, but in desperation the human military attempts to kill them both by detonating a new weapon called the Oxygen Destroyer. This nearly kills Godzilla, but is revealed to have no effect on Ghidorah, who flies back to land and within minutes, fully regenerates his severed head, which would eventually allow the humans to discover that he is in fact an alien. With Godzilla seemingly defeated, Ghidorah becomes the new "alpha" or "king of the monsters", and puts out a worldwide call that awakens all of the Earth's Titans to destroy human civilization, with Rodan as his right hand. Ghidorah even starts causing massive electrical storms in the eastern United States, radically altering climate conditions.

When Ghidorah comes to Boston to destroy the Orca device that is negating its hold over the Titans, it battles a revived Godzilla while Mothra fights Rodan. With the extra time to recover thanks to distractions from Mothra (who is killed by Ghidorah in an act of self-sacrifice) and the humans, Godzilla unleashes a series of thermonuclear pulses that obliterate Ghidorah completely. In a post-credits scene, Jonah and his men are shown a previously-decapitated head of Ghidorah from a fisherman in Mexico. He tells the fisherman, "We'll take it."

Abilities

King Ghidorah's abilities, commones of all his appearances, are flight and his gravity beams.

In Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, the first incarnation is shown travelling through space within a meteor capable of generating magnetic fields.[30]

In Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, King Ghidorah can constrict his enemies with his necks. The Mecha-King Ghidorah version is equipped with a Gravity Laser Cannon, grapples electrifieds and a mechanical arm for capturing Godzilla.[41]

In Rebirth of Mothra III, King Ghidorah gains energy from eating victims and can construct a dome to house its victims for future consumption. It is also portrayed as capable of firing lightning bolts from its wings, hypnotize, spit fireballs and regenerating its entire body from severed body parts.[45]

In Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack King Ghidorah can inflect electric shocks to his enemies by biting them, gain power by absorbing the energy of dead monsters and form an energy shield capable of deflecting Godzilla's atomic breath.[46]

In Godzilla: The Planet Eater, the third part of an animated trilogy, Ghidorah is depicted as an evolved entity from a universe with different physical laws that are worshiped by the Exif, who he influenced to become nihilists upon mastering advanced Gematron mathematics. While Ghidorah consumed the Exifs' homeworld, their first offering to him, through his gravitational powers, a few priests were spared and traveled to other worlds where they established cults while meeting the conditions for Ghidorah to physically manifest as a shadow to consume sacrificial offering through their shadows before his heads finally emerge through black holes. His necks extend to infinite lengths, nigh-invisible to machines save for the gravitational energy he emanates, strong enough to deflect Godzilla's heat ray or actually bend space. As long as someone native to the dimension he invades acts as his guiding anchor and witness, Ghidorah can defy that universe's physics, able to render himself intangible to enemy attacks whilst still capable of assaulting foes normally. He can even distort space-time and erode reality, able to change people's chronological perception of events and nearly succeeding in "erasing" Godzilla from existence. When defeated, Ghidorah is simply banished back to his dimension to await his next chance to feast.

In Godzilla: King of the Monsters, Ghidorah has a divergent frontal lobe density in each of its heads, rendering each head capable of independent thoughts. Its scales are capable of running bioelectrical currents through its body and its dermal layer is coated with aurum. It can generate "hurricane-force" winds (recorded at 217 mph) due to the hyper-tensile muscle tendons of the wings as he flies at 550 knots (Mach 0.8, as opposed to the Mach 3 flight speed of previous incarnations). Its body's electro-receptor molecular biology can create electrical currents and localized storm systems as it travels. This results in the stratosphere being torn open by thunder and lightning as it takes flight.[55] Within the film, it is speculated that the production of these hurricanes serve as a means for Ghidorah to gradually terraform the planet to his own liking, having severely flooded and engulfed the likes of Washington. After ‘consuming’ all of Boston's electric power grid by chomping down on a power substation, King Ghidorah is able to unleash chain lightning from the tips of the bones in his wings,[56] and later shows more of his vampiric, energy-draining capabilities when he attempts to siphon away Godzilla's nuclear energy (along with the power boost Mothra's ashes provided him) with his bites. As an alpha, Ghidorah's roar is able to awaken and influence other titans around the world into rampaging in the wake of Godzilla's supposed death, having taken over as king. Halfway through the film, he displays two "unnatural" abilities that were attributed to - and served as evidence of - his alien nature. The first is the durability to withstand the Oxygen Destroyer, emerging unscathed from the same detonation which severely injured Godzilla and killed all Earth-based lifeforms within a two-mile radius. The second is the possession of highly accelerated regenerative properties, having regrown the left head minutes after Godzilla tore it off, retaining the memories and personality since Ghidorah's neurons are spread throughout his body like in an octopus.[57] However, according to the official novelization, a store of energy must be absorbed to do so, which Ghidorah acquired from the highly-radioactive lava of Rodan's volcano. Later on, the same power substation Ghidorah consumed to boost himself also healed up the wounds on his wing membranes immediately after he fired lightning from the tips of his wings. Eventually, Godzilla succeeded in incinerating Ghidorah's wings, side heads, body, and finally, the middle head, to prevent the alien dragon from coming back. However, Ghidorah was not entirely destroyed, for the head Godzilla bit off during the fight in Mexico remained intact and was salvaged, its ultimate fate currently remains unknown.

Reception

The character has been well-received and is considered to be the most famous enemy of Godzilla. IGN listed the creature as #2 on their "Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters" list.[58] Complex listed the character as #4 on its "The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time" list, calling it "iconic" and saying that it "... simply looks cooler than some of the more powerful bugs, crabs, and robots."[59]

In his review of Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ethan Reed of Toho Kingdom praised King Ghidorah, calling it "a fantastic addition to the franchise" and "no less than pure evil, a relentless force of destruction that wipes out the life of entire planets just for the sake of it" and concluded that "King Ghidorah is not only one the best characters in the series, but one [of] the best movie villains as well."[60] Similar views were expressed in Paste, which listed Ghidorah as #5 on its "10 Best Movie Dragons", describing it as "probably the deadliest beast in all of Godzilla lore".[61]

Godzilla historian Steve Ryfle, however, has criticized Ghidorah's design in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, citing its stiff movements and recycled Rodan roar, as well as noting that it did not deviate enough from Eiji Tsuburaya's original design.[62][63]

Following the release of King of the Monsters, Ghidorah's left head has gained the nickname "Kev/Kevin". This was following an announcement by Mike Dougherty who released a tweet with the names of Ghidorah's head. Due to his seemingly unique personality, Kevin has become the subject of memes. [64][65]

Appearances

King Ghidorah appeared in a brief piece of stock footage in Terror of Mechagodzilla.[66] The mechanical head of Mecha-King Ghidorah appears briefly in the opening of Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II.[67] Stock footage of King Ghidorah was used in three episodes of Courage the Cowardly Dog: Courage in the Big Stinkin' City,[68] The Tower of Dr. Zalost[69] and Nowhere TV.[70] Spin-off characters based on King Ghidorah (although quadrupedal in appearance) were featured in other Toho films: Desghidorah in Rebirth of Mothra[71] and Keizer Ghidorah in Godzilla: Final Wars.[21] A post-credits scene in Kong: Skull Island depicts cave paintings of Godzilla, Rodan, Mothra and King Ghidorah.[53]

Films

Television

Video games

Literature

Other
  • Take Me To Your Leader is the second studio album by British-American hip hop artist Daniel Dumile (also known as MF DOOM)[75] and was released under the alias "King Geedorah" on June 17, 2003. The cover features a figure very similar to the appearance of King Ghidorah and many tracks contain samples from the Godzilla films.

References

Citations
  1. Homenick, Brett (2018-05-23). "Memories of Japan's Master Monster Maker! Keizo Murase Shares the Secrets of the World's Greatest Kaiju!". Vantage Point Interviews. Archived from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  2. Ryfle 1998, p. 116.
  3. Ryfle 1998, p. 357.
  4. Ryfle 1998, p. 359.
  5. Ryfle 1998, p. 364.
  6. Solomon 2017, p. 102.
  7. Kalat 2010, p. 238.
  8. Verhoeven, Beatrice (April 26, 2018). "'Rampage' Breakout Star Jason Liles Joins 'Godzilla: King of Monsters' (Exclusive)". The Wrap. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  9. White, James (April 26, 2018). "Rampage's Jason Liles Playing King Ghidorah In Godzilla: King Of Monsters". Empire. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  10. Ryfle 1998, p. 117.
  11. "AMC Intro - "Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah" (1990s)". YouTube. March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  12. "Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah - Initial Sony 1998 VHS Release". Pinterest. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  13. Solomon 2017, p. 37.
  14. DeSentis, John (July 4, 2010). "Godzilla Soundtrack Perfect Collection Box 6". SciFi Japan. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  15. Yoneda 1999, 4:49.
  16. "Godzilla: The Planet Eater Press Notes, Trailer and Pics From Toho". SciFi Japan. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  17. "King Ghidorah Official Trademark". Toho. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  18. Ryfle 1998, p. 115.
  19. Ryfle 1998, p. 267.
  20. Solomon 2017, p. 193.
  21. Solomon 2017, p. 282.
  22. Jess-Cooke 2012, p. 38.
  23. David Milner, "Ishiro Honda Interview", Kaiju Conversations (December 1992)
  24. CHO Japan (2012-10-31). "1970's Godzilla FX Director - PART I - ７０年代のゴジラの特技監督 (SciFi Japan TV #06)". YouTube. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  25. "Audio Commentary by David Kalat". Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster - Classic Media 2007 DVD Release. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  26. 豪勇イリア／巨竜と魔王征服(1956)
  27. Godzilla Chronicle. Sony Magazines. July 1998. p. 78. ISBN 9784789712941.
  28. Soviet SF Film Festival brochure. Mount Light Corporation. 1984.
  29. Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works. Village Books. 28 September 2012. p. 89. ISBN 9784864910132.
  30. Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho.
  31. Invasion of Astro-Monster (1965). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho.
  32. Destroy All Monsters (1968). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho.
  33. Godzilla vs. Gigan (1972). Directed by Jun Fukuda. Toho.
  34. "Attack King Ghidorah!". Zone Fighter. Directed by Jun Fukuda. April 30, 1973
  35. "King Ghidorah's Counterattack!". Zone Fighter. Directed by Jun Fukuda. May 7, 1973
  36. Kalat 2010, p. 77.
  37. Kalat 2010, p. 78.
  38. "Yasuyuki Inoue: 1922-2012". SciFi Japan. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  39. King Ghidorah character profile - Godzilla Movie Studio Tour (PC Game), 1998
  40. Ryfle 1998, p. 124.
  41. Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991). Directed by Kazuki Ōmori. Toho
  42. David Milner, "Shinji Nishikawa Interview", Kaiju Conversations (December 1995)
  43. David Milner, "Koichi Kawakita Interview", Kaiju Conversations (December 1994)
  44. Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993). Directed by Takao Okawara. Toho
  45. Rebirth of Mothra III (1998). Directed by Okihiro Yoneda. Toho
  46. Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001). Directed by Shusuke Kaneko. Toho.
  47. Ed Godziszewski and Norman England, "Interview with Shusuke Kaneko", Japanese Giants #9 (June 2002)
  48. Kalat 2010, p. 240.
  49. Kalat 2010, p. 241.
  50. Shizuno & Seshita 2018, 1:40:05.
  51. Squires, John (September 13, 2018). "The Poster for Toho's 'Godzilla: The Planet Eater' is a Glorious Treat for Fans of King Ghidorah". Bloody-Disgusting. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  52. Jeffries, Adrianne (July 26, 2014). "Gareth Edwards returns to direct 'Godzilla 2' with Rodan and Mothra". The Verge. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  53. Goldberg, Matt (March 11, 2017). "'Kong: Skull Island' Post-Credits Scene Explained". Collider. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  54. "Warner Bros. Pictures' and Legendary Pictures' MonsterVerse Kicks Into Gear as the Next Godzilla Feature Gets Underway". Warner Bros. (Press release). June 19, 2017.
  55. Shaw-Williams, Hannah (July 18, 2018). "Here's Every Hidden Secret On Godzilla 2's Viral Website". Screen Rant. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  56. "Godzilla: King Of The Monsters - TV Spot Run - HD 1440p". YouTube. April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  57. www.google.com.ph https://www.mpaa.org/2019/06/godzilla-king-of-the-monsters-director-reveals-films-easter-eggs-more/. Retrieved 2019-06-12. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. Hawker, Tom (May 15, 2014). "Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters". IGN. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
  59. Robertson, Josh (May 8, 2014). "The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time". Complex. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  60. Reed, Ethan (July 22, 2009). "Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (Review)". Toho Kingdom. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  61. Holman, Curt (January 3, 2013). "The 10 Best Movie Dragons". Paste. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  62. Ryfle 1998, p. 271.
  63. Ryfle 1998, p. 272.
  64. "Kevin Ghidorah".
  65. "Godzilla Director Reveals Each of Ghidorah's Heads' Names".
  66. Honda 1975, 42:21.
  67. Okawara 1993, 00:26.
  68. Cohen 2000, 04:56.
  69. Dilworth 2001, 07:49.
  70. Cohen & November 2001, 09:22.
  71. Rhoads & McCorkle 2018, p. 168.
  72. "Article: "MonsterVerse Mobile Game"". Godzilla Movie Reviews. 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  73. "Graphic Novel: Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah". Tohokingdom.com. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  74. "Book: Godzilla Saves America: A Monster Showdown in 3-D!". Tohokingdom.com. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  75. "King Geedorah "Take Me To Your Leader"". HipHop-Elements.com. Retrieved June 23, 2014.

General sources
  • Brykczynski, Ben (2019). Godzilla: A Comprehensive Guide. Blurb Inc.
  • Cohen, David (2000). Courage the Cowardly Dog - Episode 15: Courage in the Big Stinkin' City. Warner Bros. Television.
  • Cohen, David (2001). Courage the Cowardly Dog - Episode 20: Nowhere TV. Warner Bros. Television.
  • Dilworth, John R. (2001). Courage the Cowardly Dog - Episode 27: The Tower of Dr. Zalost. Warner Bros. Television.
  • Honda, Ishiro (1975). Terror of Mechagodzilla. Toho Co., Ltd.
  • Jess-Cooke, Carolyn (2012). Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood (First Edition). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748689477.
  • Kalat, David (2010). A Critical History and Filmography of Toho's Godzilla Series (2nd Edition). McFarland. ISBN 9780786447497.
  • Okawara, Takao (1993). Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II. Toho Co., Ltd.
  • Rhoads, Sean; McCorkle, Brooke (2018). Japan's Green Monsters: Environmental Commentary in Kaiju Cinema. McFarland. ISBN 9781476663906.
  • Ryfle, Steve (1998). Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G. ECW Press. ISBN 1550223488.
  • Shizuno, Kobun; Seshita, Hiroyuki (2018). Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle. Toho Co., Ltd.
  • Solomon, Brian (2017). Godzilla FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the King of the Monsters. Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 9781495045684.
  • Yoneda, Okihiro (1999). Rebirth of Mothra III. Toho Co., Ltd.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.