Knob-billed duck

The knob-billed duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos), or African comb duck, is a duck found in tropical wetlands in Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and the Indian Subcontinent from northern India to Laos and extreme southern China.

Knob-billed duck
Male, Lake Ziway, Ethiopia
Female, India
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Genus:	Sarkidiornis
Species:	S. melanotos
Binomial name
Sarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant, 1769)
Global range
Synonyms
Anser melanotos Pennant, 1769

Most taxonomic authorities split this species and the comb duck from each other. The supposed extinct "Mauritian comb duck" is based on misidentified remains of the Mauritius sheldgoose (Alopochen mauritiana); this was realized as early as 1897,[2] but the mistaken identity can still occasionally be found in recent sources.

Description and systematics

This common species is unmistakable. It is one of the largest species of duck. Length can range from 56 to 76 cm (22 to 30 in), wingspan ranges from 116 to 145 cm (46 to 57 in) and weight from 1.03 to 2.9 kg (2.3 to 6.4 lb).[3][4][5] Adults have a white head freckled with dark spots, and a pure white neck and underparts. The upperparts are glossy blue-black upperparts, with bluish and greenish iridescence especially prominent on the secondaries (lower arm feathers). The male is much larger than the female, and has a large black knob on the bill. Young birds are dull buff below and on the face and neck, with dull brown upperparts, top of the head and eyestripe.[6][7] Knob-billed ducks are generally larger in size when compared to comb ducks, and flanks are usually lighter (light grey, in females sometimes whitish).

Immature knob-billed ducks look like a large greyish female of the cotton pygmy goose (Nettapus coromandelicus) and may be difficult to tell apart if no other birds are around to compare size and hue. However, knob-billed ducks in immature plumage are rarely seen without adults nearby and thus they are usually easily identified too.[6]

The knob-billed duck is silent except for a low croak when flushed.[7]

• 
  Specimens from the Royal Museum for Central Africa (female, male)
• 
  knob-billed duck at edge of lake near Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, feeding alongside feral pigeons.
• 
  Flying knob-billed duck / comb duck at Chilika Lake, Odisha, India
• 
  female, Jojawar, India
• 
  Male knob-billed duck at Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary in Pretoria, South Africa
• 
  Knob-billed Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos) alongside Eurasian Coot ((Fulica atra) in Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan, India

Uncertainty surrounds the correct systematic placement of this species. Initially, it was placed in the dabbling duck subfamily Anatinae. Later, it was assigned to the "perching ducks", a paraphyletic assemblage of waterfowl most of which are intermediate between dabbling ducks and shelducks. As the "perching ducks" were split up, the knob-billed duck was moved to the Tadorninae or shelduck subfamily.[6]

Analysis of mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, suggests that it is a quite basal member of the Anatidae, vindicating the earliest placement. But its closest living relatives cannot be resolved to satisfaction without further study.[8]

Ecology

It breeds in still freshwater swamps and lakes in the tropics. It is largely resident, apart from dispersion in the wet season.[6]

This duck feeds on vegetation by grazing or dabbling[6] and to a lesser extent on small fish, invertebrates, and seeds. It can become a problem to rice farmers. Knob-billed ducks often perch in trees. They are typically seen in flocks, small in the wet season, up to 100 in the dry season. Sometimes they separate according to sex.[7]

The knob-billed duck is declining in numbers locally, but due to its wide range it is not considered globally threatened by the IUCN.[1] It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.

Reproduction

African birds breed during and after the rainy season and may not breed if the rain is scanty. Knob-billed ducks nest mainly in tree holes,[6] also in tall grass.

Males may have two mates at once or up to five in succession. They defend the females and young but not the nest sites.

Females lay 7 to 15[6] yellowish-white eggs.

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Sarkidiornis melanotos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T45953631A95159254. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45953631A95159254.en.
2. Andrews, C.W. (1897). "On some fossil remains of Carinate birds from central Madagascar". Ibis. 7 (3): 343–359. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1897.tb03281.x.
3. Ogilvie & Young, Wildfowl of the World. New Holland Publishers (2004), ISBN 978-1-84330-328-2
4. Hilty, Steven L. (2002). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3409-9.
5. Sarkidiornis melanotos (Comb duck, Knob-billed duck). biodiversityexplorer.org
6. Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1
7. Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A., & Pearson, David J. (1999): Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-01022-6
8. Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339.

External links

• Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.