Kwangali language
Kwangali, or RuKwangali, is a Bantu language spoken by 85,000 people along the Okavango River in Namibia, where it is a national language, and in Angola. It is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have click consonants; these are the dental clicks c and gc, along with prenasalization and aspiration.
Kwangali | |
---|---|
Rukwangali | |
Native to | Namibia, Angola |
Region | Okavango River |
Native speakers | 152,000 (2018)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kwn |
Glottolog | kwan1273 |
K.33 [2] |
Maho (2009) includes Mbundza as a dialect, but excludes Sambyu, which he includes in Manyo.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |||
prenasal vl. | ᵐpʰ | ⁿtʰ | ᵑkʰ | ||||
prenasal vd. | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdʒ | ᵑɡ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
voiced | β | v | z | ||||
prenasal vl. | ᶬf | ⁿs | |||||
prenasal vd. | ᶬv | ⁿz | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
Trill | r | ||||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Approximant | j | w |
A dental click type [ǀ] may also be heard, being adopted from the neighboring Khoisan languages. The clicks may also tend to be heard as alveolar [!].[3]
References
- "Kwangali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
- Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- Dammann (1957)
- Sommer, Gabi (2003). Western Savanna. Nurse, Derek and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 566–580.
- Dammann, Ernst (1957). Studien zum Kwangali: Grammatik, Texte, Glossar. Hamburg: Cram, de Gruyter
- Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson, The Bantu languages, 2003:569.
Books
- Rukwangali/English for Children, Éditions du Cygne, 2013, ISBN 978-2-84924-310-7
- Biblical passages in Kwangali
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