Laskarina Bouboulina

Laskarina "Bouboulina" Pinotsis (Greek: Λασκαρίνα "Μπουμπουλίνα" Πινότση;[note 1] 11 May 1771 – 22 May 1825) was a Greek[2][3][4][5] naval commander, heroine of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, and allegedly first woman-admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy.[6][7]

Laskarina Bouboulina
Λασκαρίνα Μπουμπουλίνα
Oil painting of Bouboulina, the National Historical Museum, Athens
Native name
Λασκαρίνα Μπουμπουλίνα
Nickname(s)Καπετάνισσα
(Kapetánissa, lit. 'Captain')
Born11 May 1771 (1771-05-11)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
DiedMay 22, 1825(1825-05-22) (aged 54)
Spetses, First Hellenic Republic
Allegiance Greece
Service/branchHellenic Navy
RankCaptain
Rear Admiral (Posthumous)[1]
Battles/warssiege of Nafplio
ChildrenYiannis Yiannouzas
Georgios Yiannouzas
Eleni Boubouli

Early life

Bouboulina was born in a prison in Constantinople; she originated from the local native Arvanite population of the island of Hydra.[8][9] She was the daughter of Stavrianos Pinotsis, a captain from Hydra island, and his wife Skevo. The Ottomans had imprisoned Pinotsis for his part in the failed Orlof Revolution of 1769–1770 against the Ottoman rule. During one of her mother's visits, she was born. Her father died soon afterward and the mother and child returned to Hydra. They moved to the island of Spetses four years later when her mother married Dimitrios Lazarou-Orlof. Bouboulina had eight half-siblings.

She married twice, first Dimitrios Yiannouzas and later the wealthy shipowner and captain Dimitrios Bouboulis, taking his surname.[10] Bouboulis was killed in battle against Algerian pirates in 1811. Then 40 years old, Bouboulina took over his fortune and his trading business and had four more ships built at her own expense, including the large warship Agamemnon.

In 1816, the Ottomans tried to confiscate Bouboulina's property because her second husband had fought for the Russians against the Turks in the last Turko-Russian war. She sailed to Constantinople to meet Russian ambassador Stroganov and seek his protection. In recognition of Bouboulis' service to the Russians, Strogonov sent her to safety in Crimea. She also met with the mother of Mahmud II, who afterward reportedly convinced her son to leave Bouboulina's property alone. After three months of exile in the Crimea, Bouboulina returned to Spetses.

Support of the independence movement

Allegedly Bouboulina joined the Filiki Etaireia, an underground organization that was preparing Greece for revolution against Ottoman rule.[10] She would have been one of few women but she is not named in historical members lists.[11] She bought arms and ammunition at her own expense and brought them secretly to Spetses in her ships, to fight "for the sake of my nation." Construction of the ship Agamemnon was finished in 1820. She bribed Turkish officials to ignore the ship's size and it was later one of the largest warships in the hands of Greek rebels. She also organized her own armed troops, composed of men from Spetses. She used most of her fortune to provide food and ammunition for the sailors and soldiers under her command.

On 13 March 1821 Bouboulina raised on the mast of Agamemnon her own Greek flag, based on the flag of the Komnenos dynasty of Byzantine emperors. The people of Spetses revolted on 3 April (O.S.) and later joined forces with ships from other Greek islands. Bouboulina sailed with eight ships to Nafplion and began a naval blockade. Later she took part in the naval blockade and capture of Monemvasia and Pylos. Her son Yiannis Yiannouzas died in May 1821, in battle at Argos against superior numbers of Ottoman troops.

She arrived at Tripolis in time to witness its fall on 11 September 1821 and to meet general Theodoros Kolokotronis. Their children Eleni Boubouli and Panos Kolokotronis later married. During the ensuing defeat of the Ottoman garrison, Bouboulina saved most of the female members of the sultan's household.

When the opposing factions erupted into civil war in 1824, the Greek government arrested Bouboulina for her family connection with Kolokotronis; her son-in-law was killed during the events. Eventually, she was exiled back to Spetses. She had exhausted her fortune for the war of independence.

Death in feud

Laskarina Bouboulina was killed in 1825 as the result of a family feud in Spetses. The daughter of a Koutsis family and Bouboulina's son Georgios Yiannouzas had eloped. Seeking her, the girl's father Christodoulos Koutsis went to Bouboulina's house with armed members of his family. Infuriated, Bouboulina confronted them from the balcony. After her argument with Christodoulos Koutsis, someone shot at her. She was hit in the forehead and killed instantly; the killer was not identified.

Legacy
"Bobelina". Russian lubok of 19th century.

After her death, Tsar Alexander I of Russia granted Bouboulina the honorary rank of Admiral of the Russian Navy, making her, until recently, the only woman in world naval history to hold this title.[7][6] In 2018 she was granted the title of Rear Admiral (Υποναύαρχος) in the Hellenic Navy.[12]

Her descendants sold the ship Agamemnon to the Greek state, which renamed it Spetsai. It was burned by Andreas Miaoulis along with the frigate Hellas and the corvette Hydra in the naval base of Poros, during the next Greek civil war in 1831.

On the island of Spetses the "Bouboulina Museum" is housed in the 300-year-old mansion of Bouboulina's second husband Bouboulis, where her descendants still live. Her statue stands in the harbor in Spetses. Various streets all over Greece and Cyprus are named in her honor, notably, Bouboulina Street near the National Technical University of Athens (the Polytechnion) and the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, in central Athens, and also in Piraeus and in Nicosia.

Bouboulina was depicted on the reverse of both the Greek 50 drachmae banknote of 1978 and the Greek 1 drachma coin of 1988-2001.[13]

A Greek fiction film, Bouboulina, was made in 1959, directed and written by Kostas Andritsos and starring Irene Papas.

Ego I Laskarina, a play starring Greek actress Mimi Denisi, was produced in 1999.

A documentary film based in a fictionalized account of her life and deeds, The Brave Stepped Back: The Life and Times of Laskarina Bouboulina, was made about her in 2005, and shown at the Armata Festival in Spetses, Greece.[14]

References
  1. Η Μπουμπουλίνα υποναύαρχος επί τιμή με προεδρικό διάταγμα [Bouboulina the Rear admiral honored with presidential decree]. Η Καθημερινή (in Greek). 2018-04-27. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  2. Jennifer S. Uglow,Maggy Hendry. The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography. UPNE, 1999 ISBN 978-1-55553-421-9, p. 81: "Greek freedom fighter."
  3. Kirstin Olsen. Chronology of women's history. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 ISBN 978-0-313-28803-6, p. 110.
  4. David E. Jones. Women warriors: a history. Brassey's, 2000 ISBN 978-1-57488-206-3, p. 131: "the Greek woman warrior tradition continued into the 18th century with Laskarina Bouboulina. Born in 1783, she developed into a Greek naval commander"
  5. Bernard A. Cook. Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2006 ISBN 978-1-85109-770-8, p. 225: "...of the 1,500 Greek combatants in the crucial battle 1,000 were women. Nevertheless, Laskarina Bouboulina and Manto Mavrogenous, the most famous women fighters of the Greek Revolution were not from mountain villages but islands."
  6. Fauré, Christine, ed. (2003). Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women. Routledge. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-135-45690-0. A few days after her death, a Russian delegation arrived on Spetses to present her with the title of admiral of the Russian fleet.
  7. "Laskarina Bouboulina, Greek Rebel Admiral". HeadStuff. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  8. Michael L. Galaty, Memory and Nation Building: From Ancient Times to the Islamic State, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, ISBN 0759122628, p. 144.
  9. Robert Elsie, A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History, Centre for Albanian Studies (London, England); I.B.Tauris, 2013; ISBN 1780764316, p. 48.
  10. Robert Elsie (2013). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3.
  11. Helen Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, Women in the Greek War of Independence p 59, in Networks of power in modern Greece, Columbia University Press, 2008
  12. Η Μπουμπουλίνα υποναύαρχος επί τιμή με προεδρικό διάταγμα [Bouboulina the Rear admiral honored with presidential decree]. Η Καθημερινή (in Greek). 2018-04-27. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  13. Bank of Greece Archived 2009-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 1 drachma Archived 2009-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
  14. The Brave Stepped Back: The Life and Times of Laskarina Bouboulina. Documentary film by April Kalogeropoulos Householder. In English with Greek Subtitles. Featuring Kristos Koutsis, Philip Demertzis-Bouboulis, Madeline Zilfi, Charles Robinson, Maria Anastasopoulos-Krimigis, Mary Pittas-Herschbach. Mataki Productions, 2005.
  1. Laskarína Bouboulína Pinótsi, pronounced [laskaˈrina bubuˈlina piˈnotsi]

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