Laurent-Désiré Kabila

Laurent-Désiré Kabila (French pronunciation: lo.ʁɑ̃ de.zi.ʁe ka.bi.la) (November 27, 1939 – January 16, 2001), or simply Laurent Kabila (US: pronunciation ), was a Congolese revolutionary and politician who served as the third President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 17, 1997, when he overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko, until his assassination on January 16, 2001.[1] He was succeeded eight days later by his 29-year-old son Joseph.[2]

Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Kabila in 2000
3rd President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
In office May 17, 1997 – January 16, 2001
Preceded by	Mobutu Sese Seko (as President of Zaire)
Succeeded by	Joseph Kabila
Personal details
Born	November 27, 1939 Baudouinville, Belgian Congo
Died	January 16, 2001 (aged 61) Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cause of death	Assassination
Nationality	Congolese
Political party	People's Revolution Party (1967–1996) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (1996–1997) Independent (1997–2001)
Spouse(s)	Sifa Mahanya
Children	Aimée Kabila Mulengela (1976–2008) Jaynet Kabila Joseph Kabila Zoé Kabila
Alma mater	University of Dar es Salaam
Profession	Rebel leader, President
Military service
Allegiance	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Battles/wars	Simba Rebellion First Congo War

Early life

Kabila was born to the Luba people in Baudouinville, Katanga Province, (now Moba, Tanganyika Province) in the Belgian Congo. His father was a Luba and his mother was a Lunda; his father's ethnicity was defining in the patriarchal kinship system. It is claimed that he studied abroad (political philosophy in Paris, got a PhD in Tashkent, in Belgrade and at last in Dar es Salaam), but no proof has been found or provided.[3]

Political activities

Congo crisis

Shortly after the Congo achieved independence in 1960, Katanga seceded under the leadership of Moïse Tshombe. Kabila organised the Baluba in an anti-secessionist rebellion in Manono. In September 1962 a new province, North Katanga, was established. He became a member of the provincial assembly[4] and served as chief of cabinet for Minister of Information Ferdinand Tumba.[5] In September 1963 he and other young members of the assembly were forced to resign, facing allegations of communist sympathies.[4]

Kabila established himself as a supporter of hard-line Lumumbist Prosper Mwamba Ilunga. When the Lumumbists formed the Conseil National de Libération, he was sent to eastern Congo to help organize a revolution, in particular in the Kivu and North Katanga provinces. This revolution was part of the larger Simba rebellions happening in the provinces at the time.[6] In 1965, Kabila set up a cross-border rebel operation from Kigoma, Tanzania, across Lake Tanganyika.[5]

Che Guevara

Che Guevara assisted Kabila for a short time in 1965. Guevara had appeared in the Congo with approximately 100 men who planned to bring about a Cuban-style revolution. Guevara judged Kabila (then 26) as "not the man of the hour" he had alluded to, being too distracted. This, in Guevara's opinion, accounted for Kabila showing up days late at times to provide supplies, aid, or backup to Guevara's men. The lack of cooperation between Kabila and Guevara contributed to the suppression of the revolt that same year.[7]

In Guevara's view, of all of the people he met during his campaign in Congo, only Kabila had "genuine qualities of a mass leader"; but Guevara castigated Kabila for a lack of "revolutionary seriousness". After the failure of the rebellion, Kabila turned to smuggling gold and timber on Lake Tanganyika. He also ran a bar and brothel in Tanzania.[8]

Marxist mini-state (1967–1988)

In 1967, Kabila and his remnant of supporters moved their operation into the mountainous Fizi – Baraka area of South Kivu in the Congo, and founded the People's Revolutionary Party (PRP). With the support of the People's Republic of China, the PRP created a secessionist Marxist state in South Kivu province, west of Lake Tanganyika.[2]

The PRP state came to an end in 1988 and Kabila disappeared and was widely believed to be dead. While in Kampala, Kabila reportedly met Yoweri Museveni, the future president of Uganda. Museveni and former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere later introduced Kabila to Paul Kagame, who would become president of Rwanda. These personal contacts became vital in mid-1990s, when Uganda and Rwanda sought a Congolese face for their intervention in Zaire.[9][10]

First Congo War

As Rwandan Hutu refugees fled to Congo then Zaire after the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, refugee camps along the Zaire-Rwanda border became militarized with Hutu militia vowing to retake power in Rwanda. The Kigali regime considered these militias as a security threat and was seeking a way to dismantle those refugee camps. After Kigali had expressed its security concerns to Kinshasa requesting that refugee camps get moved further inside the country and Kinshasa ignored these concerns, Kigali believed that only military option could solve the issue. However, a military operation inside Zaire will be seen as an invasion by the internal community [11] which the plan to put in place a rebellion that would serve as a cover. The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the liberation of Congo (AFDL) was born with Rwanda's blessing, and with Kabila as its spokesperson.

By mid-1997, the ADFL had almost completely overrun the country and the remains of Mobutu's army. Only the country's decrepit infrastructure slowed Kabila's forces down; in many areas, the only means of transit were irregularly used dirt paths.[12] Following failed peace talks held on board of the South African ship SAS Outeniqua, Mobutu fled into exile on 16 May.

The next day, from his base in Lubumbashi, Kabila declared victory and installed himself as president. Kabila suspended the Constitution and changed the name of the country from Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo—the country's official name from 1964 to 1971. He made his grand entrance into Kinshasa on 20 May and was sworn in on 31 May, officially commencing his tenure as president.

Presidency (1997–2001)

The Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo used by Kabila.

Kabila had been a committed Marxist, but his policies at this point were social democratic. He declared that elections would not be held for two years, since it would take him at least that long to restore order. While some in the West hailed Kabila as representing a "new breed" of African leadership, critics charged that Kabila's policies differed little from his predecessor's, being characterised by authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights abuses. As early as late 1997, Kabila was being denounced as "another Mobutu". Kabila was also accused trying to set up a personality cult. Mobutu's former minister of information, Dominique Sakombi Inongo, was retained by Kabila; he branded Kabila as "the Mzee," and created posters reading "Here is the man we needed" (French: Voici l'homme que nous avions besoin) appeared all over the country. [13]

By 1998, Kabila's former allies in Uganda and Rwanda had turned against him and backed a new rebellion of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), the Second Congo War. Kabila found new allies in Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, and managed to hold on in the south and west of the country and by July 1999, peace talks led to the withdrawal of most foreign forces.

Assassination

Laurent-Désiré Kabila's son and successor, Joseph Kabila

Kabila was shot and killed in his office on 16 January 2001.[14]

The DRC's authorities managed to keep power, despite Kabila's assassination. The exact circumstances are still disputed. Kabila reportedly died on the spot, according to DRC's then health minister Leonard Mashako Mamba, who was in the next door office when Kabila was shot and arrived immediately after the assassination. The government claimed that Kabila was still alive, however, when he was flown to a hospital in Zimbabwe after he was shot so that DRC authorities could organize the tense succession.[15]

The Congolese government announced that he had died of his wounds on 18 January. One week later, his body was returned to Congo for a state funeral and his son, Joseph Kabila, became president ten days later.[16] By doing so, DRC officials were accomplishing the "verbal testimony" of the deceased President. Then Justice Minister Mwenze Kongolo and Kabila's aide-de-camp Eddy Kapend reported that Kabila had told them that his son Joseph, then number two of the army, should take over, if he were to die in office.

The investigation into Kabila's assassination led to 135 people – including four children – being tried before a special military tribunal. The alleged ringleader, Colonel Eddy Kapend (one of Kabila's cousins), and 25 others were sentenced to death in January 2003, but not executed. Of the other defendants 64 were jailed, with sentences from six months to life, and 45 were exonerated. Some individuals were also accused of being involved in a plot to overthrow his son. Among them was Kabila's special advisor Emmanuel Dungia, former ambassador to South Africa. Many people believe the trial was flawed and the convicted defendants innocent.[17][18]

Citations

1. "IRIN – In Depth Reports". IRIN. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
2. John C. Fredriksen, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders (2003) pp 239–240.
3. "L'obscur M. Kabila". L'Express. June 25, 1998.
4. Colvin 1968, p. 169.
5. Kevin C. Dunn, "A Survival Guide to Kinshasa: Lessons of the Father, Passed Down to the Son" in John F. Clark, ed., The African Stakes of the Congo War, Palgrave MacMillan: New York, 2004, ISBN 1-4039-6723-7, p. 54
6. Van Reybrouck, David (2014). Congo : the epic history of a people. Garrett, Sam. London. p. 322. ISBN 9780007562916. OCLC 875627937.
7. "Mfi Hebdo". Rfi.fr. July 6, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
8. "Laurent Kabila". The Economist. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
9. Dunn, pg. 55
10. "Mfi Hebdo". Rfi.fr. July 6, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
11. Lokongo, Antoine (September 2000). "The suffering of Congo" (388): 20. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12. Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008). The World Today Series: Africa 2012. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 978-1-61048-881-5.
13. Edgerton, Robert (December 18, 2002). The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30486-2.
14. Jeffries, Stuart (February 11, 2001). "Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers". The Guardian. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
15. Fredriksen, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders (2003) pp 239–240.
16. Onishi, Norimitsu (2001). "Glimpse of New President as Joseph Kabila Takes Oath in Congo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
17. Special programme. "Murder in Kinshasa". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
18. Zajtman, Arnaud; Rabaud, Marlène. "Zone d'ombre autour d'un assassinat" (in French). Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012.

References

• Colvin, Ian Goodhope (1968). The rise and fall of Moise Tshombe: a biography. London: Ferwin. OCLC 752436625.

Further reading

• Boya, Odette M. "Contentious Politics and Social Change in Congo." Security Dialogue 32.1 (2001): 71-85.
• Fredriksen, John C. ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders (2003) pp 239–240.
• Kabuya-Lumuna Sando, C. (2002). "Laurent Désiré Kabila". Review of African Political Economy. 29 (93/4): 616–9. doi:10.1080/03056240208704645. JSTOR 4006803.
• Rosenblum, R. "Kabila's Congo." Current History 97 (May 1998) pp 193–198.
• Scharzberg, Michael G. "Beyond Mobutu: Kabila and the Congo." Journal of Democracy, 8 (October 1997): 70-84.
• Weiss, Herbert. "Civil war in the Congo." Society 38.3 (2001): 67-71.
• Cosma, Wilungula B. (1997). Fizi, 1967-1986: Le maquis Kabila. Paris: Institut africain-CEDAF.

External links

• Kabila Legacy by Human Rights Watch
• Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps by BBC News, November 25, 2004