Lecce

Lecce (US: /ˈlɛtʃeɪ, ˈleɪtʃeɪ/,[4] Italian: [ˈlettʃe] (listen), locally [ˈlɛttʃe]; Salentino: Lècce; Griko: Luppìu; Latin: Lupiae; Ancient Greek: Λουπίαι, romanized: Loupíai[5]) is a historic city of 95,766 inhabitants (2015) in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Lecce, the second province in the region by population, as well as one of the most important cities of Apulia. It is the main city of the Salentine Peninsula, a sub-peninsula at the heel of the Italian Peninsula and is over 2,000 years old.

This article is about the city in Italy. For the football club, see U.S. Lecce. For people with the surname, see Lecce (surname).
Not to be confused with Leece or Lecco.

Lecce

Lècce  (Sicilian)
Λέτσε, Λουπίαι  (Greek)
Comune
Comune di Lecce
Top left: Church of Santa Croce, Top right: Teatro Romano, Bottom left: Porta Napoli in Viale Università, Bottom middle: Saint Giovanni Cathedral in the Perroni area, Bottom right: Cathedral, in Duomo Square
Coat of arms
Location of Lecce
Lecce
Location of Lecce in Italy
Lecce
Lecce (Apulia)
Coordinates: 40°21′N 18°10′E
CountryItaly
RegionApulia
ProvinceLecce (LE)
Founded200s BC[1]
Government
 • MayorCarlo Salvemini (PD)
Area
 • Total238 km2 (92 sq mi)
Elevation
49 m (161 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2015)[3]
 • Total95,766
 • Density400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Leccese
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
73100
Dialing code0832
Patron saintOrontius
WebsiteOfficial website
Piazza del Duomo
Church of Santi Niccolò e Cataldo
Church of San Giovanni Battista
The Roman amphitheatre

Because of the rich Baroque architectural monuments found in the city, Lecce is commonly nicknamed "The Florence of the South".[6] The city also has a long traditional affinity with Greek culture going back to its foundation; the Messapians who founded the city are said to have been Cretans in Greek records.[7] To this day, in the Grecìa Salentina, a group of towns not far from Lecce, the griko language is still spoken.

In terms of industry, the "Lecce stone"—a particular kind of limestone[8]—is one of the city's main exports, because it is very soft and workable, thus suitable for sculptures. Lecce is also an important agricultural centre, chiefly for its olive oil and wine production, as well as an industrial centre specializing in ceramic production.

Lecce is home to the University of Salento, founded in 1955 and enrolling more than 16,000 students as of 2017/18.[9]

History

According to legend, a city called Sybar existed at the time of the Trojan War, founded by the Messapii. It was conquered by the Romans in the 3rd century BC, receiving the new name of Lupiae.

Under the emperor Hadrian (2nd century AD) the city was moved 3 kilometres (2 miles) to the northeast, taking the name of Licea or Litium. Lecce had a theater and an amphitheater and was connected to the Hadrian Port (the current San Cataldo). Orontius of Lecce, locally called Sant'Oronzo, is considered to have served as the city's first Christian bishop and is Lecce's patron saint.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Lecce was sacked by the Ostrogoth king Totila in the Gothic Wars. It was restored to Roman rule in 549, and remained part of the Eastern Empire for five centuries, with brief conquests by Saracens, Lombards, Hungarians and Slavs.

After the Norman conquest in the 11th century, Lecce regained commercial and political importance (count Tancred of Lecce was the last Norman King of Sicily), flourishing in the subsequent Hohenstaufen and Angevine rule. The County of Lecce was one of the largest and most important fiefs in the Kingdom of Sicily from 1053 to 1463, when it was annexed directly to the crown. From the 15th century, Lecce was one of the most important cities of southern Italy, and, starting in 1630, it was enriched with precious Baroque monuments. To avert invasion by the Ottomans, a new line of walls and a castle were built by Charles V, (who was also Holy Roman Emperor), in the first part of the 16th century.

In 1656, a plague broke out in the city, killing a thousand inhabitants.

In 1943, fighter aircraft based in Lecce helped support isolated Italian garrisons in the Aegean Sea during World War 2. Because they were delayed by the Allies, they couldn't prevent a defeat. In 1944 and 1945, B-24 long-range bombers of the 98th Heavy Bomber Group attached to the 15th U.S. Army Air Force were based in Lecce, from where the crews flew missions over Italy, the Balkans, Austria, Germany and France.

Main sights

Churches and religious buildings
  • Church of the Holy Cross: Construction of the Chiesa di Santa Croce) was begun in 1353, but work halted until 1549, and it was completed only by 1695. The church has a richly decorated façade with animals, grotesque figures and vegetables, and a large rose window. Next to the church is the Government Palace, a former convent.
  • Lecce Cathedral: The church was originally built in 1144, rebuilt in 1230, then totally restored in the 1659–70 by Giuseppe Zimbalo, who also built the five storey 70-metre (230 ft) high bell tower, with an octagonal loggia.
  • San Niccolò and Cataldo The church is an example of Italo-Norman architecture. It was founded by Tancred of Sicily in 1180. In 1716 the façade was rebuilt, with the addition of numerous statues, but maintaining the original Romanesque portal. The walls were frescoed during the 15th-17th centuries.
  • Celestine Convent: Built (1549–1695) in Baroque-style by Giuseppe Zimbalo. The courtyard was designed by Gabriele Riccardi.
  • Santa Irene: This church was commissioned in 1591 by the Theatines and dedicated to Saint Irene . The architect was Francesco Grimaldi). It has a large façade showing different styles in the upper and lower parts. Above the portal stands a statue of Ste Irene (1717) by Mauro Manieri. The interior is on the Latin cross plan and is rather sober. The main altarpiece is a copy of the St Michael the Archangel by Guido Reni. The high altar has a Transport of the Holy Ark by Oronzo Tiso. In the right transept is one of the largest altars in Lecce, dedicated to Saint Cajetan (1651). Nearby is the Rococo altar of Saint Andrew Avellino. Also from the mid-17th century is the Altar of St Orontius by Francesco Antonio Zimbalo, followed by the altar of Saint Irene with a canvas by Giuseppe Verrio (1639), nine busts of saints housing relics and a large statue of the saint. The altar of Saint Stephen has the Stoning of St. Stephen by Verrio.
  • San Matteo: This church was built in 1667. It has a typical central Italy Baroque style. It has two columns on the façade, only one of which is decorated, though only partially. According to a local legend, the jealous devil killed the sculptor before he could finish the work.
  • Santa Maria degli Angeli
  • Santa Chiara: This church was built in 1429–1438, rebuilt in 1687.
  • San Francesco della Scarpa: Known as the "church without façade" as the latter has been demolished in the 19th century restorations. The most ancient section dates likely to the 13th-14th centuries; the interior is on the Greek Cross plan. Notable are several Baroque altars and a large statue of Saint Joseph.

Other buildings
  • Column of statue of St Oronzo: (Lecce's patron) was given to Lecce by the city of Brindisi, because Saint Oronzo was reputed to have cured the plague in Brindisi. The column was one of a pair that marked the end of the Appian Way, the main road between Rome and southern Italy.
  • Torre del Parco ("Park Tower") is one of the medieval symbols of Lecce. It was erected in 1419 by the then-18 years old Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, prince of Lecce. The tower, standing at more than 23 metres (75 ft), is surrounded by a ditch in which bears (the heraldic symbol of the Orsini del Balzo) were reared. The whole complex was the seat of Orsini's tribunal and of a mint, and after Giovanni Antonio's death, it became a residence for the Spanish viceroys.
  • Palazzo Sedile: Palace was built in 1592 and was used by the local council until 1852.
  • Castle of Charles V: built in 1539–49 by Gian Giacomo dell'Acaja. It has a trapezoidal plan with angular bastions. It is attached to the Politeama Greco Opera House, inaugurated on 15 November 1884.
  • Triumphal Arch (Arco di Trionfo, commonly called Porta Napoli, "Neapolitan Gate") which is one of the three gates to enter Lecce's historical city centre, erected in 1548 in honor of Charles V. It replaced an older gate, Porta S. Giusto, which, according to tradition, lay over the tomb of the namesake saint. Also built over pre-existing medieval gates are the current Porta San Biagio ("St. Blaise Gate") and the Porta Rudiae which are the other two gates to Lecce's Historical city centre. Both are in Baroque style, the latter having the statue of St. Oronzo on the top and mythological figures on the sides.
  • Palazzo dei Celestini, now seat of the Province of Lecce. It was built in 1659–95 and designed by Giuseppe Zimbalo.
  • The city's obelisk, erected in 1822 in honour of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

Gardens and parks

Archaeology
  • The Roman 2nd century amphitheatre, situated near Sant'Oronzo Square, was able to seat more than 25,000 people. It is now half-buried because other monuments were built above it over the centuries. The theatre is currently used for different religious and arts events.
  • The archaeological museum Sigismondo Castromediano.
  • The archaeological museum Faggiano.
  • The archaeological park of Rudiae, three kilometres south-west of the city but within its limits. The place was identified as the former home of the poet Ennius by the Renaissance Humanist, Antonio de Ferraris, who was from the region.[10] This was once the more important city until Roman times and has an amphitheatre of its own, a necropolis and remains of substantial walls. The Porta Rudiae, built on the road leading from this site, is named after it.

Geography

Climate

Lecce experiences a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).

Climate data for Lecce
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.2
(70.2)		 22.4
(72.3)		 28.6
(83.5)		 30.4
(86.7)		 35.6
(96.1)		 44.0
(111.2)		 44.4
(111.9)		 42.6
(108.7)		 40.6
(105.1)		 34.2
(93.6)		 26.8
(80.2)		 21.4
(70.5)		 44.4
(111.9)
Average high °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4)		 13.5
(56.3)		 15.7
(60.3)		 18.9
(66.0)		 24.4
(75.9)		 29.0
(84.2)		 31.7
(89.1)		 31.5
(88.7)		 27.5
(81.5)		 22.3
(72.1)		 17.3
(63.1)		 14.0
(57.2)		 21.6
(70.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5)		 8.9
(48.0)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.5
(56.3)		 18.2
(64.8)		 22.5
(72.5)		 25.0
(77.0)		 25.2
(77.4)		 21.8
(71.2)		 17.5
(63.5)		 12.8
(55.0)		 9.6
(49.3)		 16.2
(61.1)
Average low °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6)		 4.2
(39.6)		 5.6
(42.1)		 8.0
(46.4)		 12.1
(53.8)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.4
(65.1)		 18.9
(66.0)		 16.0
(60.8)		 12.7
(54.9)		 8.3
(46.9)		 5.3
(41.5)		 10.8
(51.4)
Record low °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 3.2
(37.8)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.4
(50.7)		 10.8
(51.4)		 6.8
(44.2)		 1.1
(34.0)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −12.0
(10.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.3
(2.37)		 61.3
(2.41)		 62.4
(2.46)		 45.5
(1.79)		 27.6
(1.09)		 20.4
(0.80)		 16.2
(0.64)		 36.0
(1.42)		 54.3
(2.14)		 91.0
(3.58)		 95.1
(3.74)		 68.9
(2.71)		 639
(25.15)
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[11]
Source 2: altervista[12](extremes)

Sport
US Lecce crowd at the Stadio Via del Mare

Lecce is home to Serie B (the second highest football division in Italy) football club U.S. Lecce. Since 1966, they have played at the 33,786-seater Stadio Via del Mare.

People
Statue of Lecce-born saint Filippo Smaldone in the city's cathedral

Twin cities

The official sister cities of Lecce are:[13]

See also

References
  1. The date given is for the Roman Republic named city Lupiae; dates for previous inhabitants such as the Messapians and Iapyges are lost to history.
  2. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  4. "Lecce". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  5. Rohlfs, Gerhard (1964). "Toponomastica greca nel Salento" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017. Ancient Greek name of Lecce according to Strabo.
  6. "Lecce: Italy". Lifeinitaly.com. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  7. Herodotus, The Histories, 7.170.1, "and made this their dwelling place, accordingly changing from Cretans to Messapians of Iapygia"
  8. Investigation on porosity change of Lecce stone
  9. "Università del Salento". Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Università e della Ricerca (in Italian).
  10. Pietro Napoli Signorelli, Vicende della coltura nelle due Sicilie, Naples 1784, Vol.1, p.246ff
  13. Lecce: "Gemellaggi" Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 3 November 2011, retrieved 16 August 2014
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