Lerwick

Lerwick (/ˈlɛrɪk/; Old Norse: Leirvik; Norn: Larvik) is the main town and port of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010.[3]

For the aircraft, see Saro Lerwick.
Lerwick

View of Lerwick across Bressay Sound
Lerwick
Location within Shetland
Area3.15 km2 (1.22 sq mi) [1]
Population6,880 (mid-2016 est.)[2]
• Density2,184/km2 (5,660/sq mi)
OS grid referenceHU474414
• Edinburgh300 miles (480 km)
• London600 miles (970 km)
Civil parish
  • Lerwick
Council area
Lieutenancy area
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townSHETLAND
Postcode districtZE1
Dialling code01595
PoliceScotland
FireScottish
AmbulanceScottish
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament

Centred 123 miles (200 km) off the north coast of the Scottish mainland and on the east coast of the Shetland Mainland, Lerwick lies 211 miles (340 km) north-by-northeast of Aberdeen; 222 miles (357 km) west of the similarly sheltered port of Bergen in Norway; and 228 miles (367 km) south east of Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands.[n 1] It is both the most northerly and the most easterly town in Scotland. One of the UK's coastal weather stations is situated there.

History

Lerwick is a name with roots in Old Norse and its local descendant, Norn, which was spoken in Shetland until the mid-19th century. The name "Lerwick" means bay of clay. The corresponding Norwegian name is Leirvik, leir meaning clay and vik meaning "bay" or "inlet". Towns with similar names exist in southwestern Norway (Leirvik, Lervik) and on the Faroe Islands (Leirvík).

Evidence of human settlement in the Lerwick area dates back to the Neolithic (4000–2500 BC) and the Bronze Age (2500–800 BC) known from paleoenvironmental records for human activity and the recovery of artefacts, including a stone axe head submerged in Bressay Sound. Iron Age (800 BC – AD 800) settlement is known at the Broch of Clickimin, which was constructed as early as 400 BC.[4] The first settlement to be known as Lerwick was founded in the 17th century as a herring and white fish seaport to trade with the Dutch fishing fleet. This settlement was on the mainland (west) side of Bressay Sound, a natural harbour with south and north entrances between the Shetland mainland and the island of Bressay. Its collection of wooden huts was burned to the ground twice: once in the 17th century by the residents of Scalloway on the western side of Mainland, then the capital of Shetland, who disapproved of the immoral and drunken activities of the assembled fishermen and sailors; again in 1702 by the French fleet.

Fort Charlotte was built in the mid 17th century on Lerwick's waterfront, and permanent stone-built buildings began to be erected around the fort and along the shoreline. The principal concentration of buildings was in the "lanes" area: a steep hillside stretching from the shoreline to Hillhead at the top. Lerwick became capital of the Shetland Islands in 1708, taking over the function from Scalloway. The civil parish of Lerwick had been in 1701 created from a small part of the parish of Tingwall, to which Scalloway still belongs. When Lerwick became more prosperous through sea trade and the fishing industry during the 19th century, the town expanded in 1891 to the west of Hillhead, thereby including the former civil parishes of Gulberwick and Quarff, as well as the islands parish of Burra. Lerwick Town Hall was built during this period of expansion.

Lerwick war memorial dates from 1923 and was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer.[5] The next period of significant expansion was during the North Sea oil boom of the 1970s when large housing developments were built to the north of Staney Hill (located in Lerwick) and to the south (Nederdale and Sandveien).

Climate
Lerwick in August 2010

Lerwick has an oceanic climate (Cfb) closely bordering on a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) with cool to cold temperatures all year long. The lack of trees reflects the latter type. This is particularly pronounced by virtue of Lerwick being on the coast of an island, so even extreme temperature records are subdued; the record high stands at just 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) (July 1991) and the record low just −8.9 °C (16.0 °F) (January 1952 and January 1959). Lerwick is also a very cloudy town, averaging only 1,110 sunshine hours annually. February is the coldest month, with high temperatures averaging around 5.5 °C (41.9 °F). In August, the warmest month, average high temperatures are near 14.5 °C (58.1 °F). This produces an extremely narrow difference for an area north of the 60 parallel. In terms of average monthly precipitation, October to January are the year's wettest months, with over 5.5 inches of precipitation each month; May and June are the driest months, with average monthly precipitation less than 2.3 inches each. Snowfall can occur, primarily from December to March, but snow accumulation is rarely heavy and usually short-lived. The exposed North Atlantic location and proximity to autumn and winter storm tracks means high winds are a regular occurrence, alongside high levels of cloudiness and precipitation. The weather station is at an elevation of 82 metres (269 ft),[6] so temperatures are likely to be slightly milder in the town centre at sea level.

Owing to its northerly location, winter months are extremely dark in Lerwick. On the day of the winter solstice it gets only 5 hours and 49 minutes of daylight.[7] In sharp contrast daylight lasts 18 hours and 55 minutes on the day of the summer solstice.[8] As a result, nights never get completely dark for a period of time in summer, with dark blue elements remaining in the sky. The maritime influence tempers the climate effects of these swings in daylight, but in many areas of the world this latitude has hostile winters. Farther north in the world, only the Faroe Islands have such high January averages as Lerwick and fellow Shetland station at Baltasound – with the warm Atlantic currents preventing ice formation. Only when temperatures in continental areas are record cold does Lerwick experience some cold as was the case in December 2010 during the severe cold wave affecting the British Isles and Europe that covered much of England in snow.[9] Even so, average highs remained above 3 °C (37 °F) and frosts were light. Even warm summers are also extremely rare with the warmest recorded month being July 2006 at an average high of 16 °C (61 °F).[10]

Climate data for Lerwick[lower-alpha 1], elevation: 82 m (269 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1930–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0)		 11.7
(53.1)		 13.3
(55.9)		 16.1
(61.0)		 20.7
(69.3)		 22.2
(72.0)		 23.4
(74.1)		 22.1
(71.8)		 19.4
(66.9)		 17.2
(63.0)		 13.9
(57.0)		 12.6
(54.7)		 23.4
(74.1)
Average high °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)		 5.5
(41.9)		 6.4
(43.5)		 8.1
(46.6)		 10.4
(50.7)		 12.4
(54.3)		 14.3
(57.7)		 14.5
(58.1)		 12.8
(55.0)		 10.2
(50.4)		 7.8
(46.0)		 6.3
(43.3)		 9.6
(49.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0)		 3.5
(38.3)		 4.2
(39.6)		 5.8
(42.4)		 7.9
(46.2)		 10.1
(50.2)		 12.1
(53.8)		 12.4
(54.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 8.3
(46.9)		 5.9
(42.6)		 4.3
(39.7)		 7.4
(45.3)
Average low °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2)		 1.5
(34.7)		 2.0
(35.6)		 3.5
(38.3)		 5.4
(41.7)		 7.7
(45.9)		 9.9
(49.8)		 10.2
(50.4)		 8.7
(47.7)		 6.4
(43.5)		 3.9
(39.0)		 2.2
(36.0)		 5.3
(41.5)
Record low °C (°F) −8.9
(16.0)		 −7.4
(18.7)		 −8.3
(17.1)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 3.5
(38.3)		 2.8
(37.0)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −8.9
(16.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 142.6
(5.61)		 120.8
(4.76)		 124.6
(4.91)		 70.4
(2.77)		 53.4
(2.10)		 58.2
(2.29)		 66.8
(2.63)		 83.7
(3.30)		 106.3
(4.19)		 141.5
(5.57)		 146.0
(5.75)		 142.6
(5.61)		 1,256.8
(49.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 21.6 18.5 19.9 14.1 10.8 11.0 12.1 12.9 16.7 20.8 21.4 21.8 201.6
Average snowy days 10 9 9 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 8 48
Average relative humidity (%) 87 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 90 89 87 87 89
Mean monthly sunshine hours 27.2 55.2 94.1 131.8 181.0 146.2 124.4 127.9 101.3 68.8 33.8 18.1 1,109.9
Source 1: Met Office[11] NOAA (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[12]
Source 2: KNMI[13]
  1. Weather station is located 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from the Lerwick port centre.
Climate data for Lerwick
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C 9.3
 8.8
 8.6
 8.8
 9.9
 11.5
 13.0
 13.4
 12.8
 11.9
 11.4
 10.3
 10.8
Mean daily daylight hours 7.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 17.0 19.0 17.0 15.0 13.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 12.4
Average Ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 0 0 3
Source: Weather Atlas[14]

    Demography

    Lerwick has 6,958 residents, as of 2011. It is 97.0% White (83.3% White Scottish, 8.9% White Other British, 2.6% White Other, 1.4% White Polish, 0.8% White Irish), 2.2% Asian or Asian Scottish or British Asian, and 0.8% other ethnic groups. Lerwick's residents are 2.5% unemployed, 17.3% are part-time employees, and 50.3% are full-time employees.[15]

    Industry and economy

    Lerwick is a busy fishing and ferry port. The harbour also services vessels supporting the offshore oil industry.

    Power supply

    Main power supply is from Lerwick Power Station located in Gremista.

    Notable buildings

    Significant buildings in Lerwick include Fort Charlotte, Lerwick Town Hall, the Böd of Gremista, Shetland Museum and Archives and Clickimin Broch.

    Because of the historic nature of the area, some scenes from BBC's Shetland were filmed in Lerwick.[16]

    Transportation

    Lerwick is served by the Tingwall Airport located a few miles away and Sumburgh Airport that is further south and flies all year to some Scotland destinations.

    NorthLink Ferries operate a daily overnight ferry service between Lerwick and Aberdeen, regularly calling in to Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands.

    The Shetland Islands Council operate a ro-ro ferry service to Out Skerries and Bressay from a terminal in the centre of the town.[17]

    The local bus service is provided by the Regional Transport Partnership (ZetTrans) and operated by a number of different local bus service operators.[18]

    Schools and education

    Lerwick has three schools; Bell's Brae Primary School, Sound Primary School and Anderson High School.

    Shetland College, a constituent partner institution of the University of the Highlands and Islands, is also based in the town, offering degree-level education (along with further education courses) to locals who may have difficulty travelling further afield to study (the next closest university-level institution is the University of Aberdeen, a twelve-hour boat journey away).

    Hospitals and healthcare

    The Gilbert Bain Hospital provides secondary care services to all of Shetland. The Montfield Hospital, a few hundred metres away, is an older hospital than the Gilbert Bain, but has become a secondary health care service for the people of Lerwick over time.

    Sport

    The town is home to four football teams, Lerwick Spurs, Lerwick Thistle, Lerwick Celtic and Lerwick Rangers.

    Media

    Local independent radio station SIBC broadcasts daily from a studio in Market Street. BBC Radio Shetland, a BBC Radio Scotland regional opt out, has its studios in Pitt Lane. The Shetland Times, a weekly local newspaper, has its premises in Gremista on the northern outskirts of Lerwick. Millgaet Media Group, a multi-media production company that includes Shetland Television, is based at the North Ness Business Park.

    Culture

    Lerwick has strong ties with Scandinavian countries, particularly Norway (Lerwick has a friendship agreement with Måløy in Norway), and this is reflected in the street names of Lerwick (e.g., King Harald Street, King Haakon Street).

    Events

    Lerwick is the focus of most events in Shetland, including the largest of the annual Up Helly-Aa fire festivals which takes place on the last Tuesday of January every year.

    Every June, the primary and secondary schools host individual Sports Days (though not on the same day) at the running track next to the Clickimin Leisure Centre, with events ranging from the 100m sprint and the egg-and-spoon-race to the sack race and ball throw.

    Places of worship

    There are several churches in Lerwick, including:

    In the nineteenth century there were more churches in Lerwick including a Free Church on South Hill Head.[22]

    See also

    Notes and references
    References
    1. 1901 - Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland (1065) Page 1057
    2. "Mid-2016 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
    3. "Visit.Shetland.org". Visit Shetland. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
    4. Edwards, Kevin J.; Whittington, Graeme; Robinson, Marie; Richter, Daniela (1 December 2005). "Palaeoenvironments, the archaeological record and cereal pollen detection at Clickimin, Shetland, Scotland". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (12): 1741–1756. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.06.004. ISSN 0305-4403.
    5. Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Lorimer
    6. "Lerwick climate information". Lerwick climate information. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
    7. "Lerwick sunrise and sunset - December". Sunrise and Sunset. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
    8. "Sunrise and sunset for Lerwick - June". Sunrise and Sunset. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
    9. "Met Office Station Data for Lerwick". Met Office. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
    10. "Met Office Station Data for Lerwick". Met Office. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
    11. "Lerwick 1981-2010 Averages". Met Office. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
    12. "Lerwick 1961-1990". NOAA. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
    13. "Manchester ringway extreme values". KNMI. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
    14. "Lerwick, Scotland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
    15. Scotland's Census 2011, National Records of Scotland, 2011.
    16. "Street Closed for Filming Television Crime Series". Shetland Times. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
    17. "Routes and destinations". Shetland.gov. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
    18. "Shetland's Transport Partnership Website". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
    19. "About". Lerwick Baptist Church. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    20. "Related pages". Archived from the original on 21 August 2008.
    21. "St Magnus', Lerwick". St Magnus' Episcopal Church, Lerwick, and St Colman's Episcopal Church, Burravoe. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    22. "25 inch 1892-1949". National Library of Scotland. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
    Notes
    1. All of these distances are greater by sea as there is are varying amounts of intervening land
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