Lewis County, Idaho

Lewis County is a county located in the north central region of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,821,[1] making it the fourth-least populous county in Idaho. The county seat is Nezperce,[2] and Kamiah is the largest city. Partitioned from Nez Perce County and established in 1911,[3] it was named after the explorer Meriwether Lewis.

Lewis County
U.S. county
Seal
Location within the U.S. state of Idaho
Idaho's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 46°14′N 116°26′W
Country United States
State Idaho
FoundedMarch 3, 1911
Named forMeriwether Lewis
SeatNezperce
Largest cityKamiah
Area
 • Total480 sq mi (1,200 km2)
 • Land479 sq mi (1,240 km2)
 • Water0.9 sq mi (2 km2)  0.2%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total3,821
 • Estimate 
(2018)
3,861
 • Density8.0/sq mi (3.1/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
Congressional district1st
Websitelewiscountyid.us

Most of the county is within the Nez Perce Indian Reservation, though Native Americans comprise less than 6% of the county population.[1] Similar to the opening of lands in Oklahoma, the U.S. government opened the reservation for white settlement in November 1895. The proclamation had been signed less than two weeks earlier by President Cleveland.[4][5][6][7]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 480 square miles (1,200 km2), of which 479 square miles (1,240 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) (0.2%) is water.[8] It is the fourth-smallest county in Idaho by area. The county contains the northern portion of the Camas Prairie, an elevated prairie-like region of the middle Columbia basin, south of the Clearwater River. The Clearwater River forms the eastern boundary of Lewis County, just upstream of where the Lewis and Clark Expedition put their canoes in the water for the trip to the Pacific Ocean.

History

Native American Settlement

Early settlement of Idaho by native peoples occurred around 14,000 years ago. Initially, natives of the region were spear hunters of big game. Documented settlement of Idaho's Camas Prairie by the Nez Perce dates back more than 8,000 years with characteristics of the Old Cordilleran Culture appearing in the region.[9] Characteristics of this culture consist of more sophisticated tools for hunting and the introduction of art forms. The Nez Perce, like their Shoshoni counterparts of southern Idaho gained access to horses prior to the Lewis and Clark Expedition's first interaction with the tribe in 1805. The expedition camped near Kamiah in the winter of 1806 before returning to the main Clearwater River for their continued trek westward.[10] The majority of Nez Perce County's territory is located within the boundary of the Nez Perce Reservation. The reservation was established in 1859 following the provisions of an 1855 treaty with the four bands of the Nez Perce Tribe. Relations with the Nez Perce were amicable until discovery of gold at multiple locations within the reservation's boundaries created tension starting in 1860. A smaller reservation was negotiated with the Kamiah and Lapwai bands of Nez Perce, with a treaty signed in 1867. The Salmon-Wallowa and lower Snake River bands were not a party to the treaty and efforts to force them to the reservation resulted in the Nez Perce War in 1877 that decisively forced all of the Nez Perce to the Nez Perce Reservation. Settlement of non-natives within the boundary of the reservation was authorized starting in 1894.[11][12][13]

Non-Native Settlement

With the opening of non-native settlement by agreement of 1894, settlements emerged starting at Winchester in 1896 followed by Craigmont and Kamiah areas starting by 1898.[14][15] By the 1900 Census, Nez Perce County established precincts for Central Ridge, Cold Springs, Fletcher, and Nez Perce within the territory of present Lewis County. Their combined population at the time was 2,782.[16]

Settlement increased along the route of the Camas Prairie Railroad which reached Reubens in 1906 with operation of the line starting in 1908.[17] The railroad had stops at Nucrag, Reubens, and Craigmont. By 1908, multiple stage lines commenced operation with terminus at Kamiah.[18] At the 1910 Census, Nez Perce established additional precincts for Chesley, Kamiah, Mason, Mohler, and Winchester. Together, all precincts at the 1910 census had a population of 5,037.[19]

Development of Cities

Nez Perce Village incorporated in 1903 with Kippen Village following in 1907. Vollmer town was incorporated in 1908 with the villages of Ilo and Kamiah incorporated in 1909. Reubens and Winchester Villages incorporated by 1920.[20] Ilo and Vollmer consolidated as Craigmont in 1920. Kippen Village was dis-incorporated by 1940 as it is absent from that census.

Adjacent counties

Major highways

National protected area

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
19205,851—
19305,238−10.5%
19404,666−10.9%
19504,208−9.8%
19604,4235.1%
19703,867−12.6%
19804,1186.5%
19903,516−14.6%
20003,7476.6%
20103,8212.0%
2018 (est.)3,861[21]1.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
1790–1960[23] 1900–1990[24]
1990–2000[25] 2010–2018[1]

2000 census

As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 3,747 people, 1,554 households, and 1,050 families living in the county. The population density was 8 people per square mile (3/km2). There were 1,795 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.21% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 3.84% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.93% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. 1.89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 30.6% were of German, 17.5% American, 10.6% English and 8.7% Irish ancestry.

There were 1,554 households, out of which 27.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, and 32.40% were non-families. 28.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.40% under the age of 18, 5.30% from 18 to 24, 23.80% from 25 to 44, 27.10% from 45 to 64, and 18.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 101.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,413, and the median income for a family was $37,336. Males had a median income of $31,021 versus $22,538 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,942. About 8.70% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.90% of those under age 18 and 9.00% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 3,821 people, 1,657 households, and 1,041 families living in the county.[27] The population density was 8.0 inhabitants per square mile (3.1/km2). There were 1,880 housing units at an average density of 3.9 per square mile (1.5/km2).[28] The racial makeup of the county was 90.3% white, 4.7% American Indian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.6% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.3% of the population.[27] In terms of ancestry, 39.4% were German, 16.7% were English, 16.5% were Irish, and 3.0% were American.[29]

Of the 1,657 households, 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.2% were non-families, and 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age was 48.0 years.[27]

The median income for a household in the county was $35,808 and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $32,933 versus $23,850 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,580. About 10.4% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.[30]

Communities

Cities

Unincorporated communities

Politics

As a unionized logging county,[31] Lewis County was the most Democratic single county in Idaho during the Fifth Party System – it never voted Republican between 1932 and 1968 – and retained its Democratic leanings into the 1980s when Michael Dukakis won a majority whilst losing nationwide. Since the 1990s, however, with the Democratic Party's increasing focus on the urban coastal areas and de-unionization of the timber industry, the county has become as overwhelmingly Republican as older GOP strongholds in Idaho: Al Gore in 2000 and Hillary Clinton in 2016 did not crack a fifth of the vote.

Presidential elections results
Previous presidential elections results[32]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2020 79.6% 1,489 18.7% 349 1.7% 32
2016 75.6% 1,202 17.0% 270 7.4% 118
2012 72.6% 1,173 24.5% 396 2.9% 46
2008 70.7% 1,275 26.6% 479 2.8% 50
2004 74.7% 1,359 24.2% 440 1.2% 21
2000 76.7% 1,295 19.9% 335 3.4% 58
1996 45.8% 861 35.9% 674 18.4% 345
1992 33.4% 593 37.9% 674 28.7% 511
1988 48.8% 786 50.1% 807 1.2% 19
1984 60.0% 1,000 38.9% 648 1.1% 18
1980 53.0% 1,088 37.7% 774 9.3% 191
1976 46.6% 824 50.8% 898 2.6% 46
1972 57.0% 961 37.6% 635 5.4% 91
1968 38.7% 697 51.5% 927 9.8% 177
1964 23.8% 487 76.2% 1,557
1960 35.3% 781 64.7% 1,432
1956 39.2% 833 60.8% 1,292
1952 44.0% 1,004 56.0% 1,276
1948 27.6% 487 69.4% 1,224 3.0% 52
1944 32.5% 589 67.5% 1,222
1940 33.2% 729 66.5% 1,462 0.3% 7
1936 23.4% 507 74.4% 1,612 2.3% 49
1932 26.9% 526 71.0% 1,390 2.1% 41
1928 58.4% 1,146 40.4% 793 1.3% 25
1924 32.4% 650 30.0% 601 37.6% 753
1920 58.5% 1,013 41.1% 712 0.4% 7
1916 39.3% 901 54.7% 1,255 6.0% 138
1912 17.0% 436 44.0% 1,131 39.0% 1,002

See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. "Lewis County one of state's youngest, and richest". Lewiston Morning Tribune. October 5, 1955. p. 11.
  4. Hamilton, Ladd (June 25, 1961). "Heads were popping up all over the place". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 14.
  5. Brammer, Rhonda (July 24, 1977). "Unruly mobs dashed to grab land when reservation opened". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 6E.
  6. "3,000 took part in "sneak" when Nez Perce Reservation was opened". Lewiston Morning Tribune. November 19, 1931. p. 3.
  7. "Nez Perce Reservation". Spokesman-Review. December 11, 1921. p. 5.
  8. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  9. "Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: Idaho Prehistoric Culture Areas" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  10. "Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: The Lewis and Clark Trail Across Idaho" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  11. "Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: Idaho Indian Reservations" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  12. "Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: Lawyer and the 1863 Nez Perce Treaty" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  13. "Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: Indians and Whites in the Nez Perce Country" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  14. "Town of Winchester Named Through a Stack of Rifles". Lewiston Morning Tribune. October 6, 1955. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  15. "Historic Kamiah". hearthstonebakery.com. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  16. Census Reports Volume I: Twelfth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1900 (PDF). Washington: United States Census Office. 1901. p. 112. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  17. "Camas Prairie Railroad Marks 30th Anniversary as Veteran Conductor Recalls Pioneer Train Trip". Lewiston Morning Tribune. December 8, 1938. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  18. "Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: North Idaho Stage Lines" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  19. Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910 (PDF). Washington: Government Printing Office. 1913. pp. 417–418. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  20. Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1921. p. 391.
  21. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  22. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  23. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  24. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  25. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  26. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  27. "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  28. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  29. "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  30. "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  31. Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 527-536
  32. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 4, 2018.

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