Light Tank Mk VI

The Tank, Light, Mk VI was a British light tank, produced by Vickers-Armstrongs in the late 1930s, which saw service during the Second World War.

Tank, Light, Mk VI
Light Tank Mk VIA-2 on display at Royal Australian Armoured Corps Tank Museum.
TypeLight tank
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1936–1942 (frontline)
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Used byUnited Kingdom
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
Egypt
WarsSecond World War
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Production history
DesignerVickers-Armstrongs
ManufacturerVickers-Armstrongs
Produced1936–1940[1]
No. built1,682[2]
VariantsMk VIA, Mk VIB, Mk VIC
Specifications
Mass4.85 long tons (4.93 t)
later 5.2 long tons (5.3 t)[3]
Length13 feet (4.0 m)
Width6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
Height7 ft 3 in (2.26 m)
Crew3 (commander, gunner, driver)[4]
Armour4 – 14 mm[5]
Main
armament
.50 in Vickers machine gun
(Mk VIC – 15 mm Besa machine gun)
Secondary
armament
.303 in Vickers machine gun
(Mk VIC – 7.92 mm Besa machine gun)
EngineMeadows 6-cylinder petrol
88 hp (66 kW)
Power/weight16.9 hp/ton (Mark VIB and VIC)[3]
TransmissionWilson pre-selector gearbox
SuspensionHorstmann inclined springs
Ground clearance10 inches (250 mm)
Fuel capacity30 imperial gallons (140 l; 36 US gal)
Operational
range
130 miles (210 km)[4]
Maximum speed 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) (25 miles per hour (40 km/h) off road)[4]

Development history
A Mk VI undergoing maintenance, France 1940. The location of the engine, beside the driver, can be seen

The Tank, Light, Mk VI was the sixth in the line of light tanks built by Vickers-Armstrongs for the British Army during the interwar period. The company had achieved a degree of standardization with their previous five models, and the Mark VI was identical in all but a few respects. The turret, which had been expanded in the Mk V to allow a three-man crew to operate the tank, was further expanded to give room in its rear for a wireless set.[6] The weight of the tank was increased to 10,800 pounds (4,900 kg), which although heavier than previous models actually improved its handling characteristics, and an 88 horsepower (66 kW) engine was added to the model to increase its maximum speed to 35 miles per hour (56 km/h).[1] It had the Horstmann coil-spring suspension system, which was found to be durable and reliable, although the fact that the tank was short in relation to its width and that it pitched violently on rough ground made accurate gunnery whilst moving exceptionally difficult.[5] The Mk VI possessed a crew of three consisting of a driver, gunner and commander, who also doubled as the radio operator, between 4 mm (0.16 in) and 14 mm (0.55 in) of armour, which could resist rifle and machine gun bullets, and its armament consisted of one water-cooled .303 inch (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and one .50 inch (12.7 mm) Vickers machine gun.[5]

Production of the Mk VI began in 1936 and ended in 1940 with 1,682 Mark VI tanks having been built.[2] Many of those produced were actually variants designed to solve problems found with the original design. The Mk VIA had a return roller removed from the top of the leading bogey and attached to the hull sides instead, and also possessed a faceted cupola.[7] The Mk VIB was mechanically identical to the Mk VIA but with a few minor differences to make production simpler, including a one-piece armoured louvre over the radiator instead of a two-piece louvre, and a plain circular cupola instead of the faceted type.[7] The Mk VIC, which was the last in the MK VI series, had the commander's cupola removed and had wider bogies and three carburettors to improve engine performance; it was also more powerfully armed than the other models, replacing the .303 and .50 Vickers machine guns with co-axial 15 mm (0.59 in) and 7.92 mm (0.312 in) Besa machine guns.[7] A small number of specialized variations were also built based on the Mk VI chassis. The Tank, Light, AA Mk I was built in the aftermath of the Battle of France and was intended to act as a counter-measure against attacks by German aircraft. It featured a power-operated turret fitted with four 7.92 mm Besa machine guns; a Mk II was produced which was mechanically similar but had improvements, such as better quality sights for the machine guns and a larger turret for easier access.[8] A variant on the Mk VIB was produced for service with the British Indian Army, in which the commander's cupola was removed and replaced with a hatch in the turret roof.[7]

Operational history

When the Mk VI was first produced in 1936, the Imperial General Staff considered the tank to be superior to any light tank produced by other nations, and well suited to the dual roles of reconnaissance and colonial warfare.[9] Like many of its predecessors, the Mark VI was used by the British Army to perform imperial policing duties in British India and other colonies in the British Empire, a role for which it and the other Vickers-Armstrongs light tanks were found to be well suited.[1][10] When the British government began its rearmament process in 1937, the Mk VI was the only tank with which the War Office was ready to proceed with manufacturing; the development of a medium tank for the Army had hit severe problems after the cancellation of the proposed "Sixteen Tonner" medium tank in 1932 due to the costs involved, and cheaper models only existed as prototypes with a number of mechanical problems.[9] As a result of this, when the Second World War began in September 1939, the vast majority of the tanks available to the British Army were Mk VIs; there were 1,002 Mk VI Light Tanks, 79 Mk I (A9) and Mk II (A10) Cruiser Tanks and 67 Matilda Mk I infantry tanks. Of these tanks, only 196 light tanks and 50 infantry tanks were in use by operational units of the army.[11]

When the Battle of France began in May 1940, the majority of the tanks possessed by the British Expeditionary Force were Mark VI variants; the seven Royal Armoured Corps divisional cavalry regiments, the principal armoured formations of the BEF, were each equipped with 28 Mk VIs.[12] The 1st Armoured Division, elements of which landed in France in April, was equipped with 257 tanks, of which a large number were Mk VIB and Mk VICs.[13][14] The 3rd Royal Tank Regiment, which formed part of the division's 3rd Armoured Brigade, possessed by this time 21 Mark VI light tanks.[15]

The British Army lost 331 Mark VI light tanks in the Battle of France of 1940.[16] Several of these vehicles were captured by the Wehrmacht, redesignated as Leichter Panzerkampfwagen Mk. IV 734(e) and used for training purposes until the fall of 1942. Then, in November the decision was made to develop a self-propelled gun on the basis of the captured Mk VIs. They carried a 105 or 150 mm field howitzer and were designated G.Pz. Mk. VI (e). All these SPGs were subsequently lost during the defense of France in the summer and fall of 1944.

The Mk VIB was also used in the North African campaign against the Italians late in 1940 with the 7th Armoured Division. At this time, the British had 200 light tanks (presumably the Mk VIB) along with 75 cruiser tanks (A9, A10, A13) and 45 Matilda IIs.[17] An attack by the 3rd Hussars at Buq Buq on 12 December 1940 resulted in its tanks getting bogged down in salt pans and severely mauled.[18] In ten minutes, 13 tanks were destroyed, ten officers and men killed - including the CO - and 13 wounded.[19] The 7th Armoured Division had 100 tanks left on 3 January 1941; this increased to 120 tanks on 21 January, at which time they were used in flanking far into the rear and gathering up scattered Italian troops, sometimes joining or leaving the main attacks to the cruiser and Matilda II tanks.[20] During an engagement at Mechili on 24 January, six Mk VIs were destroyed by newly arrived superior Italian Fiat M13/40s for no loss, forcing a retreat until cruiser tanks arrived. The 2nd RTR continued to battle the Italians with light tanks as late as 6 February 1941.[21]

Being widely used by the British Army, the tank participated in several other important battles. The Mk VIB made up a significant amount of the tanks sent over to the Battle of Greece in 1941, mostly with the 4th Hussars. Ten Mk VIB tanks fought with the 3rd The King's Own Hussars during the Battle of Crete. The same armoured unit had previously embarked three MK VIB tanks for the Norwegian Campaign, but they were lost in transit to a German aircraft attack. The tanks also saw limited service against the Japanese in Malaya and Dutch East Indies.[22]

  • Light Tank Mk.VIA of the 3rd King's Own Hussars.
  • Light Tank AA Mk I.
  • Light Tank Mk VIB
  • Vickers Light Tank Mk VIC knocked out during an engagement on 27 May 1940 in the Somme sector.
  • Vickers light tanks cross the desert, 1940
  • German Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e) created from mounting their 10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzer on the Mk VI chassis.
  • A light Tank Mk.VIB from a Light Tank Squadron of the 3rd King's Own Hussars, Oosthaven, Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies. circa. 1942
  • Two Light Tank Mk.VIs captured by Imperial Japanese Army at a workshop in Bandung, 1946
  • Light Tank Mk VI preserved at Bovington Tank Museum

Notes
  1. Tucker, p. 48
  2. "Light Tank MK VI". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  3. Duncan
  4. Tucker, p. 243
  5. Fletcher, Great Tank Scandal, p. 7.
  6. Chamberlain & Ellis, p. 21
  7. Chamberlain & Ellis, p. 24
  8. Chamberlain & Ellis, p. 25
  9. Harris, p. 275
  10. Bishop, p. 23
  11. Harris, p. 303
  12. Fletcher, Great Tank Scandal, p. 19.
  13. Fletcher, Great Tank Scandal, p. 27.
  14. Simon Rees. "Volleyed and thundered: France 1940". Historicaleye.com. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  15. Delaforce, p. 25
  16. Boyd, David. "British Equipment losses at Dunkirk and the situation post Dunkirk". www.wwiiequipment.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  17. Macksey, p. 59
  18. Macksey, p. 86
  19. "The First Victory - O'Connor's Desert Triumph", George Forty, Guild Publishing, 1990, p 115
  20. Macksey, p. 109
  21. Macksey, p. 149
  22. Williams, Brian (2017). The Forgotten Squadron: The Story of B Squadron, 3rd The King's Own Hussars, in the Far East 1942-45. Malvern, United Kingdom: Greyhound Self-Publishing. ISBN 978-1909219502.

References
  • Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 1-58663-762-2.
  • Chamberlain, Peter; Ellis, Chris (2001). British and American Tanks of World War Two: The complete illustrated history of British, American, and Commonwealth tanks 1933–1945. Cassell & Company. ISBN 0-7110-2898-2.
  • Delaforce, Patrick (2000). Taming the Panzers: Monty's Tank Battalions, 3rd RTR at War. Sutton Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-7509-3197-3.
  • Duncan, Major-General N W, "Light Tanks Marks I-VI", AFV Profile No. 5
  • Fletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1. HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.
  • Harris, J. P. (1995). Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–1939. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4814-2.
  • Macksey, Major Kenneth (1972) [1971]. Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. SBN 345-09748-3. New York: Ballantine Books. OCLC 473687868.
  • Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-995-3.
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