Limnonectes palavanensis

Limnonectes palavanensis
	Limnonectes palavanensis from the Crocker Range, Borneo[1]
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Dicroglossidae
Genus:	Limnonectes
Species:	L. palavanensis
Binomial name
	Limnonectes palavanensis; (Boulenger, 1894)
Synonyms
	Rana palavanensis Boulenger, 1894

Limnonectes palavanensis (common names: smooth guardian frog, Palawan wart frog) is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found in the Palawan Island (the Philippines, its type locality) and in Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia).[3][4] The species shows paternal care,[2][4] a relatively rare trait in frogs.[5]

Description

Male Limnonectes palavanensis grow to about 30 mm (1.2 in) and females to about 40 mm (1.6 in) in snout–vent length. There is a V-shaped ridge between the shoulders, and a sharp interorbital band that separates the anterior part of the head from differently colorer back. Juveniles have a medial vertebral stripe that in some populations persists in adults too.[4]

The tadpole is moderately flat (dorsoventrally compressed). The tail is twice the length of the body. The tail fin is low and ends in a pointed tip.[4]

Reproduction

The male of this species guard the tadpoles that hatch from the eggs laid on the ground. The male then carries the tadpoles on its back to water.[2][4]

Habitat and conservation

Its natural habitats are lower montane and lowland forests. The tadpoles develop in small rain pools[2] and quiet sections of small, slow moving streams.[4]

The habitat of this species is mostly well protected, although it can potentially be impacted by habitat loss.[2] It occurs in the Crocker Range National Park.[1]

References

Das, I. (2006). "Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, as a refuge for Borneo's montane herpetofauna" (PDF). Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. 4 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1514/journal.arc.0040015 (inactive 2021-01-16).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Limnonectes palavanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T58362A114915470. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Haas, A.; Das, I.; Hertwig, S.T. (2016). "Limnonectes palavanensis (Smooth Guardian Frog)". Frogs of Borneo. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 171.

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[Das-1] Das, I. (2006). "Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, as a refuge for Borneo's montane herpetofauna" (PDF). Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. 4 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1514/journal.arc.0040015 (inactive 2021-01-16).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)

[IUCN-2] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Limnonectes palavanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T58362A114915470. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

[frost-3] Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[Borneo-4] Haas, A.; Das, I.; Hertwig, S.T. (2016). "Limnonectes palavanensis (Smooth Guardian Frog)". Frogs of Borneo. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[VittCaldwell-5] Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 171.