Linda Lingle

Linda Lingle (née Cutter; June 4, 1953) is an American politician, who was the sixth governor of Hawaii from 2002 until 2010. She was the first Republican governor of Hawaii since 1962. Lingle was also the state's first female and first Jewish governor. Prior to serving as governor, Lingle served as Maui County mayor, council member, and chair of the Hawaii Republican Party.

Linda Lingle
6th Governor of Hawaii
In office December 2, 2002 – December 6, 2010
Lieutenant	Duke Aiona
Preceded by	Ben Cayetano
Succeeded by	Neil Abercrombie
3rd Mayor of Maui
In office January 2, 1991 – January 2, 1999
Preceded by	Hannibal Tavares
Succeeded by	Kimo Apana
Chair of the Hawaii Republican Party
In office January 2, 1999 – December 2, 2002
Personal details
Born	Linda Cutter June 4, 1953 St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Charles Lingle (1972–1975) William Crockett (1986–1997)
Education	California State University, Northridge (BA)
Signature

During the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City, Lingle served as chair of the convention during the absence of permanent chair Dennis Hastert from the convention floor. In 2012, she was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate, vying unsuccessfully for an open seat vacated by retiring U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka.[1][2]

In January 2015, Lingle was appointed as a senior adviser to Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner,[3] and left the position in July 2016. She also served on the Governors’ Council of the Bipartisan Policy Center in Washington, D.C. Lingle moved back to Hawaii in the second quarter of 2017 and became a member of Hawaii Pacific University's board of trustees in June 2017.

Early life, education, and early career

Lingle was born Linda Cutter to a Jewish family[4] in St. Louis, Missouri in 1953, the daughter of Mildred and Richard Cutter.[5] Lingle moved with her parents to Southern California when she was 12. She graduated from Birmingham High School in Lake Balboa, California (at that time, part of Van Nuys), then received her bachelor's degree in journalism cum laude from California State University, Northridge, in 1975.[6]

Soon after that, she followed her father to Hawaii, working first in Honolulu as a public information officer for the Teamsters and Hotel Workers Union. Later, she moved to Molokai, where she started the Molokai Free Press, a community newspaper.[7]

County politics

In 1980, Lingle was elected to the Maui County Council, where she served five two-year terms. Lingle served three of those terms representing Molokai and two terms as an at-large member. Upon the 1990 retirement of Hannibal Tavares as mayor of Maui County, Lingle decided to challenge former Maui mayor and Hawai'i State Speaker of the House of Representatives Elmer Cravalho for the seat. Despite polls showing Lingle trailing far behind her Democratic opponent, Lingle proved victorious. The Honolulu Advertiser and Honolulu Star-Bulletin newspapers declared the election one of the biggest upsets in Hawai'i political history. She became the youngest person elected to the office of Maui County Mayor, at the age of 37, as well as the first woman. She was sworn into office as Mayor of Maui on January 2, 1991.[8] In 1994, Lingle easily won re-election over her Democratic opponent, Maui County councilman Goro Hokama.[9]

Under Lingle's leadership, Maui County implemented performance-based budgeting.[10] Its successful passage and execution earned for Lingle the Distinguished Budget Presentation Award from the Government Finance Officers Association for four years.[11] Mayor Lingle was also credited for attracting tourism and job growth to Maui County during a period when the state tourism industry was struggling.[12]

1998 gubernatorial campaign

Lingle would once again attempt an upset victory, this time in pursuit of the governor's office in 1998. Barred from seeking a third term as mayor of Maui, Lingle was nominated by the Hawaiʻi Republican Party to run against incumbent Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano. Republican party members believed that Lingle was the best shot at the office and that 1998 would probably be the only chance the party would have of ever winning. Lingle capitalized on the anger of Hawaiʻi residents over the stagnant economy and their dissatisfaction with the strategies employed by the Democrats in attempt to solve the problem. Cayetano trailed in the media polls heading into the November election but on the evening of the election, Cayetano and Lingle were separated by a single percentage point forcing a recount. Lingle was defeated in the closest election in Hawaiʻi history.[13]

The state Democratic Party was accused of launching a whisper campaign alleging that Lingle was a lesbian, and that she would abolish Christmas as a state holiday.[14] Previously, Governor Cayetano had given state workers all of Christmas Eve day off, and other local government leaders followed suit – except then-Maui County Mayor Lingle, who said it would be too costly.

State party chair

Linda Lingle smashes a bottle of champagne against the sail of the USS Hawaii (SSN-776) during the ship's christening ceremony.

After being defeated, Lingle was elected chair of the Hawaiʻi Republican Party. She served from 1999 to 2002. During her tenure as party chair, Lingle overhauled party policies and gave the party a lift she believed was needed to make the party competitive in a historically Democratic Party-dominated state. Internal reforms proved successful and Lingle succeeded in electing more Republicans to seats in both houses of the Hawaiʻi State Legislature. At the peak of Republican success, the party held 19 of the 51 seats in the state House of Representatives. Party membership grew as younger people joined. Republicans gained a more youthful appearance and had reinvented itself informally as the new GOP Hawaiʻi. Lingle is a member of The Wish List, America's largest fundraising and campaign political action committee for Pro-choice Republican Women and The Republican Majority for Choice.

Governor of Hawaii

2002 gubernatorial campaign

Barred from seeking a third term, Cayetano announced his retirement from political service in 2002. Having become even more popular among Hawaii residents, Lingle was nominated as the Republican candidate for the office of Governor of Hawaii. Her campaign was substantially aided when the popular favorite, Democratic Mayor of the City and County of Honolulu Jeremy Harris withdrew after allegations of campaign finance irregularities. Hawaii Democrats then nominated incumbent Lieutenant Governor Mazie Hirono; it was one of the few gubernatorial races in which both major candidates were women.

Lingle ran on her "Agenda for New Beginnings," a campaign platform developed to promote Republican leadership and highlight their criticisms of the previous 40 years of Democratic administration of the state. It also cited differences between Lingle's message and the previous, more conservative platforms which Hawaii Republicans had advocated.

Focusing less on her mayoral accomplishments and more on the message of reform, Lingle won the election alongside former state judge Duke Aiona, who became Lingle's lieutenant governor.

Lingle was the first state Governor-elect not to be inaugurated at the Coronation Pavilion on the grounds of Iolani Palace. She was inaugurated in the rotunda of the Hawaii State Capitol. She took the oath of office upon a Tanakh.

First term

Lingle signed into law the Three Strikes Law and Sex Offender Registry Website Law.[15] She vetoed a bill that would have required all hospitals in Hawaii to provide emergency contraception to rape victims,[16] concerned that Catholic hospitals would challenge it.[17] In May 2004 Lingle led a delegation to Israel, paid for by the Israeli Government.[18][19] She enjoyed high approval ratings, usually around 70 percent.[20]

Lingle spent much of 2004 campaigning for Republican candidates, both in the Presidential election and the Hawaii state legislature. She supported President George W. Bush's Iraq policies,[21] and campaigned for Bush in the contiguous United States. When some polling late in the election showed Bush tied or narrowly leading Democrat John Kerry, Lingle attempted to help Republicans carry her state for the first time since 1984. Vice President Dick Cheney also campaigned in the state. The state legislature had a Democratic supermajority and she wanted to have enough members to block them from overriding her vetoes. Ultimately, not only did Kerry win the state, but Republicans lost five seats in the state legislature, reducing their presence to near single-digits and causing the Democrats to consider Lingle more vulnerable than they initially expected. The 2004 presidential election in Hawaii was the closest Republicans have come to reclaiming the state since 1984, when Ronald Reagan last won the state.

In education, she attempted to divide the State Board of Education into seven local school boards, but failed. One of the more controversial issues Lingle has championed is the practice of sending prisoners to the mainland, as opposed to building a new prison in Hawaii.[22]

2006 gubernatorial election

Linda Lingle in December 2006

In 2006, Lingle announced her candidacy for re-election as Governor of Hawaiʻi. In the Democratic Party, many people were speculated to run, but many of them declined, including State Senator Colleen Hanabusa, then Senate President Bobby Bunda, former Congressman Ed Case (who ran for U.S. Senate), U.S. Congressman Neil Abercrombie, and Hawaii County Mayor Harry Kim. Despite the difficulty of finding an opponent for Lingle, former State Senator Randy Iwase decided to run for Governor. In the primary election he easily defeated Waianae Harbormaster William Aila Jr., and ended up with former Big Island State Senator Malama Solomon as his running mate. Over the course of the campaign, Iwase was considered an underdog who had only spent $340,000, compared to Lingle's $6 million; in his ads, he attacked Lingle over her relationship with President Bush. Governor Lingle won by the largest margin in state history, 63 percent to 35 percent.

Second term

In August 2007, the Hawaii Supreme Court invalidated a Lingle appointee's exemption of the Hawaii Superferry from having to undertake an environmental assessment before operating in Hawaii waters. The Superferry was an $80 million high-speed ferry. Despite the Court's ruling, the ferry sailed to Kauai without an environmental assessment. It was met by protesters on surfboards who turned the ferry back to Oahu. Lingle summoned a massive police and Coast Guard response. She told Kauai protesters that they would be charged under Hawaii's anti-terrorism laws if they continued to interfere with the Superferry's operation.[23] Lingle sought a legislative exemption from environmental law on behalf of the Superferry (known as Act Two). Several Maui groups, including the Sierra Club, Maui Tomorrow and the Kahului Harbor Coalition challenged the law as unconstitutional, citing a violation of separation of powers, and favoritism towards a single company. The ferry suspended all Hawaii service in March 2009, days after the Hawaii Supreme Court struck down Act Two as unconstitutional.[23][24]

2008 Republican Convention

As she had four years before, Lingle campaigned for the Republican ticket, describing herself as "of the same breed as McCain and Palin."[25] She received national exposure when she delivered a primetime address on the third night of the 2008 Republican National Convention praising John McCain's choice of Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his vice-presidential running-mate.[26] Lingle and Palin, both Republican women governors of non-contiguous states, are friends who grew acquainted through the Republican Governors Association.[26] Lingle's speech filled the role of the traditional address formally nominating the vice-presidential candidate, though Palin was not officially nominated until the next night.

Health care policies targeting legal immigrants and Compact of Free Association residents

In July 2009, the Lingle Administration ended the Hawaiʻi Immigrant Health Initiative, a state program providing medical coverage for legal immigrants present in the United States for fewer than five years. This move included the elimination of all residents present in Hawaiʻi under the Compact of Free Association from QUEST, the state's Medicaid coverage plan that assists the low income population in Hawaiʻi with their health care needs. Noting that such a policy likely constituted unlawful discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection Clause, federal district court judge John Michael Seabright issued a preliminary injunction against the implementation of the substituted health care plan.[27] Subsequent Governor Neil Abercrombie indicated that he may continue the State's appeal of the injunction to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[28]

School furlough sit-in

On April 13, 2010, two student protesters who were occupying her office were arrested and criminal trespassing citations were issued to eight others.[29][30] The demonstrators were part of a sit-in to protest a school furlough policy implemented due to budget shortages.[31] The following day, April 14, two more protesters were arrested and citations were issued to five other protesters.[30]

Civil union veto

Lingle on July 6, 2010 vetoed Hawaii House Bill 444, which would have allowed for civil unions for couples in Hawaii, arguing the issue should be decided by referendum.[32] The bill had passed the State House with three votes less than the two-thirds vote threshold necessary to override the veto, although the bill met that threshold in the State Senate.[33]

2012 U.S. Senate election

In October 2011, Lingle said on KSSK radio show that she would run for the open seat vacated by retiring U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka (D-HI).[1][2] She won the Republican primary election on August 11, 2012 against nominal opposition and faced Hirono in the general election – a repeat of the 2002 gubernatorial race.[34]

Lingle was the first reasonably well-funded Republican to run for the Senate in Hawaii since Pat Saiki ran in the 1990 special election against Akaka, and the strongest Republican candidate for a full term in the Senate from the state in memory. Although a poll in the summer of 2012 showed the race as close as five points,[35] ultimately Hirono defeated Lingle with 63 percent of the vote to Lingle's 37 percent.

After 2012

After her failed Senate bid, Lingle taught a public policy seminar at California State University, Northridge, from which she had graduated in 1975. She also gave lectures and worked with the Governor's Council and Energy Security Council for the Bipartisan Policy Center.[36]

In January 2015, Lingle was appointed as a senior adviser to Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner.[3] She was to join a trio of outsiders in May/June 2015 to work on problems such as the state's retirement system and low credit ratings.[36] Lingle left the chief operating officer position in July 2016.[37][38][39] Weeks later, she delivered an opening-day speech at the 2016 Republican National Convention about Jewish support for the party and for Donald Trump as its presidential nominee.[40]

In January 2017, Lingle announced at a Republican gathering that she planned to move back to Hawaii in April 2017.[41] In May 2017, she was one of four former governors brought together by Harvard University to discuss issues related to the nation's opioid crisis.[42] Lingle became a member of Hawaii Pacific University's board of trustees in June 2017.[43]

In December 2018, Lingle was the last speaker in a year-long Leadership Series for the Nisei Veterans Memorial Center. In her comments, Lingle described her leadership path and said that people aren't born leaders, but become them through handling failures and taking advantage of opportunities for success when others do not.[44]

Lingle supported 2020 candidate Rick Blangiardi, who won election to become mayor of Honolulu in January 2021.[45]

Personal life

Lingle was married and divorced twice. She married her first husband, Charles Lingle, while in college, in 1972. Upon leaving California for Hawaii, she divorced him in 1975 but kept the Lingle name. During her term as mayor of Maui County, Lingle divorced her second husband, Maui attorney William Crockett, to whom she was married from 1986 to 1997. Lingle is currently single and does not have any children.

Her uncle founded the Cutter Ford car dealerships in Hawaiʻi.[46]

Lingle is a California State University, Northridge 2004 distinguished alumni honoree.[47]

Lingle is active in the Republican Jewish Coalition, serving as a speaker at events and otherwise using her role as the only Jewish Republican US governor. President George W. Bush appointed her to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.[48]

Electoral history

Hawaii Gubernatorial Election 1998

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Ben Cayetano (incumbent)	204,206	50
	Republican	Linda Lingle	198,952	49
	Libertarian	George Peabody	4,398	1

Hawaii Gubernatorial Election 2002

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Linda Lingle	194,338	52
	Democratic	Mazie Hirono	177,186	47

Hawaii Gubernatorial Election 2006

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Linda Lingle (incumbent)	215,313	63	+11
	Democratic	Randy Iwase	121,717	35

Hawaii Senate Election 2012

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Mazie Hirono	266,435	63
	Republican	Linda Lingle	159,002	37

See also

• List of female governors in the United States
• Washington Place

References

1. Blake, Aaron (October 11, 2011). "Chris Cillizza's The Fix: Former governor Linda Lingle to run for Senate in Hawaii". Washington Post. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
2. DePledge, Derrick (October 11, 2011). "Lingle joins U.S. Senate race". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
3. "Rauner Imports Former Hawaii Governor To Be Top Aide". CBS Chicago. January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
4. Johnston, Robert D. (March 1, 2009). "Linda Lingle". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
5. Boylan, Dan (January 5, 2005). "Governor Linda Lingle". MidWeek. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
6. Zamora, Michele (May 6, 2015). "Governor Lingle Departing CSUN, but Leaves Students with Lasting Impressions". California State University, Northridge. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
7. "Women's Political Communication Archive – Linda Lingle". Iowa State University Carrie Chapman Catt Center. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
8. "Other Hawai'i mayors who died in office". Honolulu Advertiser. June 23, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2012. The late Hannibal Tavares won the mayor's seat in a special election in October 1979 to complete Cravalho's term. He became Maui's longest serving mayor, serving until Jan. 2, 1991.
9. Kubota, Gary T. (May 29, 2004). "Maui honors councilman's legacy; A service celebrates Goro Hokama's work in politics and labor". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
10. Sten, Michael (May–June 2008). "10 Most Intriguing People". Maui Magazine. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Her achievements on Maui, where she gained high marks for performance-based budgeting and stimulating job growth, helped propel her to higher office – as Hawai‘i’s first female governor.
11. "Linda Lingle". Jewish Virtual Library / The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Thanks to her leadership, Maui County received the "Government Finance Officers Association Distinguished Budget Presentation Award" for four consecutive years....
12. Dayton, Kevin (October 27, 2002). "The Lingle Record: Taxes, spending, growth advanced on her watch". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Lingle points out that Maui County led the state in job creation during her time as mayor, with the average monthly wage and salary job count increasing by more than 15 percent from 1990 to 1998. Statewide, the job count increased by only two-tenth of 1 percent during the same years. The job growth in Maui was led by hotels, which increased their employment by more than 19 percent, as well as in retailing and government.
13. Gordon, Mike (July 2, 2006). "Linda Lingle". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Lingle lost by the slimmest margin in Hawai'i history – 1.3 percent – prompting a recount that confirmed the results.
14. "Lingle smear charge shouldn't be dismissed". Honolulu Star-Bulletin Editorials. March 2, 1999. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
15. Herrick, Mark (May 2010). "A Tale of Two Women". California Republican League. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
16. "Hawaii Governor Vetoes EC Bill; State Lawmakers Consider Override". July 3, 2003. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
17. Crary, David (September 27, 2003). "Drive for Rape-Victim Contraception Slows". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
18. Reyes, B.J. (May 11, 2004). "Lingle, Hawai'i delegation to visit Israel next week". The Honolulu Advertiser. Associated Press. Retrieved January 10, 2012. The Israeli government is paying all expenses for Lingle, Aiona, the governor's communications adviser Lenny Klompus, and half the expenses for Kunimoto and Koller.
19. Dunford, Bruce (May 25, 2004). "Lingle backs Bush on Iraq, Israel policies". The Honolulu Advertiser. Associated Press. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Lingle returned to her office yesterday after a weeklong trip – along with a 27-member delegation – to Israel, where she met with top leaders and discussed agricultural cooperation.
20. McKinley, Jesse (August 23, 2006). "The Hawaii Governor's Race". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Ms. Lingle – who has regularly enjoyed approval ratings over 70 percent – is one of the least nervous Republicans around.
21. Dunford, Bruce (May 25, 2004). "Lingle backs Bush on Iraq, Israel policies". The Honolulu Advertiser. Associated Press. Retrieved September 2, 2012. Republican Gov. Linda Lingle expressed support yesterday for President Bush's Iraq policies, which she believes protect the security interests of the United States and keep the fight against terrorism there.
22. Borreca, Richard (July 14, 2006). "Lingle ends push for new prisons". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
23. Manders, Jerry; Paik, Koohan (March 16, 2009). "Surfers vs. the Superferry". The Nation. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Her purpose was to instruct people that if they repeated their protests, they would be charged under new anti-terrorism laws that carry prison terms up to five years and/or a $10,000 fine.
24. Manders, Jerry; Paik, Koohan (April 6, 2009). "Hawaii Court Backs Protestors vs. Superferry". The Nation. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
25. Lieberman, Brett (September 4, 2008). "Hawaii's GOP Governor Stands Out". Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
26. Honolulu Advertiser. Lingle lauds 'truly authentic' Palin. Sept. 4, 2008.
27. Korab v. Koller, 2010 WL 4688824 (D. Haw Dec. 10, 2010) ("Defendants fail to show any particular State interest that is advanced by their decision to exclude COFA residents from the Old Programs. . . . [W]hile the court recognizes that BHH was created in response to the State's budget crisis, when applying strict scrutiny, the 'justification of limiting expenses is particularly inappropriate and unreasonable when the discriminated class consists of aliens'").; see also Judge Dismisses Hawaii’s Request for Dismissal of Suit against Basic Health Hawaii Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine("Micronesian community representatives reported that elimination of medical benefits has impacted many, including 27 who have died since Sept. 1, 2009")
28. "Korab v. Koller, Civ. No. 10-c00483-JMS-KSC (Jan. 10, 2011)" (PDF). The Hawai‘i Appleseed Center for Law and Economic Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
29. "Protestors arrested at Governor Lingle's office". Hawaii News Now. April 14, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
30. "2 Hawaii protesters arrested, 8 others ticketed for school furlough sit-in". Honolulu Star Advertiser. April 13, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
31. The Associated Press. Parents Issued Citations at Hawaii Furlough Sit-In. April 10, 2010.
32. "Hawaii governor vetoes same-sex civil unions bill". USA Today. Associated Press. July 6, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
33. Reyes, B.J. (July 7, 2012). "Veto override session dead". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
34. "Primary Election 2012 – State of Hawaii – Final Summary Report" (PDF). State of Hawaii, Office of Elections. August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
35. Levine, Michael (June 12, 2012). "Civil Beat Poll – Case, Hirono Tied In Hawaii U.S. Senate Race". Civil Beat. Peer News. Retrieved December 25, 2012. Hirono holds an early 49 percent to 44 percent lead over Lingle
36. Hurley, Timothy (January 23, 2015). "Illinois governor adds Lingle to staff". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. pp. A19, A23.
37. "Former Hawaii Gov. Lingle leaves Rauner administration; new EPA head also named". The State Journal-Register. Gatehouse Media. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
38. "Ex-Hawaii Gov. Linda Lingle says aloha to Rauner administration". Chicago Sun-Times. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
39. "Governor Announces Appointments, Staff Changes" (Press release). Office of the Governor. Illinois Municipal League. July 1, 2016. p. 2. Retrieved July 20, 2016. Deputy Governor Trey Childress will add to his duties and take on the additional role of Chief Operating Officer.
40. Magin, Janis L. (July 19, 2016). "Former Hawaii governor's speech at the RNC forces live chat shutdown". Pacific Business News. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
41. Cooke, Sophie (January 5, 2017). "Former Gov. Linda Lingle speaks at gala celebrating Trump". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved December 12, 2017 – via PressReader.
42. "Linda Lingle to join panel of ex-governors at Harvard". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Associated Press. May 4, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
43. "Hawaiʻi Pacific University Board of Trustees Announces Chairman of the Board and New Board Member". Hawaii Pacific University. June 7, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
44. Uechi, Colleen (December 17, 2018). "You aren't born a leader, says Lingle, you become one". The Maui News. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
45. Jedra, Christina (November 3, 2020). "Honolulu Mayor: Rick Blangiardi Declares Victory, Keith Amemiya Concedes". Civil Beat. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
46. Borreca, Richard (July 13, 1998). "In Their Words: Linda Lingle". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
47. "Distinguished Alumni Awards Program". California State University, Northridge. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
48. Lake, Eli (May 13, 2008). "Bush Visit May Boost Olmert". The New York Sun. Retrieved November 12, 2011.

External links

• "A Conversation with the Governor" Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol.7 No.1 (April 2003).
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• "10 Most Intriguing People" Article about ten most important people in 2008 Maui politics. (Lingle is featured on page 6) Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. 12 No. 3 (May 2008).