Lindsaeaceae

Lindsaeaceae is a pantropical family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It contains six or seven genera with about 220 known species,[2] some of which also extend into the more temperate regions of eastern Asia, New Zealand, and South America.[3]

Lindsaeaceae
Temporal range: Albian–Recent
Lindsaea linearis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Lindsaeineae
Family: Lindsaeaceae
C.Presl ex M.R.Schomb.[1]
Genera

See text

Description

Characteristics include: Rhizomes short to long creeping; rhizomes with nonclathrate scales or uniseriate hairs; blades 1-3 pinnate or more divided; veins usually free; sori marginal or submarginal; indusia open towards margin, sometimes attached at sides, or sori covered by the reflexed segment margin.[4]

Taxonomy

For more than a century, these ferns were considered part of the Davalliaceae. Then starting in the mid-twentieth century they began to be transferred to the Dennstaedtiaceae. Molecular data supported the separation of Lindsaeaceae into its own family, which was proposed in 1970.[3] Lindsaeaceae is considered among the most basal of the families in the order Polypodiales. One hypothesis for the relationships within the order is shown in the following cladogram:[5]

Polypodiales
 
Saccolomatineae

Saccolomataceae

 
Lindsaeineae
 

Cystodiaceae

 
 
 

Lonchitidaceae

 
 

Lindsaeaceae

 
 
 
 
 

remaining Polypodiales

 
 

The genus Lonchitis has many morphological characteristics similar to Dennstaedtiaceae, but a few characteristics of the spore are similar to the lindsaeoid genera, and molecular data placed this genus in Lindsaeaceae.[6] It is now placed in the related family Lonchitidaceae.[7]

Genera

The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognized seven genera.[5]

Other sources retain Xyropteris in Lindsaea.[8]

The extinct genus Proodontosoria from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber of Myanmar has been assigned to the family.[9] Other fossil remains assigned to the family include an indeterminate leaf fragment also from the Burmese amber,[10] as well as a permineralized root from the Albian aged Aspen Shale of Wyoming.[11]

Other genera that have been placed in the Lindsaeaceae are:[7]

References
  1. Lindsaeaceae C. Presl ex M.R. Schomb. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 01 Feb 2012
  2. Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  3. Lehtonen et al.: Phylogenetics and classification of the pantropical fern family Lindsaeaceae in the Botanical Journal of the Linnaen Society 2010
  4. Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, et al. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3): 705-731
  5. PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
  6. Wolf, P. G. (1997). "Evaluation of atpB Nucleotide Sequences for Phylogenetic Studies of Ferns and Other Pteridophytes." American Journal of Botany 84(10): 1429-1440
  7. Christenhusz et al. "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" Phytotaxa 19: 7-54. 18 Feb. 2011
  8. "Xyropteris K.U.Kramer". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
  9. Li, Chunxiang; Moran, Robbin C.; Ma, Junye; Wang, Bo; Hao, Jiasheng (January 2020). "A new fossil record of Lindsaeaceae (Polypodiales) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar". Cretaceous Research. 105: 104040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.12.010.
  10. Regalado, Ledis; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Müller, Patrick; Kobbert, Max J.; Schneider, Harald; Heinrichs, Jochen (April 2017). "The first fossil of Lindsaeaceae (Polypodiales) from the Cretaceous amber forest of Myanmar". Cretaceous Research. 72: 8–12. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.12.003.
  11. Schneider, Harald; Kenrick, Paul (May 2001). "An Early Cretaceous root-climbing epiphyte (Lindsaeaceae) and its significance for calibrating the diversification of polypodiaceous ferns". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 115 (1–2): 33–41. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(01)00048-3. PMID 11425346.
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