Linked data structure

In computer science, a linked data structure is a data structure which consists of a set of data records (nodes) linked together and organized by references (links or pointers). The link between data can also be called a connector.

In linked data structures, the links are usually treated as special data types that can only be dereferenced or compared for equality. Linked data structures are thus contrasted with arrays and other data structures that require performing arithmetic operations on pointers. This distinction holds even when the nodes are actually implemented as elements of a single array, and the references are actually array indices: as long as no arithmetic is done on those indices, the data structure is essentially a linked one.

Linking can be done in two ways – using dynamic allocation and using array index linking.

Linked data structures include linked lists, search trees, expression trees, and many other widely used data structures. They are also key building blocks for many efficient algorithms, such as topological sort[1] and set union-find.[2]

Common types of linked data structures

Linked lists

A linked list is a collection of structures ordered not by their physical placement in memory but by logical links that are stored as part of the data in the structure itself. It is not necessary that it should be stored in the adjacent memory locations. Every structure has a data field and an address field. The Address field contains the address of its successor.

Linked list can be singly, doubly or multiply linked and can either be linear or circular.

Basic properties
  • Objects, called nodes, are linked in a linear sequence.
  • A reference to the first node of the list is always kept. This is called the 'head' or 'front'.[3]

A linked list with three nodes contain two fields each: an integer value and a link to the next node
A linked list with a single node.

Example in Java

This is an example of the node class used to store integers in a Java implementation of a linked list:

public class IntNode {
     public int value;
     public IntNode link;
     public IntNode(int v) { value = v; }
}

Example in C

This is an example of the structure used for implementation of linked list in C:

struct node
{
	int val;
	struct node *next;
};

This is an example using typedefs:

typedef struct node node;

struct node
{
	int val;
	node *next;
};

Note: A structure like this which contains a member that points to the same structure is called a self-referential structure.

Example in C++

This is an example of the node class structure used for implementation of linked list in C++:

class Node
{
	int val;
	Node *next;
};

Search trees

A search tree is a tree data structure in whose nodes data values can be stored from some ordered set, which is such that in an in-order traversal of the tree the nodes are visited in ascending order of the stored values.

Basic properties
  • Objects, called nodes, are stored in an ordered set.
  • In-order traversal provides an ascending readout of the data in the tree.

Advantages and disadvantages

Linked list versus arrays

Compared to arrays, linked data structures allow more flexibility in organizing the data and in allocating space for it. In arrays, the size of the array must be specified precisely at the beginning, which can be a potential waste of memory, or an arbitrary limitation which would later hinder functionality in some way. A linked data structure is built dynamically and never needs to be bigger than the program requires. It also requires no guessing at creation time, in terms of how much space must be allocated. This is a feature that is key in avoiding wastes of memory.

In an array, the array elements have to be in a contiguous (connected and sequential) portion of memory. But in a linked data structure, the reference to each node gives users the information needed to find the next one. The nodes of a linked data structure can also be moved individually to different locations within physical memory without affecting the logical connections between them, unlike arrays. With due care, a certain process or thread can add or delete nodes in one part of a data structure even while other processes or threads are working on other parts.

On the other hand, access to any particular node in a linked data structure requires following a chain of references that are stored in each node. If the structure has n nodes, and each node contains at most b links, there will be some nodes that cannot be reached in less than logb n steps, slowing down the process of accessing these nodes - this sometimes represents a considerable slowdown, especially in the case of structures containing large numbers of nodes. For many structures, some nodes may require worst case up to n−1 steps. In contrast, many array data structures allow access to any element with a constant number of operations, independent of the number of entries.

Broadly the implementation of these linked data structure is through dynamic data structures. It gives us the chance to use particular space again. Memory can be utilized more efficiently by using these data structures. Memory is allocated as per the need and when memory is not further needed, deallocation is done.

General disadvantages

Linked data structures may also incur in substantial memory allocation overhead (if nodes are allocated individually) and frustrate memory paging and processor caching algorithms (since they generally have poor locality of reference). In some cases, linked data structures may also use more memory (for the link fields) than competing array structures. This is because linked data structures are not contiguous. Instances of data can be found all over in memory, unlike arrays.

In arrays, nth element can be accessed immediately, while in a linked data structure we have to follow multiple pointers so element access time varies according to where in the structure the element is.

In some theoretical models of computation that enforce the constraints of linked structures, such as the pointer machine, many problems require more steps than in the unconstrained random access machine model.

See also

References
  1. Donald Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming
  2. Bernard A. Galler and Michael J. Fischer. An improved equivalence algorithm. Communications of the ACM, Volume 7, Issue 5 (May 1964), pages 301–303. The paper originating disjoint-set forests. ACM Digital Library
  3. http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hojjat/148s07/lectures/week5/07linked.pdf
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