List of African-American United States senators

This is a list of African Americans who have served in the United States Senate. The Senate has had eleven African-American elected or appointed office holders.[1]

Hiram Rhodes Revels (left) and Carol Moseley Braun (right) are, respectively, the first African American and the first African-American woman to serve in the United States Senate.

Background

The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[2] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.

During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.[3] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, although some (including Alexander Twilight, as state senator in Vermont) served in state elective offices concurrently with slavery. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Of the 11 senators, seven were popularly elected (including one that previously had been appointed by his state's governor), two were elected by the state legislature prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 (which provides for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people of each state), and two were appointed by a state Governor.

History

The first two African-American senators represented the state of Mississippi during the Reconstruction era, following the American Civil War. Hiram Rhodes Revels, the first African American to serve, was elected by the Mississippi State Legislature to succeed Albert G. Brown, who resigned during the Civil War. Some Democratic members of the United States Senate opposed his being seated based on the court case Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) by the Supreme Court of the United States, claiming that Revels did not meet the nine-year citizenship requirement, but the majority of senators voted to seat him.[4] The Mississippi state legislature elected Blanche Bruce in 1875, but Republicans lost power of the Mississippi state legislature in 1876. Bruce was not elected to a second term in 1881.[4] In 1890 the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution disfranchising most black voters. Every other Southern state also passed disfranchising constitutions by 1908, excluding African Americans from the political system in the entire former Confederacy. This situation persisted into the 1960s until after federal enforcement of constitutional rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The next black United States senator, Edward Brooke of Massachusetts, took office in 1967. He was the first African American to be elected by popular vote after the ratification in 1913 of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, rather than to be elected by a state legislature.[4] The Seventeenth Amendment established direct election of United States senators by popular vote. Carol Moseley Braun and Barack Obama were both elected by the voters of Illinois, entering the Senate in 1993 and 2005, respectively.[4] Moseley Braun is the first African-American woman to be elected — or appointed — to the Senate after the ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. While serving in the Senate, Obama became the first African American to be elected to the office of president of the United States in 2008.[5] Roland Burris, also an African American, was appointed to fill the remainder of Obama's Senate term.[6]

After Obama's election, the next two black senators, Tim Scott of South Carolina and Mo Cowan of Massachusetts, were both appointed by governors to fill the terms of Jim DeMint and John Kerry, respectively, who had resigned their positions.[4] Thus, 2013 marked the first time in history that more than one African American served in the Senate at the same time.[7] On October 16, 2013, citizens of New Jersey elected Cory Booker in a special election to fill the seat of the late senator Frank R. Lautenberg.[8] Sworn into office in 2013, he was the first African-American senator to be elected since Obama in 2004 and the first to represent the state of New Jersey, later securing a full six-year term in the 2014 mid-term elections. Senator Tim Scott retained his seat in a special election in 2014, also securing a full 6-year term in 2016. On January 3, 2017, senators Scott and Booker were joined in the Senate by Kamala Harris of California, who was elected on November 8, 2016.[9] Harris is the second African-American woman to serve in the U.S. Senate. Harris was elected the first African-American vice president of the United States in 2020, and the first woman elected to the office. On January 5, 2021, Raphael Warnock of Georgia was elected as the first African-American Democrat to represent a former Confederate state in the U.S. Senate.

As of January 20, 2021, there have been 1,994 members of the United States Senate,[10] but only 11 are African-American.[1]

List of African-American U.S. Senators

Political Affiliation

  Democratic   Republican

Senator			State	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Ref.	Note
		Hiram Rhodes Revels (1827–1901)	Mississippi	February 25, 1870	March 3, 1871	Republican	41st (1869–1871)	[11][12]	[note 1]
		Blanche Bruce (1841–1898)	Mississippi	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1881	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	[13][14]	[note 2]
							45th (1877–1879)
							46th (1879–1881)
		Edward Brooke (1919–2015)	Massachusetts	January 3, 1967	January 3, 1979	Republican	90th (1967–1969)	[15]	[note 3]
							91st (1969–1971)
							92nd (1971–1973)
							93rd (1973–1975)
							94th (1975–1977)
							95th (1977–1979)
		Carol Moseley Braun (born 1947)	Illinois	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1999	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[16][17]	[note 4]
							104th (1995–1997)
							105th (1997–1999)
		Barack Obama (born 1961)	Illinois	January 3, 2005	November 16, 2008	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	[5][18]	[note 5]
							110th (2007–2009)
		Roland Burris (born 1937)	Illinois	January 15, 2009	November 29, 2010	Democratic	111th (2009–2011)	[6]	[note 6]
		Tim Scott (born 1965)	South Carolina	January 2, 2013	Incumbent	Republican	112th (2011–2013)	[19][20]	[note 7]
							113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
							115th (2017–2019)
							116th (2019–2021)
							117th (2021–2023)
		Mo Cowan (born 1969)	Massachusetts	February 1, 2013	July 16, 2013	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[21][22]	[note 8]
		Cory Booker (born 1969)	New Jersey	October 31, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[8][23][24]	[note 9]
							114th (2015–2017)
							115th (2017–2019)
							116th (2019–2021)
							117th (2021–2023)
		Kamala Harris (born 1964)	California	January 3, 2017	January 18, 2021	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	[9][25][26]	[note 11]</ref>
							116th (2019–2021)
							117th (2021–2023)
		Raphael Warnock (born 1969)	Georgia	January 20, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	[27]	[note 12]

African Americans elected to the United States Senate, but not seated

Political party

  Republican

Senator–elect			State	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Ref.	Note
		P. B. S. Pinchback (1837–1921)	Louisiana	Elected in 1873, but denied seat		Republican	44th (1875–1877)	[28]	[note 13]

Graphs

Histograph

The histograph below sets forth the number of African Americans who served in the United States Senate during the periods provided.

Starting	Total	Graph
March 4, 1789	0
February 25, 1870	1	*
March 4, 1871	0
March 4, 1875	1	*
March 4, 1881	0
January 3, 1967	1	*
January 4, 1979	0
January 3, 1993	1	*
January 4, 1999	0
January 3, 2005	1	*
November 17, 2008	0
January 15, 2009	1	*
November 30, 2010	0
January 2, 2013	1	*
February 1, 2013	2	**
July 17, 2013	1	*
October 31, 2013	2	**
January 3, 2017	3	***
January 18, 2021	2	**
January 20, 2021	3	***

See also

Federal government

• African Americans in the United States Congress
  • List of African-American United States Representatives
  • Congressional Black Caucus
  • Congressional Black Caucus Foundation
• List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries

State and local government

• African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866
• List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction
• List of African-American U.S. state firsts
• List of first African-American mayors

Notes

1. Retired from office. Elected to complete an unfinished term after Mississippi was readmitted to the Union on February 23, 1870. First African American to serve in the United States Senate and Congress. First African American to serve in Congress from Mississippi.[11]
2. Retired from office. First African American to serve a full six-year term as a United States senator. The only Senator to be a former slave.[14]
3. Lost office during reelection. First African American elected to the Senate by direct election. First African American to serve in Congress from Massachusetts.[15]
4. Lost office during reelection. First African-American female and African-American Democrat to serve in the United States Senate.[16]
5. Resigned from office following election to the presidency of the United States. First African-American President of the United States.[5]
6. Appointed by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of President-elect Barack Obama. Not a candidate during special election following his appointment. First African American to succeed another African American in the Senate.[6]
7. Appointed by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jim DeMint. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress. Later won a special election in 2014 and was elected to a full term in 2016.
8. Appointed by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of John Kerry. Not a candidate during special election following his appointment. First African-American Senator appointed by an African-American Governor. The first African American to serve alongside another African-American Senator: Tim Scott.
9. First African American to serve in the Senate from New Jersey. First African American to be elected to the Senate by special election.
10. Harris is the child of a Caribbean-born father and India-born mother. Other African Americans who were elected to Congress and were born in the Caribbean or to Caribbean-born parents include Rep. Shirley Chisholm, Rep. Yvette D. Clarke, Del. Stacey Plaskett, Rep. Mia Love, Del. Melvin H. Evans, Del. Donna Christian-Christensen, and Del. Victor O. Frazer. Shirley Chisholm is the child of Caribbean-born parents and is the first African-American woman to be elected to Congress.<ref>Wasniewski, Matthew, ed. (2008). "Shirley A. Chisholm 1924 — 2005". Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007. United States Government Printing Office. p. 340. ISBN 9780160801945. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
11. Resigned from office following election to the vice presidency of the United States. First African American to serve in the Senate from California.[9][note 10]
12. First African American to serve in the Senate from Georgia.
13. Denied seat due to a contested election that involved William L. McMillen.

References

1. "Ethnic Diversity in the Senate". Senate Historical Office. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
2. "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
3. "Time Line of African American History, 1881–1900". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
4. Wiersema, Alisa (February 1, 2013). "Reconstruction and Beyond: The 8 African-American Senators". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
5. "Obama, Barack, (1961–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
6. "Burris, Roland, (1937–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
7. "U.S. Senate: African American Senators". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
8. Walshe, Shushannah (January 30, 2013). "Cory Booker Wins Race for US Senate Seat in New Jersey". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
9. Willon, Phil (November 9, 2016). "Kamala Harris is Elected California's New U.S. senator". LA Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
10. "Senators of the United States: 1789–present" (PDF). Senate Historical Office. January 20, 2021. p. 82. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
11. "Revels, Hiram Rhodes, (1827–1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
12. "First African American Senator". Historical Minutes Essays, 1878–1920. Senate Historical Office. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
13. "Bruce, Blanche Kelso, (1841–1898)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
14. "Former Slave Presides over Senate". Historical Minutes Essays, 1878–1920. Senate Historical Office. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
15. "Brooke, Edward William, III, (1919–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
16. "Moseley Braun, Carol, (1947–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
17. "Carol Moseley Braun". Senate Historical Office. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
18. "Barack Obama". Senate Historical Office. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
19. "Scott, Tim, (1965–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
20. Blake, Aaron; Cillizza, Chris (December 17, 2012). "Nikki Haley appoints Rep. Tim Scott to Senate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
21. "Cowan, William (Mo), (1969–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
22. Phillips, Frank (January 30, 2013). "William 'Mo' Cowan is Governor Deval Patrick's pick to serve as interim US senator". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
23. "Booker, Cory Anthony, (1969–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
24. Giambusso, David (October 23, 2013). "Cory Booker planning to be sworn in to Senate on Halloween". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
25. "Harris, Kamala Devi, (1964 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
26. Sources for label "African American" or "black" include:
    • "African American Senators". United States Senate. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018. Kamala D. Harris (D-CA) became the first African American to represent California in the United States Senate on January 3, 2017.
    • "Kamala Harris's File". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018. Harris, a Democrat, was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016. She became California's attorney general in January 2011. She was the first woman and the first African-American to hold the office in California's history.
    • Weigel, David (January 9, 2018). "Democrats Add Harris, Booker to Senate Judiciary Committee". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 July 2018. The Senate Judiciary Committee will welcome its first African American members in this century after Democrats added Sens. Kamala D. Harris (D-Calif.) and Cory Booker (D-N.J.) to the panel that handles judicial nominations and appointments to the Justice Department.
    • Wire, Sarah D. (November 8, 2016). "Kamala Harris Will Be the First Indian American U.S. senator and California's First Black Senator". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018. She will also be just the second black woman to serve in the U.S. Senate, and the first black senator from California.
    • McPhate, Mike (September 29, 2016). "California Today: A Snooze of a Senate Race". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018. The race to succeed Senator Barbara L. Boxer of California was supposed to be one of the marquee contests of the year ... It offers a window into the ethnic kaleidoscope that is California: Pitting a Latino, Representative Loretta Sanchez, against an African-American, Kamala Harris, the state attorney general.
    • DeMarche, Edmund (April 6, 2018). "Sen. Kamala Harris Raises Eyebrows on 'Ellen' With Trump Joke". Fox News. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018. Harris, California’s first African-American senator, has not responded to the conservative response online.
27. Peoples, Steve; Barrow, Bill; Bynum, Russ (January 6, 2021). "Warnock, Ossoff Win in Georgia, Handing Dems Senate Control". Associated Press. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
28. Office of the Historian. "'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.

Further reading

• Christopher, Maurine (1971). America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 9780690085853.
• Clay, William L. (1992). Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press. ISBN 1-56743-000-7.
• Dray, Philip (2008). Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8.
• Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807120828.
• Freedman, Eric; Jones, Stephen A. (2008). African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press. ISBN 9780872893856.
• Gill, LaVerne McCain (1997). African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813523538.
• Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
• Haskins, James (1999). Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Oryx Press. ISBN 9781573561266.
• Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
• Middleton, Stephen (2002). Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322815.
• Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. (1982). Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252009723.
• Walton, Jr., Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Jr., Donald R. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
• Wasniewski, Matthew, ed. (2008). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160801945. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108–224 – Black Americans in Congress 1870 – 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).

External links

• "African American Senators" – United States Senate official website
• "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2012" – 66-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress
• "Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 – Present" – perform search of desired representative or delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress
• "Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007" – 164-minute C-SPAN video with Matt Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter discussing the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007
• "Black Americans in Congress" – maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book Black Americans in Congress: 1870–2007
• "Major African American Office Holders Since 1641" – maintained by Blackpast.org, includes a listing for the United States Senate