List of African-American newspapers in Michigan

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Michigan. It includes both current and historical newspapers. The first known such newspaper in Michigan was The Venture of 1879, followed in 1883 by the Detroit Plaindealer.

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Adrian	Afro-American Journal and Directory	1895[1]	1895[1]			May have only published one issue.[1]
Ann Arbor	Michigan Age	1918[2]	1920s[3]			Edited by G.W. Wright.[2]
Ann Arbor	People's Advocate	1972[4]	1900s[4]	Irregular[4] or triweekly[4]	LCCN sn97070600 OCLC 38506420	Published and edited by Jeanne Fox.[4]
Ann Arbor	The Washington Enquirer	1995[5]	?[5]	Weekly[5]	OCLC 32742305
Benton Harbor	The Citizen	1970s[6]	?[7]	Weekly[7]	LCCN sn99063226 OCLC 41891021	Attested for at least 1984–1986.[7]
Detroit	American Catholic Tribune	1885[8]	1890s[8]	Irregular[8]	LCCN sn90057162, sn97016092 OCLC 10874710, 37188414	Published at Detroit from December 16, 1893 to September 8, 1894, and at other times in Cincinnati, Ohio.[8]
Detroit	The Detroit Advocate	1900?[9] or 1901[2]	1901?[9]	Weekly[9]		Published by D. Augustus Straker.[9]
Detroit	Black Alleged News	1900s[10]	1900s[10]		LCCN sn97070517 OCLC 38480175	Attested from at least 1981.[10]
Detroit	Blade Express	1938[11]	1938[11]
Detroit	Changeover	1970[12]	1970s[12]	Monthly newspaper[12]	LCCN sn94053291 OCLC 31230548
Detroit	The Detroit Contender	1920[13]	1921?[13] or 1922[3]	Weekly[13]		Edited by Robert L. Poston.[3]
Detroit	Correspondence	1956[14]	1963?[14]	Monthly newspaper[14]	OCLC 4310181
Detroit	Detroit Courier	1966[15]	1967[15]
Detroit	Detroit's News & Views Community Views (1960s)[16]	1960s[16]	1900s[17]	Weekly[17]	News & Views: LCCN sn98066102 OCLC 39136408 Community Views: LCCN sn97070649 OCLC 38415062	Attested for at least 1964–1970.[17]
Detroit	Detroit Epic News	1960s[18]	1900s[18]	Irregular[18]	LCCN sn98066398 OCLC 39691824	Attested through at least 1972.[18]
Detroit	Garvey's Voice	1950s[19]	1900s[19]	Monthly newspaper[19]	LCCN sn99065154 OCLC 41470622	Attested in at least 1953.[19]
Detroit	The Ghetto Speaks	1971?[20]	?[20]	Biweekly[20]	OCLC 12158938	Edited by Harvey Grant.[20] Sought to "provid[e] a forum for the community to expose the racism it experiences from day to day."[20]
Detroit	Guardian	1938[11]	1938[11]	Weekly [note that some sources say it was publishing by 1934 [21] or 1935] [22]		Edited by Charles Roxborough.[11]
Detroit	The Detroit Herald	1916[23]	1916?[23]	Weekly[23]	LCCN sn98066192 OCLC 39065275	Edited and published by George E. Smedley.[3][23]
Detroit	Illustrated News	1961[15]	1964[15]
Detroit	The Detroit Independent	1922[3] or 1923[24]	1931?[24] or 1938[3]	Weekly[24]	LCCN 2013254034, sn98066190 OCLC 664617074, 39064818	Edited by William J. Robinson.[24]
Detroit	The Detroit Informer	1897[25]	1916[25]	Weekly[25]	LCCN sn83016519, 2011254361, sn83016519 OCLC 747845714, 9873707, 2611132
Detroit	Inner-city Voice Sauti, the Inner-City Voice (October–November 1969)	1967[26]	1971[26]	Monthly newspaper[26]	LCCN sn94053353 OCLC 11366055	Billed as the "Organ of the League of Revolutionary Black Worker[s]."[26]
Detroit	The Interracial Review	1900s[27]	1900s[27]	Monthly newspaper[27]	LCCN sn98066275 OCLC 39064526	Attested from at least 1944.[27] Edited and published by Mason Smith.[27]
Detroit	Detroit Journal	1967[28]	1900s[28]	Weekly[28]	LCCN sn97070601 OCLC 38302828
Detroit	Judgment	1900s[29]	1900s[29]	Weekly[29]	LCCN sn97070655 OCLC 38414316	Attested from at least 1970.[29]
Detroit	The Detroit Leader	1910[2]	1923[2]	Weekly[30]	LCCN sn98066264 OCLC 39088105	Attested from at least 1910.[30]
Detroit	Michigan Chronicle	1936[31]	current	Weekly[31]	ISSN 1949-9620 LCCN sn83045324 OCLC 2264134, 27945745	Official site Founded by former Chicago Defender executive editor Louis E. Martin.[32] Purchased by Real Times Media in 2003.[33]
Detroit	The Michigan FrontPage	2000[34]	current	Weekly[34]	ISSN 1546-4466 LCCN 2003215854 OCLC 44590243	Purchased by Real Times Media in 2003.[33]
Detroit	Michigan Scene	1966[15]	1966[15]
Detroit	Michigan World	1930s[11]	1930s[11]			Edited by Petry Fisher.[11]
Detroit	National Independent	1891[1]	1903[1]	Weekly[1]
Detroit	New Era	1920s[3]	1920s[3]
Detroit	New World	1938[11]	1938[11]
Detroit	Northwest News	1922[3]	1938[3]
Detroit	The Oakland Lion	1969[35]	1969?[35]	Biweekly[35]	LCCN sn97070519 OCLC 38479996
Detroit	The Owl	1926[36]	?[36]	Weekly[36]		Attested through at least 1929.[36] Edited by John W. Roxborough and H.C. Patton.[3]
Detroit	Paradise Valley News	1937[11]	1937[11]	Weekly[37]	LCCN sn98066094 OCLC 39224776	Edited by Roy L. Lightfoot.[11]
Detroit	The Detroit Peoples News	1925?[38]	1930?[38]	Weekly[38]	LCCN sn98066232 OCLC 39178442	Active in 1927.[3] Edited by Beulah Young.[3]
Detroit	The Plaindealer Detroit Plaindealer	1883[39]	1895[40] or 1893[41]	Weekly[39]	LCCN 2014254022, sn83016683 OCLC 664611349, 9975654	Published simultaneously at Detroit and Cincinnati from April 8, 1892 to 1893.[40] Sometimes considered the first African-American newspaper in Detroit.[42]
Detroit	Point Of Production	1972[43]	?[43]	Monthly newspaper[43]	LCCN sn94053393 OCLC 17616095	Official newspaper of the Black Workers Congress.[43]
Detroit	Detroit Republic	1890s[44]	?[44]		LCCN sn99065133 OCLC 41249972	Billed as "[t]he official colored Republican organ of the state."[44] Extant at least in 1896.[44]
Detroit	The Detroit Sun	1944?[45]	1944?[45]	Weekly[45]	LCCN sn98066095 OCLC 39224844
Detroit	Detroit Telegram	1920s[3]	1920s[3]			Edited by E. Adams.[3]
Detroit	Detroit Tribune The Tribune Independent Of Michigan (1933–1935)[46]	1922[3] or 1933[47]	1966[48]	Weekly[48]	Tribune (1933): ISSN 2577-2546, 2577-2538 LCCN 2018218642, sn83016294 OCLC 1028641252, 9671902 Tribune Independent: ISSN 2577-2570, 2577-2562 LCCN 2018218643, sn96076588 OCLC 1028674923, 5998213 The Detroit Tribune (1935–) ISSN 2577-3518, 2577-350X LCCN 2018218653, sn92063852 OCLC 1029203520, 26654010	Free online archives: The Detroit Tribune, Detroit Tribune of 1933, Tribune Independent
Detroit	The Vanguard	1962[15]	?[49]	Monthly newspaper[49]	LCCN sn97070618 OCLC 38489309	Attested from at least 1970.[49]
Detroit	The Venture	1879[50]	1882[41]	Monthly newspaper[50]		Published by Benjamin Pelham.[50] Chiefly literary in content.[41]
Detroit	Detroit World	1931[11]	1932[11]			"[A]n organ of the Scott Newspaper Syndicate."[11]
East Lansing	The Chronicle	1988[51]	current	Weekly[51]	LCCN sn97070746 OCLC 32608313
Ecorse	The Telegram	1943?[52] or 1944	current	Weekly[52]	OCLC 28406836	Official site
Flint	The Bronze Reporter	1953[53]	1900s[53]	Weekly[53]	LCCN sn96076910 OCLC 35177303	Published by John W. Caldwell, ed.[53]
Flint	Flint Brownies News Flint Brownsville Weekly News (1930s–1939)[54] Flint Brownsville News (1939–1942)[55]	1939[55]	1900s[56]	Weekly[56]	Brownsville News: LCCN sn96076909 OCLC 35168988 Brownsville Weekly News: LCCN sn96076907 OCLC 35168948
Flint	The Courier	1982?[57]	?[57]	Weekly[57]	OCLC 32294610	Edited by Avery Aldridge.[57]
Flint	Enterprise	1920[3]	1923[3]
Flint	The Flint Mirror The Mirror (1964)	1964[58]	1900s[58]	Twice-monthly[58] or monthly[59]	Flint Mirror: LCCN sn96076899 OCLC 35168887 The Mirror: LCCN sn96076898 OCLC 35168835	Edited and published by Edward Jones.[58]
Flint	The North Star	1955[60]	1900s[60]	Weekly[60]	LCCN sn2001063758 OCLC 48121103
Flint	The Flint Spokesman	1946[61]	1900s[61]	Weekly[61]	LCCN sn96076919 OCLC 35183405	Published and edited by Frank L. Gillespie.[61] Attested through at least 1979.[6]
Fowler	The Lansing Post	1963[62]	?[62]	Monthly newspaper[62]	LCCN sn2001061621 OCLC 46670243
Grand Rapids	Afro-American Gazette	1991[63]	1996?[63]	Weekly[63]	OCLC 24401511	Published by Patricia Grier.[63]
Grand Rapids	Michigan State News	1911[2]	1926[2]			Edited by G.W. Smith.[2]
Grand Rapids	The Organizer	1969[64]	1980s[64]	[64]	LCCN sn00062625 OCLC 44803417
Grand Rapids	Times The Grand Rapids Times (1960–)[65]	1957[66]	current	Weekly[67]	Times: LCCN sn97070786 OCLC 38010474 The Grand Rapids Times: LCCN sn88063029 OCLC 17430946	Official site Published by John Bankston.[67]
Highland Park	Michigan Citizen	1978[68]	2014[68]	Weekly[68]	ISSN 1072-2041 LCCN sn93006432 OCLC 22836894	Free online archive Published by Charles D. Kelly.[6]
Idlewild	The Challenger	1900s[69]	?[69]	Twice-monthly[69]	LCCN sn97063466 OCLC 38035834	Attested from at least 1951.[69]
Inkster	Voice[70] Inkster Voice[71]	1948[71]		Weekly[70]		Edited by Frank M. Seymour.[71] Circulation of 18,800 in 1948.[71] Fell to 1,600 in 1950s.[66]
Jackson	The Blazer News	1962[15] or 1963[72]	current	Weekly[72]	OCLC 27355246	Official site
Kalamazoo	The Community Courier	1972[73] or 1973[6]	1900s[73]	Weekly[73]	LCCN sn96077137 OCLC 35709898
Kalamazoo	Focus News	1965[74]	?	Monthly newspaper[74]
Kalamazoo	Star Reporter	1964[75]	1960s[75]	Weekly[75]	LCCN sn96077113 OCLC 35690193	Published by Mall City Pub. Co.[75]
Kalamazoo	The Kalamazoo Weekly Star[76] Weekly Star (1965)[77] Kalamazoo Weekly Star (1965–)[78]	1963[76]	1900s[78]	Weekly[77]	Weekly Star LCCN sn96077114 OCLC 35690238 Kalamazoo Weekly Star: LCCN sn96077115 OCLC 35690334	Published and edited by Reuben Cummings.[77]
Lansing	Eye Opener	1930[11]	1931[11]
Lansing	The Inner City Times	1968[79]	1900s[79]	Weekly[79]	LCCN sn97063327 OCLC 12224847
Lansing	The Metroplex Michigan	1980s	1990s[80]	Irregular[80]		Followed by Metroplex news.[80] Description based on: Vol. 3, no. 6 (Nov. 8, 1987).[80] .[80]
Lansing	The Metroplex Michigan Metroplex News	1987?[81]	?	Biweekly[81] or irregular[80][82]	The Metroplex Michigan: LCCN sn2001061639 OCLC 27986118 Metroplex News: LCCN sn2001061640 OCLC 46671765	Published by Conrad B. Parrish.[81] Attested through at least 1994.[82]
Lansing	The Michigan Bulletin	1995[83]	current	Monthly[83] or biweekly[84]	LCCN sn2001061641 OCLC 35703277	Official site Free newspaper.
Lansing	Michigan State Echo	1938[85]	Weekly[71]			First of the Echo newspapers established by Leroy G. White.[85]
Lansing	The New Citizens Press	2002[86]	current	Biweekly[86]	LCCN sn2003060104 OCLC 52095947	Official site
Lansing	Response	1980s[87]	?[87]	Monthly newspaper[87]	LCCN sn2001061633 OCLC 46673212	Attested through at least 1981.[87]
Lansing	The Lansing Times	1975[88]	?[88]	Weekly[88]	LCCN sn2001061623 OCLC 46670305
Lansing	Westside News	1969[89]	?[89]	Weekly[89]	LCCN sn97063317 OCLC 12486592
Lathrup Village	Michigan Sentinel	1991[90]	?	Monthly newspaper[90]	OCLC 27428223	Published by Elaine Campbell.[90]
Pontiac	The Pontiac Commentator	1947[71]	?	Weekly[91]	LCCN sn97060406 OCLC 36831602
Pontiac	Pontiac-Auburn Citizen’s Post	1987?[92]	?	Weekly[92]	OCLC 32294968	Published by Dave Morris.[92] Attested through at least 1995.[92]
Royal Oak	The Peaceful Valley Journal	1900s[93]	1900s[93]	Weekly[93]	LCCN sn98066314 OCLC 39397945	Attested at least from 1952.[93]
Saginaw	The Saginaw Afro Herald	1967?[94]	?[94]	Weekly[94]	LCCN sn97070589 OCLC 38263075	Published by United Power.[94] Motto: "To inform, involve and unite."[95]
Saginaw	Saginaw Banner	1995?[96]	?[96]	Weekly[96]	OCLC 32295111	Published by D. Lyons.[96]

See also

• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Indiana
• List of African-American newspapers in Ohio
• List of African-American newspapers in Wisconsin
• List of newspapers in Michigan

Works cited

• Aiello, Thomas (2018). The Grapevine of the Black South: The Scott Newspaper Syndicate in the Generation before the Civil Rights Movement. University of Georgia Press. p. 112.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 9780882581927.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Thompson, Julius Eric (1996). "An Urban Voice of the People: The Black Press in Michigan, 1865-1985". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313255793.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

References

1. Thompson 1996, p. 137.
2. Thompson 1996, p. 138.
3. Thompson 1996, p. 139.
4. "About People's advocate. (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 1972-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
5. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 602, ¶ 6291.
6. Thompson 1996, p. 157.
7. "About The citizen. (Benton Harbor, Mich.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
8. "About American Catholic tribune. [volume] (Cincinnati, Ohio) 1885-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
9. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2005.
10. "About Black alleged news. ([Detroit, Mich.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
11. Thompson 1996, p. 141.
12. "About Changeover. (Detroit, Mich.) 1970-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
13. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2007.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 177, ¶ 1841.
15. Thompson 1996, p. 151.
16. "About Community views. (Detroit, Mich.) 196?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
17. "About Detroit's news & views. (Detroit, Mich.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
18. "About Detroit epic news. ([Detroit, Mich.]) 196?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
19. "About Garvey's voice. (Detroit, Mich.) 195?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
20. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 249, ¶ 2611.
21. Rollo S. Vest, “The Lowdown,” Detroit Tribune Independent, August 25, 1934, p. 6.
22. Rollo S. Vest, "The Lowdown," Pittsburgh Courier, December 28, 1935, p. 17.
23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2011.
24. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2012.
25. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2013.
26. "About Inner-city voice. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1967-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
27. "About The interracial review. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
28. "About Detroit journal. (Detroit, Mich.) 1967-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
29. "About Judgment. (Detroit, Mich.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
30. "About The Detroit leader. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 190?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
31. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3795.
32. Thompson 1996, p. 143.
33. "The Michigan Chronicle". New Michigan Media. Retrieved 2020-01-25. the Chronicle, Defender, Courier and Tri-State Defender in Tennessee would all come to be owned by the Sengstacke Newspapers. A period of uncertainty followed Sengstacke’s death in 1997, but by 2003 the four papers (as well as the Michigan FrontPage) were purchased by Real Times, Inc.
34. "About The Michigan frontpage. (Detroit, MI) 2000-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
35. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 436, ¶ 4542.
36. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 449, ¶ 4683.
37. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 454, ¶ 4726.
38. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2014.
39. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 466, ¶ 4852.
40. "About The plaindealer. [online resource] (Detroit, Mich.) 1883-1895". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
41. Thompson 1996, p. 136.
42. Sands, David (2012-02-24). "Detroit's 'Plaindealer' Blazed A Trail For Today's African-American Press". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
43. "About Point of production. (Detroit, Mich.) 1972-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
44. "About Detroit Republic. (Detroit, Mich.) 189?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
45. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 193, ¶ 2015.
46. "About The tribune independent of Michigan. [online resource] (Detroit, Michigan) 1933-1935". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
47. "About Detroit tribune. [online resource] (Detroit, Michigan) 1933-1933". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
48. "About The Detroit tribune. [online resource] (Detroit, Michigas[n]) 1935-1966". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
49. "About The vanguard. ([Detroit, Mich.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
50. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 588, ¶ 6156.
51. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 152, ¶ 1574.
52. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5802.
53. "About The Bronze reporter. (Flint, Mich.) 1953-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
54. "About Brownsville weekly news. (Flint, Mich.) 193?-1939". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
55. "About Flint Brownsville news. (Flint, Mich.) 1939-1942". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
56. "About Flint Brownies news. (Flint, Mich.) 1942-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
57. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 177, ¶ 1850.
58. "About The Flint mirror. (Flint, Mich.) 1964-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
59. "About The mirror. (Flint, Mich.) 1964-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
60. "About The north star. (Flint, Mich.) 1955-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
61. "About The Flint spokesman. (Flint, Mich.) 1946-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
62. "About The Lansing post. (Fowler, Mich.) 1963-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
63. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 244.
64. "About The Organizer. (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1969-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
65. "About The Grand Rapids times. (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1960-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
66. Thompson 1996, p. 148.
67. "About Times. (Grand Rapids, Muskegon, Mich.) 195?-1960". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
68. "About Michigan citizen. [volume] (Highland Park, MI) 1978-2014". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
69. "About The challenger. (Idlewild, Mich.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
70. Ayer Directory of Publications. Ayer Press. 1949. p. 460.
71. Thompson 1996, p. 144.
72. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 109, ¶ 1125.
73. "About The community courier. (Kalamazoo, Mich.) 1972-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
74. The IMS Ayer Directory of Publications, Volume 116. IMS Press. 1984.
75. "About Star reporter. (Kalamazoo, Mich.) 1964-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
76. "About The Kalamazoo weekly star. (Kalamazoo, Mich.) 1963-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
77. "About Weekly star. (Kalamazoo, Mich.) 1965-1965". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
78. "About Kalamazoo weekly star. (Kalamazoo, Mich.) 1965-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
79. "About The Inner city times. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1968-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
80. "About The metroplex Michigan. (Lansing, MI) 198?-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
81. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 361, ¶ 3775.
82. "About Metroplex news. (Lansing, Mich.) 199?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
83. "About The Michigan bulletin. (Lansing, Mich.) 1995-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
84. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3794.
85. Aiello 2018, pp. 111-112.
86. "About The new citizens press. (Lansing, MI) 2002-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
87. "About Response. (Lansing, Mich.) 198?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
88. "About The Lansing times. (Lansing, Mich.) 1975-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
89. "About Westside news. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
90. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3797.
91. "About The Pontiac commentator. (Pontiac, Mich.) 194?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
92. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 467, ¶ 4869.
93. "About The Peaceful Valley journal. [volume] (Royal Oak, Mich.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
94. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 499, ¶ 5203.
95. "About The Saginaw Afro-herald. (Saginaw, Mich.) 196?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
96. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 499, ¶ 5204.