List of African-American newspapers in South Carolina

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in South Carolina. It includes both current and historical newspapers. More than 130 such newspapers were published in the state between 1865 and 1970.[1] The first was the South Carolina Leader, established at Charleston in 1865.[2] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the growth of the African-American press in South Carolina was hampered by the fact that a large proportion of South Carolina African Americans lived in poverty in the countryside.[1]

Inaugural issue of the South Carolina Leader from October 1865.

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
	1800s				Founded by S.H. Jefferson.[3] Only African American newspaper published in upper South Carolina during the 1880s.[4]
Anderson	The Herald	1957[5]	1970s[5]	Weekly[5]	LCCN sn93067907 OCLC 28616245
Beaufort	The New South	1879[4] or 1880s[6]	1890s[6]	Weekly[6]	LCCN sn93067638 OCLC 27776092	Attested through at least 1898.[4]
Beaufort	The Sea Island News	1879[7]	1888[7]	Weekly[7]	LCCN sn84026859 OCLC 10715901
Beaufort	Standard Beaufort Southern Standard	1870s[8]	1870s[8]			Edited by Robert Smalls.[8] Designated as the official newspaper of the Beaufort County government.[8]
Beaufort / Blackville	Beaufort County Times Barnwell County Times	1871[9]	1870s[8]	Weekly[9]	LCCN sn84026858 OCLC 10715814	Edited by D. Thomas.[9] Published by William S. Whipple, who moved the paper to Barnwell County after becoming the county treasurer there.[8] Attested through at least 1874.[8]
Bennettsville	The Carolina Messenger	1974[10]	1978[10]	Weekly[10]	LCCN sn93067691 OCLC 27902606
Bennettsville	Community Observer	1978[11]	1981[11]	Weekly[11]	LCCN sn92065658 OCLC 26739179
Bennettsville	Pee Dee Educator	1879[4] or 1890[12]	1900[12] or 1906[4]	Twice monthly[12]	LCCN sn92065549 OCLC 25837696
Charleston	The Charleston Advocate	1867[13]	1868[13]	Weekly[13]	LCCN 2011254277, sn83025784 OCLC 2610929, 733407181, 9803264 ISSN 2166-1707	Published by H.J. Moore.[13] Free online archive
Charleston	The Afro-American Citizen	1899[14]	1900[14] or 1902[15]	Weekly[14]	LCCN 2011254023, sn83025782 OCLC 2611061, 707536677, 9797992 ISSN 2166-1669	Free online archive
Charleston	The Charleston Chronicle[16] The Chronicle (1993–)[17]	1971[18]	current	Weekly[18]	LCCN sn93067867 OCLC 18769155 The Chronicle: LCCN sn93067968, sn83008435 OCLC 9797007, 28446174 ISSN 0746-1429	Official site Published and edited by J. John French.[18]
Charleston	The Coastal Times	1983[19]	?	Weekly[19]	LCCN sn93067801 OCLC 28283855
Charleston	Charleston Free Press	1871[20]	1871[20]	Daily[20]	LCCN sn92065444 OCLC 25291084
Charleston	The Free Press	1868[21]	1868[21]	Weekly[21]	LCCN 2011254378, sn83025795 OCLC 2611110, 753794094, 9803310 ISSN 2166-1715	Free online archive Published by T. Hurley.[21]
Charleston	The Charleston Herald	1952[22]	1955[22]	Weekly[22]	LCCN sn93067920 OCLC 28731186
Charleston	The Charleston Inquirer	1963[23]	1964[23]	Weekly[23]	LCCN sn93067608 OCLC 27302316
Charleston	The Charleston Journal	1866[24]	1860s[24]	Weekly[24]	LCCN sn93059242 OCLC 27776023
Charleston / Columbia	Lighthouse and Informer The Lighthouse and Informer[25]	1941[25]	1954[25]	Weekly[25]	LCCN sn92065442, 2013254302 OCLC 664617378, 25291022	Published in Columbia from 1944 to 1954.[25] A key voice of protest during the early years of the civil rights movement.[26]
Charleston	The Charleston Lighthouse	1939[27]	1941[27]	Weekly[27]	LCCN sn92065445 OCLC 25291097
Charleston	The Charleston Messenger	1894[28]	1946[28]	Bimonthly newspaper[28]	LCCN sn95077201 OCLC 33273095	Published by Daniel Jenkins and affiliated with an orphanage he operated.[29]
Charleston	Missionary Record	1868[30]	1879[30]	Weekly[30]	LCCN 2013254323, sn83025781, sn84026949 OCLC 778032530, 9797551 ISSN 2165-9419	Free online archive Successor to the South Carolina Leader.[26] Edited by Richard Harvey Cain.[26]
Charleston	The New Citizen	1948[31]	1952[31]	Weekly[31]	LCCN sn93067932 OCLC 28731168
Charleston	The Palmetto Press	1882[32]	1885[32]	Weekly[32]	LCCN sn84026992 OCLC 10797193	Edited by R.L. Smith.[3]
Charleston	South Carolina Leader	1865[33]	1868[2] or 1867[33]	Weekly[33]	LCCN 2012203298, sn83025783 OCLC 2789571, 794292043, 9798897 ISSN 2166-1693, 2169-4621	Free online archive Published by T. Hurley and Co.[33]
Charleston	Southern Reporter	1900[26]	1920[26]
Columbia	Black News Black Star Black Sun Black Times Black Views Black Voice	1970[34] or 1977[35]	current	Weekly[36]	LCCN sn89080108 OCLC 25161210	Official site Published by Isaac Washington.[34] Numerous local editions published with different titles.[35]
Columbia	Black On News	1972[37]	1977[37]	Weekly[37]	LCCN sn93067922 OCLC 28731216
Columbia	Black On To The Bone	1973[38]	1973[38]	Monthly newspaper[38]	LCCN sn93067909 OCLC 28731176
Columbia	Carolina Afro-weekly	1969[39]	1974[39]	Weekly[39]	LCCN sn93067915 OCLC 28640953
Columbia	Carolina Panorama Piedmont Post (1993)[40]	1978[40]	current	Weekly[40]	LCCN sn93067955 OCLC 28948871	Official site
Columbia	The Carolina Tribune	1900s[41]	?[41]	Weekly[41]	LCCN 2012271290 OCLC 85851097	Also published in numerous local editions.[41] Attested through at least 1995.[41]
Columbia	The Christian Soldier	1898[42]	1900[42]	Monthly newspaper[42]	LCCN sn92065652 OCLC 26739419
Columbia	Columbia's Black News	1984[43]	?	Weekly[43]	LCCN sn99063227 OCLC 41939794	Attested through at least 2012.[43]
Columbia	The Columbia Dispatch	1950s[44]	?[44]	Weekly[44]	LCCN 2018226266 OCLC 1076585839	Attested from 1957.[44]
Columbia	South Carolina Independent	1955[45]	1955[45]	Weekly[45]	LCCN 2013228778 OCLC 43698408
Columbia	The Light	1916[46]	1928[46]	Weekly[46]	LCCN sn92065618 OCLC 26538720
Columbia	The Lighthouse	1963[47]	1964[47]	Weekly[47]	LCCN 2013228774 OCLC 43721543
Columbia	The South Carolina Observer	1960[48]	1960[48]		LCCN sn93067859 OCLC 28616337
Columbia	Palmetto Gleaner	1890[26]	1892[26]			First African-American newspaper in Columbia.[26]
Columbia	The Palmetto Leader	1925[49]	1960s[49]	Weekly[49]	LCCN sn93067919 OCLC 28640893	Free online archive Published by George H. Hampton.[29] A key voice of protest during the early years of the civil rights movement.[26]
Columbia	The Palmetto Post	1970[50]	1971[50]	Weekly[50]	LCCN sn93067917 OCLC 28640945
Columbia	The Palmetto Post	1984[50]	?	Weekly[50]	LCCN sn93067929 OCLC 28640898
Columbia	Palmetto Times	1962[51]	1964[51]	Weekly[51]	LCCN sn93067858 OCLC 28483730
Columbia / Orangeburg (1903–1921)[52]	The People's Recorder	1893[52]	1925[52] or 1905[53]	Weekly[52]	LCCN 2014254019, sn83025797 OCLC 2754377, 9804805, 778033158 ISSN 2166-1731	Free online archive Published by Nix and Holmes.[53]
Columbia	The Recorder-Indicator	1925[54]	1931[54]	Weekly[54]	LCCN sn92065692 OCLC 27040906
Columbia	SouthCarolinian	1987[55]	?	Monthly newspaper[55]	LCCN sn93067864 OCLC 28483703
Columbia	The Southern Indicator	1913[56] or 1903[57]	1924[56] or 1925[57]	Weekly[56]	LCCN sn83025803, 2014254328 OCLC 778033315, 2789588, 9810255 ISSN 2166-1758	Free online archive Edited by J.A. Roach.[56]
Columbia	The Southern Sun	1902[58]	1909[58]	Weekly[58]	LCCN sn92065630 OCLC 26572496
Columbia	The Standard	1919[59]	1927[59]	Weekly[59]	LCCN sn92065548 OCLC 25837686
Columbia	Venture	1978[60]	1979[60]	Monthly newspaper[60]	LCCN sn92065620 OCLC 26538714
Florence	The Community Times[61] The Times[62]	1997[61] or 1992[62]	?	Weekly[61]	LCCN 2012271271, sn93067883 OCLC 27439267, 37920426	Official feed
Florence	Pee Dee Times	1987[63]	1992[63]	Weekly[63]	LCCN sn93067848 OCLC 27105869
Georgetown	Georgetown Advocate	1902[64]	1905[64]	Weekly[64]	LCCN sn92065712 OCLC 27055771
Georgetown	The Georgetown Planet	1873[65]	1875[65]	Weekly[65]	LCCN 2011254385, sn83025798 OCLC 764798151, 9804903 ISSN 2166-174X	Free online archive Edited by local politicians James A. Bawley and R.O. Rush.[66]
Greenville	The Carolina News And Guide	1963[67]	1964[67]	Weekly[67]	LCCN sn93067729 OCLC 28036968
Greenville	Focus	1973[68]	1980?[68]	Weekly[68]	LCCN sn93067887 OCLC 28589694
Greenville	Focus News	1976[69]	1981[69]	Weekly[69]	LCCN sn93067911 OCLC 28570967
Greenville	Lancet	1890[26]	1890[26]			First African-American newspaper in Greenville.[26]
Greenville	The Palmetto Leader	1945[49]	?	Weekly[49]	LCCN sn93067895 OCLC 28616203	Published by Norman P. Pearson, Jr.[49]
Greenville	Southern Crusader	1942[70]	1940s[70]	Weekly[70]	LCCN sn93067759 OCLC 28103733
Greenville	The Southern Enterprise	1914[71]	1900s[71]	Weekly[71]	LCCN 2009257327, sn93067720 OCLC 28036951, 469142241	Attested through at least 1926.[71]
Greenville	The Times Upstate	1995[72]	?[72]	Weekly[72]	LCCN 2013228823 OCLC 35615475	Attested through at least 2009.[72]
Kingstree	The Williamsburg Republican[73] Williamsburg Republican[74]	1873[74]	1870s[73]	Weekly[74]	LCCN sn86053220 OCLC 13356699
Myrtle Beach	The Weekly Journal	1975[75]	1976[75]	Weekly[75]	LCCN sn92065681 OCLC 26995054
Myrtle Beach	The Weekly Observer	1974[76]	1977[76]	Weekly[76]	LCCN sn92065685 OCLC 26987761
Orangeburg	The Free Citizen	1874[77]	1876[77]	Weekly[77]	LCCN sn92065529 OCLC 25757236 ISSN 2165-7742	Free online archive Edited by E.A. Webster in 1874.[77]
Orangeburg	Herald	1960s	1970s[78]			Edited by Davis Lee.[78] Known for opposing the civil rights movement.[78]
Orangeburg	View South News	1979[79]	?	Weekly[79]	LCCN sn93067786 OCLC 28235103	Attested through at least 1983.[79]
Rock Hill	The Rock Hill Messenger	1896[80]	1919[80] or 1921[81]	Weekly[80]	LCCN sn83025796, sn830ROCKERS49625796 OCLC 2809525, 9804719 ISSN 2166-1723	Free online archive Edited by C.P.T. White.[80]
Society Hill	The Society Hill News	1910[82]	1911[82]	Weekly[82]	LCCN sn93067813 OCLC 28283824
Spartanburg	Advance	1894[26]	1897[26]
Spartanburg	Negro Index	1916[26]	1922[26]
Sumter	The Defender	1903[83]	1913[83]	Weekly[83]	LCCN sn92065551 OCLC 25979606
Sumter	The Peoples Informer	1936[84]	1941[84]	Weekly[84]	LCCN sn92065449 OCLC 25313033
Sumter	The Samaritan Herald The Samaritan Herald And The Voice Of Job (1942–1950)[85]	1909[86]	1950[85]	Weekly[86]	LCCN sn92065557, sn92065566 OCLC 25968670, 25968623
Sumter	Vindicator	1882[3]	1880s[3]			Published by Samuel J. Lee.[3]
Timmonsville	The Watchman And Defender	1920[87]	1931[87]	Weekly[87]	LCCN sn93067826 OCLC 28385719
Union	The Union Standard	1906[88]	1900s[88]	Twice monthly[88]	LCCN sn93067625 OCLC 27358858
Williamsburg County	Republican	1873[66]	1870s[66]			Edited by Stephen Atkins Swails.[66] No copies survive.[66]

See also

• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Georgia
• List of African-American newspapers in North Carolina
• List of newspapers in South Carolina

Works cited

• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hemmingway, Theodore (1983). "South Carolina". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 9780882581927.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Tindall, George Brown (2003). South Carolina Negroes, 1877-1900. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570034947.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

References

1. Hemmingway 1983, p. 289.
2. Pride & Wilson 1997, p. 77.
3. Tindall 2003, p. 149.
4. Hemmingway 1983, p. 290.
5. "About The herald. (Anderson, S.C.) 1957-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
6. "About The new South. (Beaufort, S.C.) 188?-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
7. "About The Sea Island news. [volume] (Beaufort, S.C.) 1879-1888". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
8. Hemmingway 1983, p. 294.
9. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 65, ¶ 664.
10. "About The Carolina messenger. (Bennettsville, S.C.) 1974-1978". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
11. "About Community observer. (Bennettsville, S.C.) 1978-1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
12. "About Pee Dee educator. (Bennettsville, Marlborough Co., S.C.) 1890-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
13. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 144, ¶ 1499.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 24, ¶ 239.
15. "About The Afro-American citizen. [online resource] (Charleston, S.C.) 1899-1902". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
16. "About The Charleston chronicle. (Charleston, S.C.) 1971-1993". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
17. "About The chronicle. (Charleston, S.C.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
18. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 152, ¶ 1575.
19. "About The coastal times. (Charleston, S.C.) 1983-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
20. "About Charleston free press. (Charleston [S.C.]) 1871-1871". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
21. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 237, ¶ 2484.
22. "About The Charleston herald. (Charleston, S.C.) 1952-1955". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
23. "About The Charleston inquirer. (Charleston, S.C.) 1963-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
24. "About The Charleston journal. (Charleston, S.C.) 1866-186?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
25. "About Lighthouse and informer. (Charleston, S.C.) 1941-1954". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
26. Hemmingway 1983, p. 291.
27. "About The Charleston lighthouse. (Charleston [S.C.]) 1939-1941". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
28. "About The Charleston messenger. [volume] (Charleston, S.C.) 1894-1946". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
29. Hemmingway 1983, p. 293.
30. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 370, ¶ 3857.
31. "About The new citizen. (Charleston, S.C.) 1948-1952". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
32. "About The palmetto press. [volume] (Charleston, S.C.) 1882-1885". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
33. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 523, ¶ 5471.
34. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 95, ¶ 973.
35. "About Black post. (Columbia, S.C.) 1977-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
36. "About Black news. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1977-1984". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
37. "About Black on news. (Columbia, S.C.) 1972-1977". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
38. "About Black on to the bone. (Columbia, S.C.) 1973-1973". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
39. "About Carolina Afro-weekly. (Columbia, S.C.) 1969-1974". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
40. "About Carolina panorama. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1978-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
41. "About The Carolina tribune. (Columbia, S.C.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
42. "About The Christian soldier. (Columbia, S.C.) 1898-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
43. "About Columbia's black news. (Columbia, S.C.) 1984-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
44. "About The Columbia dispatch. [volume] (Columbia, South Carolina) 195?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
45. "About South Carolina independent. (Columbia, S.C.) 1955-1955". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
46. "About The light. (Columbia, S.C.) 1916-1928". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
47. "About The lighthouse. (Columbia, S.C.) 1963-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
48. "About The South Carolina observer. (Columbia, S.C.) 1960-1960". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
49. "About The palmetto leader. (Columbia, S.C.) 1925-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
50. "About The palmetto post. (Columbia, S.C.) 1970-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
51. "About Palmetto times. (Columbia, S.C.) 1962-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
52. "About The people's recorder. [online resource] (Columbia, S.C.) 1893-1925". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 460, ¶ 4794.
54. "About The recorder-indicator. (Columbia, S.C.) 1925-1931". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
55. "About SouthCarolinian. (Columbia, S.C.) 1987-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
56. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 528, ¶ 5508.
57. "About The Southern indicator. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1903-1925". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
58. "About The southern sun. (Columbia, S.C.) 1902-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
59. "About The Standard. (Columbia, S.C.) 1919-1927". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
60. "About Venture. (Columbia, S.C.) 1978-1979". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
61. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 169, ¶ 1768.
62. "About The times. (Florence, S.C.) 1992-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
63. "About Pee Dee times. (Florence, S.C.) 1987-1992". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
64. "About Georgetown advocate. (Georgetown, S.C.) 1902-1905". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
65. "About The Georgetown planet. [online resource] (Georgetown, S.C.) 1873-1875". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
66. Hemmingway 1983, p. 295.
67. "About The Carolina news and guide. (Greenville, S.C.) 1963-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
68. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 232, ¶ 2424.
69. "About Focus news. (Greenville, S.C.) 1976-1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
70. "About Southern crusader. (Greenville, S.C.) 1942-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
71. "About The southern enterprise. [microfilm reel] (Greenville, S.C.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
72. "About The times upstate. [volume] (Greenville, SC) 1995-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
73. "About The Williamsburg Republican. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1873-187?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
74. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 616, ¶ 6440.
75. "About The Weekly journal. (Myrtle Beach, S.C.) 1975-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
76. "About The weekly observer. (Myrtle Beach, S.C.) 1974-1977". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
77. "About The free citizen. (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1874-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
78. Hemmingway 1983, p. 303.
79. "About View south news. (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1979-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
80. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 495, ¶ 5170.
81. "About The Rock Hill messenger. [volume] (Rock Hill, S.C.) 1896-1921". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
82. "About The Society Hill news. (Society Hill, S.C.) 1910-1911". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
83. "About The Defender. (Sumter, S.C.) 1903-1913". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
84. "About The peoples informer. (Sumter, S.C.) 1936-1941". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
85. "About The Samaritan herald and the voice of Job. ([Sumter, S.C.]) 1942-1950". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
86. "About The Samaritan herald. (Sumter, S.C.) 1909-1942". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
87. "About The watchman and defender. [volume] (Timmonsville, S.C.) 1920-1931". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
88. "About The Union standard. (Union, S.C.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-19.