List of IARC Group 2A Agents - Probably carcinogenic to humans
The agents in this list have been classified in Group 2A (probable carcinogens)[1] by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The term "agent" encompasses both substances and exposure circumstances that pose a risk. This designation is applied when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans as well as sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this group when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans along with sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in this group solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
Agents
Substances
- Acrylamide
- Adriamycin
- Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
- Azacitidine
- BCNU (Bischloroethyl nitrosourea)
- Captafol
- Chloral
- Chloral hydrate
- Chloramphenicol
- α-Chlorinated toluenes (benzal chloride, benzotrichloride, benzyl chloride) and benzoyl chloride (combined exposures)
- CCNU (1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea)
- 4-Chloro-o-toluidine
- Chlorozotocin
- Cisplatin
- Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene
- Diazinon
- Dibenz[a,j]acridine
- Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
- Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
- Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
- 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
- Diethyl sulfate
- Dieldrin, and aldrin metabolized to dieldrin
- Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
- Dimethylformamide
- 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
- Dimethyl sulfate
- Epichlorohydrin
- Ethylene dibromide
- Ethyl carbamate (urethane)
- N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea
- Glycidol
- Glyphosate
- Hydrazine
- Indium phosphide
- 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ)
- Lead compounds, inorganic
- Malathion
- 5-Methoxypsoralen
- Methyl methanesulfonate
- Mercaptobenzothiozole
- MNNG (N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
- N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea
- Nitrate or nitrite (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation
- Nitrogen mustard
- 1-Nitropyrene
- N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)
- N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
- Nitrotoluene
- 6-Nitrochrysene
- Phenacetin
- Pioglitazone
- Polybrominated biphenyls
- Procarbazine hydrochloride
- 1,3-Propane sultone
- Silicon carbide whiskers
- Styrene
- Styrene-7,8-oxide
- Teniposide
- Tetrabromobisphenol A
- 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachloroazobenzene
- Tetrachloroethylene
- Tetrafluoroethylene
- 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
- Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
- Vinyl bromide
- Vinyl fluoride
Pathogens
- Malaria (caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum in holoendemic areas)
- Human papillomavirus type 68
- Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)
Mixtures
- Bitumens, occupational exposure to oxidized bitumens and their emissions during roofing
- Creosotes (from coal tars)
- High-temperature frying, emissions from
- Household combustion of biomass fuel (primarily wood), indoor emissions from
- Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and application of)
- Red meat (consumption of)[2]
- Coffee, mate, and very hot beverages (drinking)[3]
- Very hot beverages at above 65 °C (drinking)[4]
Exposure circumstances
- Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of)
- Carbon electrode manufacture
- Cobalt metal with tungsten carbide
- Hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a)
- Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in)
- Shift work that involves circadian disruption
References
- "List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
- "IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- Loomis, Dana; Guyton, Kathryn Z; Lauby-Sectretan, Béatrice; El Ghissassi, Fatiha; Bouvard, Véronique; Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia; Guha, Neela; Mattock, Heidi; Straif, Kurt (July 1, 2016). "Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages". The Lancet Oncology. Elsevier. 17 (7): 877–8. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30239-X. PMID 27318851.
- "Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volumes 116". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. June 13, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
External links
- Description of the list of classifications, IARC
- List of Classifications (latest version)
- List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124 (Last update: 8 July 2019)
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