List of Tamil monarchs

This is a list of Tamil-speaking monarchs, who ruled in Tamilakam and Sri Lanka an parts of south east Asia. The ancient Tamil monarchy was largely hereditary and supported by numerous chieftains.[1]

Tamil royal titles

Perun-Ko, Perarasan, Irai, Iraivan (emperor)
Perarasi (empress)
Ko, Arasan, Mannan, Aliyan or Araiyan (king)
Arasi (queen)
Ilavarasi or Piratti (Princess)
Ilam-Ko or Ilavarasan (prince)
Kuru-nila Mannan or Chitarasan (petty king)
Chitarasi (petty queen)
Antavan (ruler)

Pandyan Kingdom

Early Pandyans (6th century BCE – 3rd century CE)

Koon Pandiyan
Nedunjeliyan I (he was mentioned in legend of Kannagi)
Pudappandiyan
Mudukudumi Peruvazhudhi
Nedunjeliyan II
Nanmaran
Nedunjeliyan III
Maran Vazhudhi
Kadalan Vazhudhi
Mutriya Chezhiyan
Ukkirap Peruvazhudhi

Medieval Pandyans (6th – 10th centuries CE)

Kadungon (590–620 CE)
Maravarman Avani Culamani (c. 620-645 CE)
Jayantavarman (c. 645-670 CE)
Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (c. 670–710 CE)
Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (710 CE-735 CE)
Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasimha I (735–765)
Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–815)
Rasasingan II (790–800)
Varagunan I (800–830)
Srimara Srivallabha (815–862)
Varagunavarman II (862–880)
Parantaka Viranarayana (880–900)
Maravarman Rajasimha II (900–920)

Pandyans under Chola empire (10th – 13th centuries)

Sundara Pandyan I
Vira Pandyan I
Vira Pandyan II
Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
Jatavarman Chola Pandya
Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
Parakrama Pandyan I (1161–1162)
Kulasekara Pandyan III
Vira Pandyan III
Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180)
Jatavarman Kulasekaran I (1190–1216)

Later Pandyans (13th – 14th centuries)

Parakrama Pandyan II (1212–1215)
Maravarman Sundara Pandyan (1216–1238)
Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II (1238–1240)
Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238–1251)
Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268)
Maaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308)
Sundara Pandyan IV (1309–1327)
Vira Pandyan IV (1309–1345)

Tenkasi Pandyans (15th – 17th centuries)

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan 1422–1463
Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan 1429–1473
Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan 1473–1506
Kulasekara Pandyan 1479–1499
Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan 1534–1543
Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan 1543–1552
Nelveli Maran 1552–1564
Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan 1564–1604
Varathunga Pandyan 1588–1612
Varakunarama Pandyan 1613–1618
Kollankondan ?–?

Chola Empire (c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE)

A bronze statue of Karikalan.

A sculpture of Rajaraja Chola I.

Legendary Cholas

Legendary early Chola kings

Early Cholas (c. 300 BCE – 848 CE)

16th Century

Virasekhara Chola (early 16th century, opponent of Nagama Nayak)

Chera Kingdom

A Chera coin with legend "Makkotai"

A Chera coin with legend "Kuttuvan Kotai"

Early (pre-Pallava) Cheras

Uthiyan Cheral Athan
Nedum Cheral Athan
Palyani Sel Kelu Kuttuvan
Narmudi Cheral
Vel Kelu Kuttuvan (Senguttuvan Chera)
Adu Kottu Pattu Cheral Athan
Selva Kadumko Valia Athan
Anthuvan Cheral
Perum Cheral Irumporai
Illam Cheral Irumporai
Mantharan Cheral Irumporai
Kanaikkal Irumporai

From inscriptions

Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai
Perum Kadungo Irumporai
Ilam Kadungo Irumporai
Kadummi Pudha Chera

From inscribed coins

Mak-kothai
Kuttuvan Kothai
Kollippurai/Kollippurai
Kol Irumporai
Sa Irumporai

Kongu Cheras/Keralas (Karur)

Ravi Kotha
Kantan Ravi
Vira Kotha
Vira Narayana
Vira Chola
Vira Kerala
Amara Bhujanga Deva
Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

Kodungallur Cheras (the Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas)

Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (844–870 CE)
- Kulasekhara Alvar/Kulasekhara Varma
Rama Rajasekhara (870–883 CE)
- Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
Vijayaraga (883–895 CE)
Kotha Kotha Kerala Kesari (895–905 CE)
Kotha Ravi (905–943 CE)
Indu Kotha (943–962 CE)
Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya (962–1021 CE)
Ravi Kotha Rajasimha (1021–1036 CE)
Raja Raja (1036–1089 CE)
Ravi Rama Rajadithya (1036–1089 CE)
Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya (1036–1089 CE)
Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 CE)

Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas)

Rama Kulasekhara (1090–1102)
Kotha Varma Marthandam (1102–1125)
Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145)
Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150)
Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150)
Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167)
Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173)
Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192)
Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195)
Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195- ?)
Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214)
Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240)
Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252)
Ravi Varma (1299–1313)
Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333)
Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335)
Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342)
Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363)
Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366)
Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382)
Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416)
Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417)
Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383)
Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444)
Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458)
Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484
Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503)
Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528)

Pallava Kingdom

A Pallava coin with lion insigne of Narasimhavarman I.

Early Pallavas

Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan (son of Chola king Killivalavan with Nākar princess Pili Valai according to Manimegalai) - The Great Founder of a Pallava Dynasty Lineage
Bappa - Virakurcha - married a Naga of Mavilanga (Kanchi).
Simha Varman I (275–300 or 315–345)
Skanda Varman I (345–355) (Shivaskandavarman)

Middle Pallavas

Visnugopa (340–355) (Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopa)
Kumaravisnu I (355–370)
Skanda Varman II (370–385)
Vira Varman (385–400)
Skanda Varman III (400–435)
Simha Varman II (435–460)
Skanda Varman IV (460–480)
Nandi Varman I (480–500)
Kumaravisnu II (c. 500–510)
Buddha Varman (c. 510–520)
Kumaravisnu III (c. 520–530)
Simha Varman III (c. 530–537)

Later Pallavas

Simhavishnu (537–570)
Mahendravarman I (571–630)
Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) (630–668)
Mahendravarman II (668–672)
Paramesvaravarman I (672–700)
Narasimhavarman II (Raja Simha) (700–728)
Paramesvaravarman II (705–710)
Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) (732–796)
Dantivarman (775–825)
Nandivarman III (825–869)
Nirupathungan (869–882)
Aparajitavarman (882–897)

Ay Kingdom

Ay chieftains (early historic)

Ay Andiran
Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan)
Ay Atiyan

Medieval Ay kings

Chadayan Karunanthan
Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. 856-884)
Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. 884-911 CE)

Mushika Kingdom

Early Period

Ezhimala Nannan

Medieval Period

Validhara Vikkirama Rama (c. 929 AD)
Kantan Karivarman alias Iramakuta Muvar (c. 1020 AD)
Mushikesvara Chemani/Jayamani (c. 1020 AD)
Utaiya-varma alias Ramakuta Muvar (early 12th century AD)

Jaffna Kingdom (Aryacakravartis) (c. 1215 – 1619 AD)

Image of Singai Parasasekaran, his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and Cankili I

Cinkai Ariyan Cekaracacekaran I 1215-1240
Kulasekara Pararacacekaran I 1240-1256
Kulottunga Cekaracacekaran II 1256-1279
Vikkrama Pararacacekaran II 1279-1302
Varotaya Cekaracacekaran III 1302-1325
Marttanta Pararacacekaran III 1325-1348
Kunapusana Cekaracacekaran IV 1348-1371
Virotaya Pararacacekaran IV 1371-1380
Jeyavira Cekaracacekaran V 1380-1410
Kunavira Pararacacekaran V 1410-1440
Kanagasuriya Cekaracacekaran V 1440-1478
Pararacacekaran VI 1478-1519
Cankili I (Cekaracacekaran VI) 1519-1565
Ilavarasan Puvi Raja Pandaram 1561-1565
Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran 1565-1570
(Name Not Known) 1565-1565
Periya Pillai Pandaram Cekaracacekaran 1570-1582
Puvi Raja Pandaram Pararacacekaran 1582-1591
Ethirmanna Cinkam Pararacacekaran 1591-1615
Paddilarasan Arasakesari Pandaram 1615-1616 (Assassinated)
Cankili II Cekaracacekaran 1616-1619[2]

Nayakars

Madurai Nayakar (1529 AD – 1736 AD)

Nagama Nayaka
Viswanatha Nayaka
Vitthala Raja Nayaka (1546–1558)
Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka (1563–1573)
Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka (1602–1609)
Muttu Virappa Nayaka (1609–1623)
Tirumalai Nayaka (1623–1659)
Muttu Alakadri Nayaka (1659–1662)
Chokkanatha Nayaka (1662–1682)
Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka (1682–1689)
Mangammal (1689–1704)
Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayaka (1704–1731)
Queen Meenakshi, and the End of the Nayakas (1731–1736)

Gingee Nayakar (1509 – 1649)

Krishnappa Nayaka (1509–1521)
Chennappa Nayaka
Gangama Nayaka
Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka
Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka
Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka
Varadappa Nayaka
Ramalinga Nayani vaaru
Venkata Perumal Naidu
Periya Ramabhadra Naidu
Ramakrishnappa Naidu (d. 1649)

Thanjavur Nayakar (1532 – 1673 AD)

Sevappa Nayak (1532–1580)
Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614)
Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1634)
Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–1883)

Kandy Nayakar (1739 – 1815 AD)

Sri Vijaya Rajasinha (reigned 1739–1747)
Kirti Sri Rajasinha
Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha

Ramnad Sethupathis

Under Madurai Nayakars (1590 – 1670 AD)

Sadasiva Thevar Sethupathi (1590–1621)
Kootan Sethupathi (1621–1637)
Dalavai Sethupathi (1637–1659)
Raghunatha Sethupathi (1659–1670)

Independent Sethupathis (1670 – 1794 AD)

Raghunatha Kilavan (1670–1708)
Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I (1708–1723)
Sundaresvara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1723–1724)
Bhavani Shankara Thevar (1724–1728)
Kumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1728–1734)
Muthukumara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1734–1747)
Rakka Thevar (1747–1748)
Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi II (1748–1760)
Muthuramalinga Sethupathi I (1760–1794)

Under British Raj (1795 – 1979 AD)

Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1795–1807)
Annaswami Sethupathi (1807–1820)
Ramaswami Sethupathi (1820–1830)
Muthu Chella Thevar Sethupathi (1830–1846)
Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar (1846–1862)
Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II (1862–1873)
Court of Wards (1873–1889)
Bhaskara Sethupathy (1889–1903)
Dinakara Sethupathy
Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi (1903–1929)
Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi (1929–1967)
Ramanatha Sethupathi (1967–1979)

Pudukkotai Tondaimans (1680 – 1948 AD)

Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1686–1730)
Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I (1730–1769)
Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman (1769–December 1789)
Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (December 1789–February 1, 1807)
Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II (February 1, 1807–June 1825)
Raghunatha Tondaiman (June 1825–July 13, 1839)
Ramachandra Tondaiman (July 13, 1839 – April 15, 1886)
Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman (April 15, 1886 – May 28, 1928)
Rajagopala Tondaiman (October 28, 1928 – August 15, 1947)

Sivaganga estate (1725 – 1947 AD)

Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1730-1750)
Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1750-1780)
Velu Nachiyar (1780-1790)
Vellacci (1790-1793)[3]
Vangam Periya Udaya Thevar (1793-1801)
Zamindar under British rule (1803-1947)

Velir monarchs

Palaiyakkarars

Others

Emperor Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar (aka Suvaran Maran) of Mutharaiyar dynasty
Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte (aka Chempaha Perumal)
Kadava dynasty
Alagakkonara
Sambuvaraya
Pandara Vanniyan of Vanni Nadu
Akkarayan
Magadai Mandalam
Valvil Ori
Sena and Guttika
The Five Dravidians
The Six Dravidians
Valai Vannan (A Nakar king, who was mentioned in Manimekalai).
Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan was a vassal and brother-in-law of Rajaraja Chola I.

References

Splendours of Tamil Nadu. p.146
"genealogy of the royal house of jaffna".
K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720

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[1] Splendours of Tamil Nadu. p.146

[2] "genealogy of the royal house of jaffna".

[3] K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720