List of fictional astronauts (early period)

The following is a list of fictional astronauts as imagined before the Space Age. The astronauts on this list appear in stories released prior to or shortly after the inception of Project Mercury in 1958.

Lists of fictional astronauts
Early period	Project Mercury	Project Gemini
Project Apollo	1975–1989	1990–1999
2000–2009	2010–2029	Moon
Inner Solar System	Outer Solar System	Other
To infinity and beyond

Poster for Woman in the Moon (1929 silent film)

Early period

Name(s)	Appeared in	Program / Mission / Spacecraft	Fictional date
Georg Manfeldt, Prof. Walter Turner Wolf Helius (Engineer) Friede Velten (Student Astronomer) Hans Windegger (Engineer)	Woman in the Moon (1929), silent film	Friede	Contemporary?
	First film depiction of a Moon rocket and of a countdown. Checkerboard design and Frau-im-Mond logo later to appear on A4 rockets.[1][2][3][4]
Harrison (US) (Captain/Astronomer) Dick Jarvis (US) (Chemist) Pierre Leroy (France) (Biologist) Karl Putz (Germany) (Engineer)	"A Martian Odyssey" (1934), "Valley of Dreams" (1934), short stories	Ares	21st century
	First men on Mars; landing site in Mare Cimmerium. Cardoza made first voyage to Moon ten years earlier; "de Lancey flight" to Venus was unsuccessful.[5][6][7]
Pavel Ivanovich Sedikh (Scientist) Marina (Assistant)	Kosmicheskiy reys (1935), film	Soviet Union	1946
	Scientist and assistant are joined by young stowaway on first voyage to Moon.[8]
Gloria Mundi: Dale Curtance (Commander/Pilot) Geoffrey Dugan (Assistant Pilot/Navigator) James Burns (Engineer) Froud (Journalist) (no first name given) "Doc" Grayson, Dr. (Physician/Biologist) (no first name given) Joan Shirning (Stowaway) Tovaritch: Karaminoff, Commissar (Commander) (no first name given) Vasiloff (no first name given) Six unnamed crewmembers US spacecraft: Unnamed crewmembers	Planet Plane (a.k.a. Stowaway to Mars, The Space Machine) (1935), novel	Gloria Mundi (UK) Tovaritch (Soviet Union) Unnamed spacecraft (Keuntz company, US)	March 9, 1981 – October 1982
	Space travelers compete for "Keuntz Prize" for first successful interplanetary journey. Duncan, K. K. Smith and Sudden were first to reach the Moon but crashed fatally on lunar surface. Richard Drivers flew around the Moon and returned to Earth in 1969, but later died with unnamed crewmate in attempt to reach Venus. Jornsen crashed in Pacific Ocean; Simpson piloted Keuntz company rocket which exploded near Chicago with great loss of life on the ground. Launch of Gloria Mundi from Salisbury Plain on October 12, 1981; landing south of Martian equator; return to Earth in North Africa on April 7, 1982. Gloria II later disappeared with Curtance, Froud and unnamed crewmates while attempting to reach Venus.[9]
Burns, Prof. (no first name given) Lee Baron (Balloonist)	"Once Around the Moon" (1937), short story	N/A	Contemporary
	Professor and balloonist are launched by space gun to circumnavigate the Moon.[10]
Unnamed (President/Secretary/Treasurer) Ivan Schnitzel (Photographer) Isaac Guzzbaum (Auditor) Eric Wobblewit (Humourist) Two unnamed crewmembers	"How We Went to Mars" (1938), short story	Snoring-in-the-Hay Rocket Society (UK): Pride of the Galaxy	April 1952
	Amateur crew of first manned spaceflight accidentally reach Mars. Landing near Solis Lacus.[11]
Luna Spaceport: DeWitt, Maj. (Commander) (no first name given) John Tallentyre, Maj. (Second-in-command) Noel Crispin (File clerk) Ernie Moessner (Mechanic) Ship Number Six: Waddell (Spacehand, first-class, acting skipper) (no first name given) Unnamed crewmember Ship Number Forty-Two: O'Hara (Spacehand) (no first name given) Unnamed crewmembers Ship Number Forty-Five: Dague (Engineer) (no first name given) Ethel (Stowaway) (no last name given) Unnamed crewmembers Ship Number Sixty-One: Sturgis Riser, Capt. (Skipper) Joe Moessner Three unnamed crewmembers World League Police: Baynes, Inspector Dunlap, Constable (no first names given) Mars base: Grayson (Commander) Hudson (no first names given)	"Men Against the Stars" (1938), short story	World League Rocket Service: Luna Spaceport Ships Number One to Sixty-One Mars base	1998
	Rockets to Mars repeatedly explode due to unstable atomic hydrogen fuel developed by scientist Joseph Moessner. Moessner's younger brother was killed in 1961 trying to reach the Moon; Luna Port was built in 1996, with launches to Mars commencing in 1997. Only four of first fifty-six ships landed safely on Mars. Joe Moessner replaces Riser as skipper of Number Sixty-One.[12][13]
John Harman	"Trends" (1939), short story	Prometheus New Prometheus	July 14, 1973 – April 1978[lower-alpha 1]
	Harman makes the first circumnavigation of the Moon in the face of intense religious and governmental opposition.[15][16]
James "Mac" McIntyre, Capt. (Pilot) Charles Cummings (Engineer) Delos David "D. D." Harriman[lower-alpha 2] (Passenger)	"Requiem" (1940), short story	Lunatic	c. 1980s/1990s
	The elderly Harriman, the man whose company made space travel possible, makes one last attempt to fulfill his lifelong dream of traveling to the Moon. Part of Robert Heinlein's "Future History" series.[17][18]
Farley (last name not given)	"The Rocket of 1955" (1941?), short short story	Unknown	1955
	Mars-bound astronaut, who discovers too late that his spacecraft is the product of a gigantic confidence trick; killed when it explodes during liftoff.[19][20]
Erik Vane Michael (no last name given) Lida (no last name given)	"Space Episode" (1941), short story	Ares	Future
	Attempt to reach Mars is aborted by meteor impact.[21][22][23]
Chamberlain, Dr. (Atomic scientist) Russell, Maj. (US Army) Reynolds, Maj. (Communications)	Arch Oboler's Plays Rocket from Manhattan (1945), radio play	XR-1	September 20, 2000
	Crew returning from first manned moon expedition witnesses atomic war break out on Earth. Chamberlain is a former Manhattan Project scientist. Adapted into 1956 play Night of the Auk (q.v.).[24][25]
R. S. Goshawk: Hicks (Captain) "Noisy" Rhysling (Jetman, Second Class) Unnamed personnel Falcon: Unnamed captain Unnamed Master-at-Arms Archie Macdougal (Chief Jetman) Unnamed personnel	"The Green Hills of Earth" (1947), short story	Harriman Company/Trust (Hawk-class): R. S. Goshawk Falcon (passenger vessel)	c. 1980s – 2000s
	After losing his sight in shipboard accident, Rhysling becomes the "Blind Singer of the Spaceways". Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series. Adapted into Dimension X episode in 1950, featuring additional Goshawk crewmen named Mike Hertzmann (a wiper, later Chief Jetman on the Falcon) and "Jimmy Legs" Casey (the bosun).[26][27][28]
David (no last name given)	"Inheritance" (1947), short story	A.15 A.20 (David/Goliath) A.21	Near Future
	Welsh test pilot on suborbital rocket flights from Atlas Mountains in Africa.[29]
Lewis Taine (US) Pierre Leduc (France) James Richards (UK) Victor Hassell (UK) Arnold Clinton (Australia)	Prelude to Space (1947), novel	Prometheus Alpha/Beta	1978
	Candidates for the first manned mission to the moon.[30]
Galileo: Donald Morris "Doc" Cargraves, Sc.D. (Captain) Maurice "Morrie" Abrams (Second-in-command/co-pilot) Ross Jenkins (Flight engineer) Arthur Mueller (Medical officer/radar/radio) Wotan/Moonbase: Helmut von Hartwick, Lt. Col. ("Elite Guard") (Executive Officer) Unnamed lieutenant (Utility rocket commander) Friedrich Lenz (Sergeant-Technician, 2nd Class) (Utility rocket pilot) 49 unnamed crewmembers	Rocket Ship Galileo (1947), novel	Galileo "New Reich": Wotan (later renamed City of Detroit) Thor Utility rocket Moonbase	Near Future[lower-alpha 3]
	Scientist Cargraves and his teenaged crew discover Nazi moonbase west of Oceanus Procellarum.[31]
Hicks (Pilot) Supra-New York: Shorty Weinstein (Computer) Unnamed psychiatrist Flying Dutchman: Kelly (Captain) Jake Pemberton (First Pilot) Unnamed personnel Space Terminal: Soames (Commodore-Pilot) Gremlin: Jake Pemberton (Pilot)	"Space Jockey" (1947), short story	Trans-Lunar Transit: Supra-New York (Satellite station) Space Terminal (Moon orbiting station) Earth-to-Moon spacecraft: Flying Dutchman (Flight 27) Philip Nolan Winged rockets: Skysprite Firefly Moon landing rockets: Gremlin Moonbat	c. 1980s
	While piloting passengers and freight to Moon, Pemberton is distracted by marital troubles and an unruly child passenger. Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series.[32][33]
Sam Houston Adams Thomas Dooley Maurice Feinstein Hazel Hayakawa Kurt Schaeffer G. Washington Slappey	"The Black Pits of Luna" (1948), short story	Unknown	August 11, 1984 / c. 2000
	In backstory, scientists are killed in 1984 explosion of atomic lab on lunar farside near Rutherford. Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series.[34][35]
Rocket number seventeen (Russia): Mikichenko (no first name given) Rocket number nineteen (US): George Vincent Quinn Rocket number twenty (US): John J. Armstrong	Dreadful Sanctuary (1948), serial; (1951), novel	Unknown (Russia, United States)	1972
	Pilot Quinn and inventor Armstrong commandeer Moon-rockets to prevent third world war. Quinn makes first manned Moon landing in Copernicus.[36] Significantly revised for 1963 paperback edition.
Unnamed captain William Cole (a.k.a. William Saunders) (Chief Communications Officer/Relief pilot) Tom Sandburg (Junior communications officer)	"Ordeal in Space" (1948), short story	Valkyrie	c. 2000
	Traumatized by spacewalk accident during passenger run to Mars, Cole becomes acrophobic and changes his name in an attempt to start a new life on Earth. Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series.[37][38]
Wilson Louis Garnett	"The Sentinel" (1948), short story	Unknown	1996
	Explorers who discover something remarkable on the shores of the Sea of Crises.[39]
Space Station One: "Tiny" Larsen (Superintendent) "Dad" Witherspoon (Assistant superintendent) Gloria Brooks "Brooksie" McNye (Chief Communications Engineer) Robert Dalrymple (Chief Inspector) Hammond (Radioman) Jimmie (Timekeeper) (no last name given) McAndrews (Shipfitter) O'Connor (Metalsmith) Peters (Radioman) Unnamed personnel R. S. Half Moon: Don Shields (Captain)	"Delilah and the Space-Rigger" (1949), short story	Harriman Enterprises (owner)/Five Companies, Incorporated (contractor): Space Station One R. S. Half Moon (supply ship) Pole Star (supply ship)	c. 1980s
	Construction crew of first space station is surprised by arrival of female communications engineer. Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series.[40][41]
Unnamed captain Applegate Barkley Hollis Lespere Smith Stimson Stone Turner Underwood Woode Unnamed crewman	"Kaleidoscope" (1949), short story	Rocket Company	Future
	Crew hurled apart into space when rocket explodes.[42]
Moon Base: Unnamed Commodore (Commanding Officer) Towers, Col. (Executive Officer) Morgan, Maj. (Senior Bomb Officer) John Ezra Dahlquist, Lt. (Ph.D.) (Junior Bomb Officer) Kelly Smitty (Marine) (Lockmaster) Lopez (Guard) Unnamed personnel	"The Long Watch" (a.k.a. "Rebellion on the Moon") (1949), short story	The Patrol: Moon Base United Nations?: Trygve Lie Lafayette	June 1999
	Dahlquist sacrifices himself to prevent world coup d'état by Towers. Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series.[43][44]
David Mannen	"Over the Top" (1949), short story	United Technical Foundation (Unitech)	Near Future (April or May)[lower-alpha 4]
	Three-foot-tall little person is first human on Mars.[45][46]
Jim Barnes (Pilot) Charles "Doc" Cargraves, Dr. (Propulsion Expert) Thayer, Gen. (Co-Pilot) Joe Sweeney (Radio Operator)	Destination Moon (a.k.a. Operation Moon) (1950), film	Luna	Near Future (June)
	Astronauts on a nuclear rocket to the moon. Landing in crater Harpalus.[47][48][49][50][51][52]
Lewis Thorson (Captain) "Smitty" Smithson, Dr. (Physician/Morale Officer) Hollison, Lt. Sparks (Communications) Carpenter Robinson Haley Richardson (Gunnery) Unnamed crew members	Dimension X No Contact (1950), radio play	Starcloud	June 2, 1987[lower-alpha 5]
	Sixth crew attempting to breach "Great Galactic Barrier" and reach planet Volta. Commander Collier, a navigation officer, and men named Prentiss and Margitson were lost on previous missions.[53]
Cornelius Otterbyrne, Prof. (Atomic physicist) Paul Aarons, Dr. (Astromathematician) Robert Simons (Electronic engineer) Carl Parker (Mining specialist) Watson Gibbs Henry Timkin (Federal Bureau of Missing Persons) Jefferson Philo (Science journalist)	Dimension X The Man in the Moon (1950), radio play	Unknown	1950
	"Federal Bureau of Missing Persons" receives radio message from the Moon, leading to discovery of moonbase built in 1938 by "renegade scientists and criminals" on lunar farside. Otterbyrne and others were kidnapped as slave labor for colony.[54]
R-46: Raymond F. Carmody, Capt. (U.S.S.F.) Russia: Anna Borisovna Carmody	"Honeymoon in Hell" (1950), short story	United States Space Service: R-46 rocket Russia: Unnamed rocket	September 16, 1962 – February 1963
	American and Russian pilots marry and travel to Moon in attempt to escape unknown effect preventing conception of male humans on Earth. Landings in Hell crater. Carmody previously landed R-24 rocket on the Moon, one of eighteen American pilots to attempt the round trip and only five to return alive.[55]
Floyd Graham, Col. (Pilot) Harry Chamberlain (Navigator) William Corrigan, Maj. Karl Eckstrom, Dr. Lisa Van Horn, Dr.	Rocketship X-M (1950), film	X-M ("eXpedition Moon")	Near Future
	Astronauts on a moon rocket that "accidentally" lands on Mars.[56][57][58][59][60][61]
Robert Maynard	"Unwelcome Tenant" (1950), short story	Unknown (Scientific foundation)	Future
	First man to travel to Mars realizes that all humans on Earth are the hosts of parasitic intelligences.[62]
Daniel MacGregor Dare, Col. Albert Fitzwilliam Digby	Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future (1950–1967), comic	Anastasia	1996+
	Astronaut in Earth's Interplanetary Spacefleet; travelled to Venus, Mercury, Saturn.
Jim Barker, Dr. (Commander/Engineer) Steve Abbott (Journalist) William Jackson, Prof. (Scientist) Lane, Dr. (Scientist) Carol Stafford (Physicist)	Flight to Mars (1951), film	The Pentagon: Rocketship M.A.R.S.	c. 2001
	First manned Mars mission encounters dying Martian civilization.[63][64][65][66][67]
Power satellite: Unnamed personnel Charon: Unnamed pilot Leslie LeCroix, Capt. (Relief pilot) Pioneer: Les LeCroix, Capt. Mayflower: Les LeCroix, Capt. (Pilot) Bob Coster (Engineer) Janet (Scientist) (no last name given) Three unnamed scientists	The Man Who Sold the Moon (1951), novella	Power satellite Charon (shuttle rocket) Harriman and Strong: Pioneer Mayflower Colonial	c. 1978
	Commercially funded initial Moon expeditions. LeCroix makes first Moon landing in Pioneer west of Archimedes; Mayflower establishes first Moon colony. Part of Heinlein's "Future History" series.[68]
Crandall (Captain) Killian (Executive Officer) Wilbur Lavinia Pickerell[lower-alpha 6] Haggerty (Navigator)	Miss Pickerell Goes to Mars (1951), novel	Unknown	Contemporary/Near Future
	Secret expedition to Mars. Haggerty is accidentally left behind on Earth due to Miss Pickerell unexpectedly boarding rocket.[69]
Henderson (no first name given)	"Old Man Henderson" (1951, revised 1970), short story	Unknown	Future (21st century?)
	Now an old man, Henderson reminisces about being the first man on the Moon.[70]
First group: Joel "Chap" Chapman (Pilot/Mechanic) Dixon Driesbach Unnamed group members Second group: Bening (Astronomer) Joel "Chap" Chapman Robert Dahl (Mathematician) Dick Donley (Geologist) Dowden (Astronomer) Julius Klein (Botanist) Third group: Joel "Chap" Chapman Williams Unnamed group members Eberlein (Relief ship captain)	"The Reluctant Heroes" (1951), short story	The Commission: Research bunker Relief ship	Future
	Members of research groups at outpost on Moon (possibly in Tycho).[71]
Wayne Crowder	"Vital Factor" (1951), short story Tales of Tomorrow Test Flight (1951), TV	Wayne Crowder Enterprises	Near Future
	Spacecraft on privately financed test flight is redirected to Mars.[72][73][74]
Space station officers: Benson Baker Colin Ord Lioness: Marilyn Lynn, Dr. (Physician) Fifty unnamed crewmembers	"Hallucination Orbit" (aka "The Bliss of Solitude") (1952), short story	Station Two Four Star Lines: Lioness (relief ship)	Future
	Lone officers manning space station in Pluto's orbit are afflicted by "solitosis".[75]
Mercury expedition: R. Doyle Borrell (Navigator) Glynne (Radio Operator) (no first names given) Unnamed crewmembers Inner Station: R. Doyle, Cmdr. (Training) Apprentices: Tim Benton (Senior apprentice) Ronnie Jordan Norman Powell Karl Hasse Peter van Holberg Five unnamed apprentices Unnamed crewmembers Space Hospital: Hawkins, Dr. (no first name given) (Biologist) Unnamed scientist Unnamed crewmembers Sirius: Jones, Capt. (Pilot) (no first name given) Inter-orbit ferry: Unnamed pilots	Islands in the Sky (1952), novel	Mercury expedition Space stations: Inner Station (Space Station One/Residential Station) Space Hospital Relay Station Two Spacecraft: Sirius Morning Star The Skylark of Space (ferry) Inter-orbit ferry Earth ferry (spaceplane)	Late 21st century
	16-year-old Roy Malcolm wins trip to Inner Station on television quiz. Doyle took part in first expedition to Mercury years earlier; Morning Star made first circumnavigation of Venus in 1985.[76]
Jeff Foldingchair Eros: Miles Vance, Capt. Nat Rothman (Pilot/Geologist) Richard Steele (Engineer) Paul Sokolsky, Dr. (Physician/Biologist) Lewis "Lew" Wong (Radar Operator) Ginger Parsons (Cook/Photographer) Charles Svensen	Marooned on Mars (1952), novel	United States / Space Commission (under United Nations charter): Eros	Future
	First manned Mars mission, launched from Moon base. 18-year-old Svensen stows away after being replaced on crew by Wong due to his age. Foldingchair is a long-time rocket pilot who stowed away on the second manned Moon mission 25 years earlier.[77]
Connors (Captain) Barton (Tube chief) Griffith Purdy Withington (Fuel man) (no first names given)	"The Missing Symbol" (1952), short story	Rachel II	Future
	Crew of first manned Moon mission is affected by space madness.[78]
Burney, Dr. (Commander) Emil Wohl (Head geologist/Second-in-command) "M.D." McLeod (Physician) Sherman, Dr. (Chief astronomer) Louise Hansen (Astronomer) Bucky O'Neil (Rocket pilot) Johnny Pierce (Map section) Mike Ramirez (Radio operator) Joey Friedman (Radio operator) Jean (Nurse) (no last name given) Edna (no last name given) 36 unnamed personnel Tractor Two: Paul E. Hansen (Spare photographer/Tractor driver) Fernandez (Geologist) Groswald (Mechanic) Van Ness (Astronomer)	Moonwalk (1952), novelette	Moonbase Tractor One Tractor Two Rocket	Future
	On excursion from first major moonbase (in Archimedes crater), Tractor Two plummets over ringwall of crater Plato, leaving Hansen to find his way back to base alone.[79][80]
ZQX-1: Frederick Stone, Capt. Halley: Fred Stone, Col. Einstein: Fred Stone, Col. (Commander) Bill Parks	Space Cat (1952), Space Cat Visits Venus (1955), Space Cat Meets Mars (1957), Space Cat and the Kittens (1958), chapter books	United States Air Force: ZQX-1[lower-alpha 7] Halley Einstein	Near Future
	Cat named Flyball accompanies Stone on suborbital flight and first manned Moon flight in ZQX-1, journey to Venus and Mars in Halley, and flight to Alpha Centauri aboard hyperdrive-powered Einstein.[81][82][83][84]
Robert Malcolm (Captain) Bart (Scientist) Jack	Tales of Tomorrow Appointment on Mars (1952), TV	Standard Motors (sponsor)	Future
	Three men on first expedition to Mars turn on each other.[74][85]
Paula Martin Bennett	Tales of Tomorrow Flight Overdue (1952), TV	Unknown	Near Future
	Ambitious aviatrix joins Moon mission.[86][87]
Allen Rice, Maj.	"Thanasphere" (1952), short story	United States Air Force Project Cyclops	Contemporary
	First man in outer space discovers that it is inhabited by ghosts.[88][89]
Rayen, Gen. (Commanding Officer) Nichols, Col. (Commanding Officer) Wall, Capt. Weiler, Maj. Unnamed personnel Rocket Four (Squad Fourteen): Breck Jergen, Sgt./M.P. (Squad leader) Jim Clymer Frank Haddon, Sgt. Lassen (no first name given) Walter Millis Joe Valinez Unnamed personnel	"What's It Like Out There?" (1952), short story	United Nations Expedition Two: Rockets One – Twenty	1960s (June)
	On his return to Earth, Haddon finds himself unable to tell people of the true horrors of Mars expedition.[90]
Hal Barlow (D-716)	"By Earthlight" (1953), short story	The Brotherhood	Near Future
	Member of secret society placed aboard unmanned US moon rocket to delay atomic war. Landing in Albategnius.[91]
Laird Grainger (Commander) Kip Reissner, Lt. (USN) (Co-Pilot) Helen Salinger (Navigator) Douglas Smith (Radio Operator) Walter Walters (Engineer)	Cat-Women of the Moon (a.k.a. Rocket to the Moon) (1953), film	Atomic Rocket Group 4: Moon Rocket 4[lower-alpha 8]	Near Future
	First manned Moon mission encounters female lunar inhabitants.[92][93][94][95]
Brown Cellini DFC-3: Garrard (no first names given)	"Common Time" (1953), short story	The Project: DFC-3 (starship)	Future
	After first two pilots to attempt to reach Alpha Centauri system fail to return, Garrard experiences severe time variations and a mysterious alien encounter on the third attempt.[96][97]
Martin Dearborn, Capt. George Beebe Unnamed colonists	Missing Men of Saturn (1953), novel	Unknown	Future
	Dearborn and his colonists, the first humans to reach the Saturn system, are captured on Titan by Saturnians, resulting in their descendants spending the next hundred years on Saturn.[98]
Robert Cox	"Nightmare Brother" (1953), short story	Unknown	Future
	After the first starships return to Earth with their crews driven mad by their experiences, Cox undergoes rigorous training to follow them.[99]
"Bright Eyes" Briteis, Col. (Commander) Bill Moore, Maj. Wernher, Dr.	Project Moonbase (1953), film	United States Space Force Command (USSF SPACOM) Project Moon Base: Magellan (renamed Moon Base #1)	1970
	First lunar orbital mission turns into Moon landing when Wernher is unmasked as an impostor. The female Col. Briteis was the first human in Earth orbit.[100][101][102][103]
Ludwig Rechenheim, Dr. Charles Greene Victor Carroon	The Quatermass Experiment (1953), TV	Experimental Rocket	Unknown
	Astronauts of the British Experimental Rocket Group. Crew of the first manned space mission; only Victor Carroon survives the flight.[104][105]
Rocket ship: Jason McCloud Space Platform: Unnamed garrison members	Robot Monster (a.k.a. Monster from Mars, Monsters from the Moon) (1953), film	Rocket ship Space Platform	Contemporary
	Alien invader Ro-Man destroys space platform and rocket carrying Jason and McCloud, two of the last eight humans on Earth. The story turns out to be a little boy's dream.[106][107]
Space Station: Pepper, Gen. (USAF) (Commanding Officer) (no first name given) Unnamed space taxi pilot Unnamed personnel Moon rocket: George Merola, Capt. (USAF) (Pilot/Navigator) Dan Forbes, 1st Lt. (USAF) (Engineer) Fred Gehardt, Dr. (Geologist) Peter Phelps, M.D. (Physician) Ted Baker	Rocket to Luna (1953), novel	United States Air Force	September 1983
	17-year-old Space Academy cadet Baker, an accidental addition to the crew, crashes first manned Moon rocket in Mare Crisium, forcing him and Forbes to make 1000-mile trek to supply dump in Mare Imbrium near Archimedes.[108]
Pelican One: Joe Kenmore (Skipper) Chief Bender (Engine room) Thomas Haney (Bos'n) Mike Scandia Space Platform: Sanford (Senior scientist/Commander) Brent (Crew psychologist) Corey (Crewman) Brown, Lt. Cmdr. (USN) (Replacement commander) Moonship: Brown, Lt. Cmdr. (USN) (Commander) Unnamed crewmembers	Space Tug (1953), novel	United States Space Exploration Project: Space Platform (space station) Pelican One (supply ship) Unnamed supply ship Moonship	Near Future
	Pelican One flies first resupply mission to American space station armed with atomic missiles and assists Moonship in making first manned Moon landing.[109]
Stephen Mitchell, Dr. Lisa Frank, Dr. (Mathematician)	Spaceways (1953), film	AS-2	Near Future
	American rocket scientist Mitchell, an adviser to British space program, makes first manned spaceflight to prove himself innocent of murder.[110][111][112]
Andrew "Jet" Morgan, Captain Lemuel Barnet Stephen Mitchell "Doc" Matthews	Journey into Space (1953–5), radio	Operation Luna	1965+
	British Commonwealth astronauts on a trip to the Moon and beyond.
Hugh Allenby (Commander/Astronomer) Burton (Pilot) Janus (Photographer) Gonzales (Botanist) Randolph (Biologist) Peters (Mineralogist)	"The Holes Around Mars" (1954), short story	Mars I	Unknown
	Crew of the first manned expedition to Mars. They discover that the planet is orbited at very low altitude by a micro black hole.[113]
Rocket 1: Richard Donald Stanton, Dr. (USN) Rocket 2: Jerome "Jerry" Lockwood, Dr. (Prof.) Rocket 3: Walter J. Gordon	Riders to the Stars (1954), film	United States Office of Scientific Investigation (OSI): Rocket 1 Rocket 2 Rocket 3	Near Future (July – August 10)
	Astronauts make suborbital flights to capture meteors.[114][115][116][117]
Reverdy L. "Rev" McMillen, III, 1st Lt. (USAF) Rescue ship: Frank Pickrell, Capt. Four unnamed crewmembers	"The Cave of Night" (1955), short story	Unknown (US)	Near Future
	Efforts to rescue McMillen from orbit inspire humanity to explore space. Pickrell later commands orbital platform Doughnut.[118][119]
Samuel T. Merritt, Col. Barney Merritt, Capt. André Fodor, Sgt. Imoto, Sgt. Mahoney, Sgt. Jackie Siegle, Sgt.	Conquest of Space (1955), film	Unknown	Near Future
	Astronauts on a mission to Mars.[120][121][122][123][124][125]
1 (Captain) 2 (Navigator) 3 (Astrophysicist) 4 (Meteorologist) 5 6 (no names given)	Disneyland Man in Space (1955), TV	Operation Space Flight: XR-1 (spaceplane)	Near Future
	Crew of first manned spaceflight. Crewmember #6 conducts spacewalk.[126]
RM-1: Unnamed captain Frank (Navigator) Bill (Radio Operator) Joe (Engineer) (no last names given)	Disneyland Man and the Moon (a.k.a. Tomorrow the Moon) (1955), TV	Space Station Number One (S-1) RM-1 (Moonship)	Near Future
	Crew of first manned voyage around the Moon.[127][128][129]
Richard Gordon, Dr. (Zoogeographer) Nora Pierce, Dr. (Mineralogist) Ralph Martin, Dr. (Physician) Patricia Bennett, Dr. (Chemist)[lower-alpha 9]	King Dinosaur (1955), film	United States	Near Future (from April 23)
	Travelers to planet Nova, which recently entered Earth's solar system. Launch on October 2.[130][131]
Tim Rocket ship: Frank Doc (Physician) Roger Fred Moonbeam III: Frank Doc (Physician) Roger Fred Bill Unnamed crewmembers Moonbeam IV: Rusty Unnamed crewmembers The Cow: Tom (Captain) Four unnamed crewmembers Moon Ship I: Roger Unnamed crewmembers Moon Ship II: Frank Unnamed crewmembers Moon Ship III: Tom (Captain) Doc (Physician) (no last names given) Unnamed crewmembers (Bill and Fred also on expedition)	Peter and the Rocket Ship (1955), Peter and the Two-Hour Moon (1956), Peter and the Moon Trip (1957), chapter books	United States Army: Unnamed rocket ship Moonbeam III (rocket) Moonbeam IV (rocket) Two-Hour Moon (Space Station) The Cow Moon Ship I Moon Ship II Moon Ship III	Near Future
	Young Peter Sills accompanies crews of first manned spaceflight, Moonbeam III mission to build humanity's first space station, and first manned lunar landing. The Cow flies around Moon; Moon Ships I, II and III land in Bay of Rainbows near Sea of Rains, where crews build moon base.[132][133][134]
Bernard Quatermass, Prof. Leo Pugh, Dr.	Quatermass II (1955), TV	Experimental Rocket	Near Future
	Scientists of the British Experimental Rocket Group go into space in an attempt to use a faulty nuclear rocket to blow up an alien asteroid/spacecraft directing a covert invasion of Earth.[135][136][137]
Valier: Carl Logan (Pilot) Johnny Ruiz (Co-Pilot) Edward MacNamara, Maj. (Flight Engineer)	"Tight Squeeze" (1955), short story	Operation Doughnut (US) Valier Wyld Space Station	Near Future
	Astronauts on a space station resupply mission who find themselves dealing with mechanical issues after reaching orbit.[138]
Cadets: Cohen "the Wire-haired Terror" Beerbelly Flacker "Mickey Mouse" Gindes Harris Kraków Pete Shank "Walky" Walkinok "Bendover" Wendover Long Haul: Scampy (Cadet) (nickname; no real name given)	"Who?" (a.k.a. "Bulkhead") (1955), short story	Space Service	Future (post-20th century)
	Cadet training for starship command whose crewmate on round-trip training voyage is a 15-year-old boy.[139][140]
"Ridge" Ridging (Geophysicist) "Shan" Shandara (Cartographer) Tazewell (No first names given) Unnamed crewmembers	"Dust Rag" (1956), short story	The Project: Albireo	Future (20th century)
	On first moon expedition, Ridging and Shandara are endangered by dust in Plato crater.[141][142]
Two-man teams: Tilton Beck Booker Whitman Don[lower-alpha 10] Fowler Al "Mac" MacIntosh Unnamed astronauts Moon rocket/Shuttle: Unnamed pilots	"The Far Look" (1956), novelette	United States: Moon Station Moon rocket Space Station Number One Shuttle	Future
	Two-man teams return to Earth from twenty-eight-day stays in mobile dome on Mare Imbrium transformed into superior human beings. Tilton and Beck were second team on Moon.[143]
Luther Blair (US) (Nuclear scientist/Expedition leader) Larson, Capt. Anderson Doc Higgins Sydney Stanhope	Fire Maidens from Outer Space (a.k.a. Fire Maidens of Outer Space) (1956), film	Expedition 13 (US/UK)	Future
	Mission to the thirteenth moon of Jupiter discovers survivors of Atlantean civilization.[144][145]
Lewis Rohnen (Albert Rohnen Foundation) (Expedition Leader) Thomas Russell, Col./Gen. (USAF) (Operational Officer) Bruner, Dr. (No first name given) (Atomic scientist) Franklin Lormer, Maj. (Engineer) Jan Kephart, 1st Lt. (Jet Expert) Maximillian "Mac" Hartman, Lt. (US Army) (Communications Officer)	Night of the Auk (1956), play	First Moon Expedition: Rocket One	Near Future ("The day after some tomorrow")
	First manned moon landing triggers nuclear war on Earth.[146]
M 76: Stephen Maxwell, Prof. (Commander/Navigator) Petifer (Pilot) Bertram Hapton Gordon Holder (Fuel Consumption Engineer) Unnamed crewmember US spacecraft: Stilwell, Gen. Vanburg, Capt. Boles, Lt. John DeLut (Biologist) Jaeger (Mathematician) Unnamed crewmembers	No Man Friday (a.k.a. First on Mars) (1956), novel	M 76 (UK) Unnamed spacecraft (United States Air Force)	c. 1957 – 1972
	Holder is stranded on Mars after his crewmates die in decompression accident. American spacecraft lands at latitude −35.[147]
Michael Haydon, Cmdr. "Lefty" Blake Merrity, Prof. (Scientist) Larry Noble Kim Hamilton (Reporter/Stowaway)	Satellite in the Sky (1956), film	Project Stardust (UK) Stardust (spaceplane)	Near Future
	Spaceplane carries atomic bomb into orbit.[148][149][150]
Cologne: Ralph C. Pigeon, Cmdr. Acuff, Lt. Unnamed astronauts Titan Expedition: Crawford, Cdre. Stranger Station: Paul Wesson, Sgt.	"Stranger Station" (1956), short story	Cologne Titan Expedition Stranger Station	July 1, 1987 1997 c. 2087
	A century after Pigeon's emergency landing on Titan leads to first contact with non-humanoid alien race, Wesson is sent to Stranger Station in high Earth orbit for a visit by one of the aliens.[151][152]
Endeavour: Unnamed (Commander) Trevor Williams, Prof. (Astronomer) Henderson (Geophysicist) Dave Bolton (Navigator) Unnamed crewmembers Goddard: "Van" Vandenburg, Capt. (Commander) Paynter, Dr (Geophysicist) Anderson, Dr (Astronomer) Unnamed crewmembers Ziolkovski: Krasnin (Commander) Vladimir Surov (Botanist) Unnamed crewmembers	Venture to the Moon (1956), series of short stories	Endeavour (UK) Goddard (USA) Ziolkovski (USSR)	Near Future (after 1972)
	First manned expedition to the Moon, joint UK/US/Russian project; landing in Mare Imbrium. Richards and Shannon named as discoverers of life in Eratosthenes five years later. Vandenburg later travels to Mars, Krasnin to the inner solar system.[153]
Eldon Galbraithe, Dr. (Commander) Herbert Ellis (Radio Operator) John Borden, Dr. (Scientist) Henry Jaffe (Engineer)	World Without End (1956), film	Unknown	March 1957
	Astronauts returning from Mars orbital mission travel forward in time to the year 2508.[154][155]
Jonathan Bork, Capt. Jenkins (no first name given) Unnamed pilots	"Captain Bedlam" (1957), short story	Unknown	Future
	Pilots with induced multiple personalities fly spacecraft carrying cargo and hibernating passengers to the Moon, Mars and Jupiter 8.[156]
Caldicott Paul Bresh McGuire Stefano Emanuel "Mannie" Mengild George Johnstown Graves, Col. (Commandant, Arizona Research Station)	"The Dark Star" (1957), short story	Unknown	Future
	Candidates for first flight to the Moon. Bresh makes flight and is later a member of the Second Exploratory Party to Mars. Graves was a rocket pilot in the early days of manned spaceflight.[157]
"Mighty" Maxon (Captain) 29 unnamed women	"Expedition" (1957), short short story	Unknown	Future
	Captain of first major Mars expedition quickly impregnates all 29 of his crewmates.[158]
Norris Caird, Cmdr. (Pilot) Kerry (Medical Officer/Deputy Pilot/Navigator) John Patterson (US) (Electronics Officer) Robert Vaughan (Engineer/Geologist) Janet Ross (Stowaway)	High Vacuum (1957), novel	Ministry of Astronautics (M.O.A.) (UK): Alpha	Near Future
	First manned Moon rocket crash-lands in Mare Imbrium due to added weight of stowaway.[159]
Bruce G. Davis, Jr. Marvin Oldbury	"Ideas Die Hard" (1957), short story	Project Deep Space (US)	Near Future
	Astronauts attempt to learn why three unmanned spacecraft failed on way to the Moon.[160][161]
Dave Woodbury John Hansen	"Insert Knob A in Hole B" (1957), short short story	Space Station A5	Future
	Astronauts plagued by ambiguous assembly instructions for equipment.[162][163]
Harper (Captain) Jantz, Prof. (Mathematician/Astronomer) Jackson, Dr. (Geologist) Holt, Dr. (Chemist) Pegram (Navigator) Davis (Engineer) (no first names given)	"Intruders" (1957), short story	Executive Council, Expedition H.Q. (a.k.a. Organization Headquarters) Advance Expedition: Lunar Base One	Future
	First expedition to the Moon establishes underground base near Tycho, but must fight unexpected enemies.[164]
Communications Satellite Two: Unnamed (Narrator) Sven Olsen (Construction) Jock Duncan (Cook/Doctor) Jim (no last name given) (Engineer) Gregory "Gregg" Wendell (Junior station announcer) Unnamed (Head of transport section) Unnamed crewmembers Solar Observatory: Julie (no last name given) (Solar physicist) Unnamed crewmembers Starfire: Stevens (Captain) Unnamed crewmembers	The Other Side of the Sky (1957), series of short stories	Space Service: Communications Satellite Two (a.k.a. Relay Two) Solar Observatory Starfire	Late 1970s January 1, 2001
	Workers building communications relay satellite and studying Sun in late 1970s. In 2001 narrator's son departs aboard Starfire, flagship of ten-ship Mars expedition.[165]
Harry Ross (Flight Commander) Brainerd (First Astrogator) Lon Curtis (Second Astrogator) "Doc" Spangler (Psych Officer) Krinsky (Accumulator Tech) Llewellyn Fallbridge[lower-alpha 11] Dominic	"Sunrise On Mercury" (1957), short story	Second Mercury Expedition: Leverrier	Future
	Second crew to land on Mercury encounters telepathic lifeform.[166][167]
Robert Calder, Col. (Commander) Sharman, Dr. (Chief scientist) 15 unnamed crewmembers	20 Million Miles to Earth (a.k.a. The Beast from Space) (1957), film	United States Air Force Project 5: XY-21 (single-stage rocket)	Near Future
	13-month round-trip mission to Venus brings back egg of dinosaur-like creature.[168][169][170][171]
Argus II: Moran (Captain) Sinkley (Pilot) Beckett (Chief Engineer) Kranolsky, Dr. (Medical Officer) "Sparks" (Radio Operator) Unnamed crewmembers	"Welcoming Committee" (1957), short story	Argus Argus II	Future
	Crew of second Mars mission searches for missing crew of first mission.[172]
Chris Godfrey (UK) Serge Smyslov (USSR) Morrey Kant (USA) Tony Hale (UK)	Chris Godfrey of U.N.E.X.A. series (1957–79), juvenile novels	Numerous, including Luna 1, Columbus, Lenin and Phoenix	Near contemporary
	British astronaut who makes the first manned spaceflight, launching from Woomera, and international colleagues who later join him in the "United Nations Exploration Agency" for missions to the Moon and all planets in the solar system.
Ferranti Smith MR-1: Hank Williams, Lt. Bill, Lt. (Navigator) (no last name given)	"Critical Angle" (1958), short story	Rocket Service (US): MR-1	Near Future
	First manned spacecraft on the Moon is trapped by dust in Copernicus, but breaks free with unexpected consequences.[173]
John McLaren, Prof. (US)	The Day the Sky Exploded (a.k.a. Death Comes from Outer Space) (1958), film	US/Russia/UK: X-Z atomic rocket	Near Future
	First attempted circumnavigation of Moon results in Earth being threatened with meteorite bombardment.[174][175]
Romer Temple S-2: Ken Pickering (USAF) Aztec: Adam Philip Crag (Commander) Max Edward Prochaska (Electronics Chief) Gordon Wells Nagel (Oxygen systems) Igor Malin (impersonating Martin LeRoy Larkwell) (Mechanical maintenance/construction) Astronaut: Michael Gotch, Col. (USAF) Fredrick Gunter (Secretary-General of the United Nations) Unnamed pilot Two unnamed crewmembers "Bandit": Otto Richter (East Germany) (Scientist) Two unnamed crewmembers "Red Dog": Four unnamed crewmembers	First on the Moon (1958), novel	United States Air Force Step One: S-2 (Satelloid) Aztec Astronaut (atomic spacecraft) "Eastern World": "Bandit" "Red Dog"	Near Future
	American mission to establish moonbase in Arzachel crater is opposed by unnamed "enemy" power from behind Iron Curtain, and complicated by presence of ringer in crew. Pickering is first human in space aboard "satelloid", a spaceplane with small wings.[176]
Van Wyck (Captain) Byron Pat Gilvey, Dr. Marvin T. "Chowderhead" Roebuck Sam Wally	"The Hated" (1958), short story	Unknown	Future
	Crew of Mars mission returns to Earth wanting to kill each other.[177]
Challenge 141: Edward Carruthers, Col. Nine unnamed crewmembers Challenge 142: Van Heusen, Col. (Commander) Ann Anderson (Geologist/Archeologist) James Calder, Lt. Bob Finelli Gino Finelli Joseph Kienholz (Biologist) John Purdue, Maj. Eric Royce, Dr. Mary Royce, Dr. (Physician)	It! The Terror from Beyond Space (1958), film	Challenge 141 Challenge 142	July 1973
	Carruthers, the sole survivor of the first expedition to Mars, is accused of murdering his fellow crewmembers.[178][179][180][181]
Joan Jones	Joan of Arkansas (1958), TV	United States	Contemporary/Near Future
	Unsold sitcom pilot about dental technician chosen to become first human on Moon.[182]
Stepan Mikhailovich Ivankov, Maj.[lower-alpha 12] Bryant "Bud" Ashland, Capt. (USAF)	"The Manned Missiles" (1958), short story	Soviet Union United States	Contemporary/Near Future
	Ivankov, the first man in space, and Ashland, the first American in space, die when their spacecraft collide in orbit.[183][184]
Steve Dayton June Saxton Gary Fennell (Convict) Lon (Convict)	Missile to the Moon (1958), film	Unknown	Near Future
	Rocket researchers and escaped convicts encounter female lunar inhabitants. Loose remake of Cat-Women of the Moon (q.v.).[185][186]
Junius Robb, Capt. (USAF) Hamston Kingsley Farnsworth Anderson	"Moon Glow" (1958), short story	Project Ajax (?) Ajax XX	Near Future
	First Americans to land on the moon.[187]
John Corcoran, Maj.	Night of the Blood Beast (1958), film	X-100	Contemporary/Near Future
	First man launched into orbit; seemingly dies on reentry.[188][189][190]
British Satellite Station: Unnamed commander George Montgomery "Ticker" Troon, Flt Lt, VC Nobby Dobbin Unnamed crewmembers British Moon-Station: Michael Troon (Station-Commander) Reeves (Sub-Commander) Calmore (Sub-Commander) Ellen (Physician) (no last name given) Hughes Witley, Sgt. Unnamed crewmembers Soviet Moon-Station: Alexei Goudenkovitch Budorieff, Gen. (Red Army) (Commander) Zinochek, Col. 354 unnamed crewmembers Figurão: Raul Campaneiro (Commander) Geoffrey Montgomery Trunho, Capt. (Navigator) Camilo Botoes, Lt. (Electronics Officer/Geologist)	The Outward Urge (1958), novel	British Satellite Station British Moon-Station Soviet Moon-Station Skyforce, Space Division (Estados Unidos do Brasil): E.U.B. Spacevessel Figurão	November 1994 2044 December 9, 2093 – June 24, 2094
	In 1994, Ticker Troon sacrifices himself to save British Satellite Station from enemy missile. Fifty years later, his son Michael commands British Moon-Station in Archimedes crater during nuclear war on Earth which results in destruction of American Moon-Station in Copernicus and Soviet Moon-Station in Ptolemy. In 2094, Michael's great-grandson Geoff is fatally stranded on Mars after first manned landing when Figurão becomes disabled. Landing on April 18, 2094, in Isidis-Syrtis Major area at 48°N 275°E.[191]
Starfire: Neil[lower-alpha 13] Patterson, Capt. (Commander) Michael Cruze, Lt. Larry Turner, Lt. (USAF) (Navigator) Konrad, Prof. (Dr.) (Passenger) (no first name given) Space Station A: Berger (no first name given) Unnamed crewmembers	Queen of Outer Space (1958), film	United States: Starfire (TF-5) Space Station A	1985
	Rays from Venus destroy space station and send ferry rocket Starfire off course to that planet. Patterson and his crew were the first men to orbit the Moon.[192][193][194]
Holt, Maj. Gen. (Commander of space station) Kelly, Capt. (later promoted to Major) Unnamed sergeant Unnamed technician Other unnamed crewmembers	Race for the Moon "The Thing on Sputnik 4!" (1958), comic	United States: Rotating wheel space station	Near Future
	Military astronaut Kelly encounters alien creature clinging to Sputnik 4.[195]
American satellite: Morgan (Commander) "Shorty" Kaufman (Astronomer) "Mac" McNary (Meteorologist) Russian satellite: Three unnamed cosmonauts	"Satellite Passage" (1958), short story	American satellite Russian satellite	Near Future
	American and Russian crews on near-collision course.[196][197]
Morley Unnamed trainees Mars mission: Tony Bannerman, Lt. Hal Mendoza	"Simulated Trainer" (1958), short story	Unknown (United States)	Future
	Military astronauts on simulated Mars mission which turns out not to be a simulation.[198]
Pol Van Ponder, Dr. (Commander) Dave Boyer (Astronomer) John Campo (Engineer) Sybil Carrington Howard Lazar, Dr. (Physician) Unnamed crewmembers	War of the Satellites (1958), film	United Nations: Project Sigma	Near Future
	Crew launched aboard three spacecraft which merge into single satellite in attempt to breach alien quarantine of Earth.[199][200]
Unnamed (Space Station Supervisor) Unnamed doctors	"Who's There?" (1958), short story	Space Station	Early 1980s
	Spaceman hears mysterious noises during spacewalk. Bernie Summers named as earlier spacewalk casualty.[201]
Brice Rogers	World's Finest Comics "The Menace of the Moonman!" (1958), comic	Unknown	Contemporary/Near Future
	Pilot of first manned space rocket, hurled into lunar orbit by Superman; he flies through a comet's tail and becomes the super-powered Moonman.[202][203][204]
Thomas O'Bannion, Col. (USAF) (Pilot/Navigator) Iris "Irish" Ryan, Dr. (Biologist/Zoologist) Theodore Gettell, Prof. (Scientist) Sam Jacobs, CWO (Electronics/Radar)	The Angry Red Planet (1959), film	MR-1	Near Future
	First manned Mars mission encounters bizarre dangers.[205][206][207][208][209]
Space Station JSS3: Unnamed personnel SPIP Ship 1: Kenjiro Adachi, Dr. (Prof.) (Commander) Ichiro Katsumiya, Maj. (Chief) Araki Yuichi Iwamura (Navigator) Kogure Okada Pierce (Gunner) Etsuko Shiraishi (Radio) Ship 2: Roger Richardson, Dr. (Prof.) (Commander) Nomura (Chief) Komeda Sato Sylvia (Radio) (no last name given) 3 other crewmembers Fighter rockets: Unnamed pilots	Battle in Outer Space (1959), film	Space Station JSS3 United Nations (F.F.E.) SPIP: Ship 1 Ship 2 Fighter rockets	1965
	Earth fights hostile aliens from planet Natal. Two SPIP ships fly to Moon to investigate alien base near Mare Marginis.[210][211][212]
Space station: James Benedict, Dr. (Director of US space program) "Matt" Matthews, Col. (Ship commander) Kurt Easton, Dr. (Observer) Unnamed astronauts Lunar spacecraft: Dave Reynolds (Commander) Three unnamed astronauts	Destination Space (1959), TV movie	Space Station B.B. ("Benedict's Billions") (US) Lunar spacecraft (US)	Near Future
	Failed attempts to launch first lunar orbit mission from space station.[213]
Moonship: McRoberts, Maj. (Commander) (First name not given) Brad Summers, Capt. (Copilot) Space Station: Anderson, Col. (Commander) (First name not given) Milton, Dr. (Astronomer) (First name not given) Unnamed crewmembers Ferry rocket: Unnamed pilot	First Boy on the Moon (1959), novel	United States Space Force: Moonship Space Station Ferry rocket	Near Future
	Two boys and a frog stow away on the first manned mission to the Moon.[214]
Dan Milton Prescott, Lt. (USN)	First Man into Space (a.k.a. Satellite of Blood) (1959), film	United States Navy: Y-12 spaceplane Y-13 spaceplane	Near Future
	Air Force Space Command pilot flies plane into space, returns as monster.[215][216][217]
Unnamed astronaut (US)	"The Man Who Lost the Sea" (1959), short story	Alpha (booster) Beta (booster) Gamma (Mars lander) Delta (Earth return ship)	Future (c. late 20th century)
	Astronaut dying after crash-landing on Mars.[218][219]
Rodina/Mercury: Eugene Kornev/Albert Gordon, Dr. (Scientist) Andrei Gordienko/Craig Matthews Typhoon: Robert Klark/Torrance, Capt. Erwin Verst/Dan Martin, Dr. Meteor: Gregory Somov/Paul Clinton	Nebo Zovyot (1959), film Battle Beyond the Sun (1962), film	Space station Rodina ("Homeland")/Mercury Typhoon Meteor	Future (Nebo Zovyot) November 1997 (Battle Beyond the Sun)
	Soviet film re-edited for American release with names changed. Rodina/Mercury and Typhoon (nations of origin unspecified in Soviet version; "South Hemis" and "North Hemis" in American version) both attempt first Mars flight, but an emergency rescue leads to a landing on the asteroid Icarus instead. The events in the Soviet version turn out to be a dream. South Hemis' Mars mission called "Project Red Planet" in American version.[220][221][222][223]
Unnamed (USSR) (Chief Co-ordinator of Project Ares) Jim Hutchins (US) (Assistant) Hutchins' wife (unnamed)	"Out of the Cradle, Endlessly Orbiting..." (1959), short story	Astronautics Authority: First Lunar Base Project Ares Alpha Beta Gamma	1977
	First manned Mars expedition in preparation at lunar base inside crater Plato; meanwhile, Hutchins' son is first human born off-Earth. References to past events include US Navy rescue of cosmonaut Dimitri Kalinin in South Pacific; Jerry Wingate making first manned orbit of Moon; landing of Hermann Oberth in Bay of Rainbows with loss of crew members.[224]
Mike Ferris, Sgt. (USAF)	The Twilight Zone Where Is Everybody? (1959), TV	United States Air Force	Contemporary
	Air Force astronaut trainee hallucinates himself in empty town during isolation experiment.[225][226][227][228]
Stafford (no first name given) Traill Henderson (no first names given) Trevor Woodford Fox (no first names given) John Jenkin, Lt.	"Forms of Things Unknown" (1966), short story	High Command	Near Future
	In posthumously published story by C. S. Lewis, first four manned missions to the Moon all end with contact abruptly lost with crews.[229]

Notes

1. The story ends a month after Easter, which fell on March 26 in 1978.[14]
2. Middle name given in The Man Who Sold the Moon (q.v.).
3. The year "1959" appears in an illustration on p. 19. The book definitely takes place after 1951 (p. 48).
4. Israel Independence Day takes place during the story.
5. Opening narration says Starcloud launches on June 2, 1987, but a later log entry by Thorson is dated June 2, 1987 and says Starcloud is "four weeks out from Earth".
6. First name given in later books.
7. Incorrectly named "ZOX-1" in Space Cat Meets Mars (p. 3).
8. The numeral "63" appears on the rocket in exterior shots.
9. Westfahl (p. 185) assigns the wrong scientific specialties to the characters.
10. Also referred to as "Walt" (pp. 131–132).
11. Also spelled "Falbridge".
12. Patronymic not given; deduced from father's name.
13. Spelled "Neal" in DVD subtitles.

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