List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)

The main stems of 38 rivers in the United States are at least 500 miles (800 km) long. The main stem is "the primary downstream segment of a river, as contrasted to its tributaries".[1] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines a main-stem segment by listing coordinates for its two end points, called the source and the mouth. Some well-known rivers like the Atchafalaya,[2] Willamette,[3] and Susquehanna[4] are not included in this list because their main stems are shorter than 500 miles.

The Mississippi drainage basin includes the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, the two longest main-stem rivers in the United States, as well as 18 more of the rivers on this list. The Mississippi main stem is highlighted in dark blue.

Seven rivers in this list cross or form international boundaries. Two—the Yukon and Columbia rivers—begin in Canada and flow into the United States. Three—the Milk and Saint Lawrence rivers and the Red River of the North—begin in the United States and flow into Canada. Of these, only the Milk River crosses the international border twice, leaving and then re-entering the United States.[5] Two rivers, the Colorado and the Rio Grande, begin in the United States and flow into or form a border with Mexico.[5] In addition, the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers extend into Canada,[6][7] and the basin of the Gila River extends into Mexico.[8]

Sources report hydrological quantities with varied precision. Biologist and author Ruth Patrick, describing a table of high-discharge U.S. rivers, wrote that data on discharge, drainage area, and length varied widely among authors whose works she consulted. "It seems," she said, "that the wisest course is to regard data tables such as the present one as showing the general ranks of rivers, and not to place too much importance on minor (10–20%) differences in figures."[9]

Table

The primary source for watershed and discharge data in the table below is Rivers of North America. Conflicting data from other sources, if the difference is greater than 10 percent, is reported in the notes. Discharge refers to the flow at the mouth.[n 1] In the "States, provinces, and image" column, the superscripts "s" and "m" indicate "source" and "mouth". Non-U.S. states appear in italics. Except in the "States, provinces, and image" column, abbreviations are as follows: "km" for "kilometer", "mi" for "mile", "s" for "second", "m" for "meter", and "ft" for "foot".

Key
River is not entirely within the United States.
Watershed is not entirely within the United States.

Longest main-stem rivers of the United States

#	Name	Mouth[5]	Length	Source coordinates[11]	Mouth coordinates[11]	Watershed area[12]	Discharge[12]	States, provinces, and image[5][11]
1	Missouri River	Mississippi River	2,341 mi 3,768 km[13]	45°55′39″N 111°30′29″W[14]	38°48′49″N 90°07′11″W	529,353 mi^2 1,371,017 km^2[15] [n 2]	69,100 ft^3/s 1,956 m^3/s [n 3]	Montana^s, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri^m
2	Mississippi River	Gulf of Mexico	2,202 mi 3,544 km[17] [n 4]	47°14′22″N 95°12′29″W[18]	29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W	1,260,000 mi^2 3,270,000 km^2[19] [n 5]	650,000 ft^3/s 18,400 m^3/s	Minnesota^s, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana^m
3	Yukon River	Bering Sea	1,979 mi 3,190 km[6] [n 6]	59°35′00″N 133°47′00″W[20]	62°35′55″N 164°48′00″W[21]	324,000 mi^2 839,200 km^2[22] [n 7]	224,000 ft^3/s 6,340 m^3/s	British Columbia^s, Yukon Territory, Alaska^m
4	Rio Grande	Gulf of Mexico	1,759 mi 2,830 km[23] [n 8]	37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W[25]	25°57′22″N 97°08′43″W	340,000 mi^2 870,000 km^2[26] [n 9]	1,300 ft^3/s 37 m^3/s	Colorado^s, New Mexico, Texas^m, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas^m
5	Colorado River	Gulf of California	1,450 mi 2,330 km[16] [n 10]	40°28′20″N 105°49′34″W[29]	31°48′57″N 114°48′22″W[30]	248,000 mi^2 642,000 km^2[10] [n 11]	1,400 ft^3/s 40 m^3/s	Colorado^s, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Sonora^m, Baja California^m
6	Arkansas River	Mississippi River	1,443 mi 2,322 km [n 12]	39°15′30″N 106°20′38″W[32]	33°46′30″N 91°04′15″W	160,200 mi^2 414,910 km^2[33]	35,500 ft^3/s 1,004 m^3/s	Colorado^s, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas^m
7	Columbia River	Pacific Ocean	1,243 mi[6] 2,000 km [n 13]	50°13′00″N 115°51′00″W[34]	46°14′39″N 124°03′29″W[35]	279,548 mi^2 724,024 km^2[36] [n 14]	273,000 ft^3/s 7,730 m^3/s	British Columbia^s, Washington^m, Oregon^m
8	Red River	Atchafalaya and Mississippi rivers	1,125 mi 1,811 km [n 15]	34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W[40]	31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W	65,590 mi^2 169,890 km^2[41] [n 16]	30,100 ft^3/s 852 m^3/s [n 17]	Oklahoma^s, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana^m
9	Snake River	Columbia River	1,040 mi 1,674 km[16]	44°07′49″N 110°13′10″W[42]	46°11′10″N 119°01′43″W	108,000 mi^2 281,000 km^2[43]	55,300 ft^3/s 1,565 m^3/s	Wyoming^s, Idaho, Oregon, Washington^m
10	Ohio River	Mississippi River	979 mi 1,575 km[44]	40°26′34″N 80°01′02″W[45]	36°59′12″N 89°07′50″W	204,000 mi^2 529,000 km^2[46]	308,400 ft^3/s 8,733 m^3/s	Pennsylvania^s, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky^m
11	Colorado River of Texas	Gulf of Mexico	970 mi 1,560 km[47]	32°40′47″N 101°43′51″W[48]	28°35′41″N 95°58′59″W	39,900 mi^2 103,341 km^2[49]	2,600 ft^3/s 75 m^3/s	Texas^s, m
12	Tennessee River	Ohio River	935 mi 1,504 km[50]	35°57′33″N 83°51′01″W[51]	37°04′02″N 88°33′53″W	40,880 mi^2 105,870 km^2[52]	71,000 ft^3/s 2,000 m^3/s	Tennessee^s, Alabama, Kentucky^m
13	Canadian River	Arkansas River	906 mi 1,458 km[16]	37°01′11″N 105°04′33″W[53]	35°27′12″N 95°01′58″W	47,130 mi^2 122,070 km^2[54]	6,100 ft^3/s 174 m^3/s	Colorado^s, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma^m
14	Brazos River	Gulf of Mexico	860 mi 1,390 km[55]	33°16′07″N 100°00′37″W[56]	28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W	44,620 mi^2 115,566 km^2[57]	8,800 ft^3/s 249 m^3/s	Texas^s, m
15	Green River	Colorado River	760 mi 1,230 km[58]	43°09′13″N 109°40′18″W[59]	38°11′21″N 109°53′07″W	44,900 mi^2 116,200 km^2[60]	6,100 ft^3/s 172 m^3/s	Wyoming^s, Colorado, Utah^m
16	Pecos River	Rio Grande	730 mi 1,175 km[61]	35°58′34″N 105°33′29″W[62]	29°41′59″N 101°22′17″W	44,000 mi^2 113,960 km^2[63]	71 ft^3/s 2 m^3/s	New Mexico^s, Texas^m
17	White River (Arkansas)	Mississippi River	720 mi 1,159 km[64]	35°50′20″N 93°36′16″W[65]	33°57′05″N 91°04′53″W	27,872 mi^2 72,189 km^2[66]	34,600 ft^3/s 979 m^3/s	Arkansas^s, m, Missouri
18	James River [n 18]	Missouri River	710 mi 1,140 km[67]	47°28′53″N 99°51′32″W[68]	42°52′17″N 97°17′26″W	20,942 mi^2 54,240 km^2[69]	854 ft^3/s 24.2 m^3/s[69] [n 19]	North Dakota^s, South Dakota^m
19	Kuskokwim River	Bering Sea	702 mi 1,130 km[70]	63°05′16″N 154°38′33″W[71]	60°04′59″N 162°20′02″W	48,000 mi^2 124,319 km^2[72]	67,000 ft^3s 1,900 m^3/s	Alaska^s, m
20	Cimarron River	Arkansas River	698 mi 1,123 km[73]	36°54′24″N 102°59′12″W[74]	36°10′14″N 96°16′19″W	19,510 mi^2 50,540 km^2[75]	1,500 ft^3/s 42 m^3/s	Oklahoma^s, m, Colorado, Kansas
21	Cumberland River	Ohio River	696 mi 1,120 km[76]	36°50′42″N 83°19′26″W[77]	37°08′36″N 88°24′27″W	17,930 mi^2 46,430 km^2[78]	30,400 ft^3/s 862 m^3/s	Kentucky^s, m, Tennessee
22	Yellowstone River	Missouri River	678 mi 1,091 km[79]	43°59′18″N 109°55′45″W[80]	47°58′42″N 103°58′56″W	70,400 mi^2 182,336 km^2[81]	12,800 ft^3/s 362 m^3/s	Wyoming^s, Montana, North Dakota^m
23	North Platte River	Platte River	665 mi 1,070 km[82]	40°38′23″N 106°24′19″W[83]	41°06′50″N 100°40′33″W	34,885 mi^2 90,352 km^2[82]	770 ft^3/s 21.9 m^3/s	Colorado^s, Wyoming, Nebraska^m
24	Milk River	Missouri River	625 mi 1,005 km[6][n 20]	48°51′20″N 113°01′10″W[85]	48°03′26″N 106°19′07″W	22,332 mi^2 57,839 km^2[86] [n 21]	670 ft^3/s 18.9 m^3/s	Alberta, Montana^s, m
25	Ouachita River	Black River	605 mi 974 km[87]	31°41′56″N 94°19′57″W[88]	31°37′53″N 91°48′25″W	24,886 mi^2 64,454 km^2[89]	29,800 ft^3/s 843 m^3/s	Arkansas^s, Louisiana^m
26	Saint Lawrence River	Gulf of Saint Lawrence	600 mi 965 km[90] [n 22]	44°05′55″N 76°23′28″W[92]	49°40′00″N 64°30′00″W[93]	620,000 mi^2 1,600,000 km^2[94] [n 23]	440,000 ft^3/s 12,600 m^3/s [n 24]	New York^s, Ontario^s, Quebec^m
27	Gila River	Colorado River	600 mi 960 km[95]	33°10′47″N 108°12′22″W[96]	32°43′11″N 114°33′19″W	57,850 mi^2 149,832 km^2[97] [n 25]	210 ft^3/s 6 m^3/s [n 26]	New Mexico^s, Arizona^m
28	Sheyenne River	Red River of the North	591 mi 951 km[98]	47°41′46″N 100°29′52″W[99]	47°01′25″N 96°49′31″W	8,800 mi^2 23,000 km^2 [n 27]	288 ft^3/s 8.2 m^3/s [n 28]	North Dakota^s, m
29	Tanana River	Yukon River	584 mi 940 km [n 29]	63°02′57″N 141°51′52″W[103]	65°09′38″N 151°57′37″W	44,000 mi^2 114,000 km^2[104]	41,800 ft^3/s 1,185 m^3/s	Alaska^s, m
30	Smoky Hill River	Kansas River	576 mi 927 km[98]	38°57′01″N 102°34′49″W[105]	39°03′36″N 96°48′04″W	19,260 mi^2 49,900 km^2 [n 30]	1,542 ft^3/s 43.7 m^3/s [n 31]	Colorado^s, Kansas^m
31	Niobrara River	Missouri River	568 mi 914 km[98]	42°49′15″N 104°38′50″W[107]	42°45′58″N 98°02′50″W	12,600 mi^2 32,600 km^2[108]	1,700 ft^3/s 49 m^3/s	Wyoming^s, Nebraska^m A small river flows through a field of grass and yellow flowers.
32	Little Missouri River	Missouri River	560 mi 900 km[109]	44°32′25″N 104°59′57″W[110]	47°36′38″N 102°52′24″W	8,310 mi^2 21,500 km^2[111] [n 32]	450 ft^3/s 13 m^3/s[111] [n 33]	Wyoming^s, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota^m
33	Sabine River	Gulf of Mexico	553 mi 890 km[112]	32°48′29″N 95°55′14″W[113]	29°59′08″N 93°47′26″W	9,756 mi^2 25,268 km^2[114]	8,400 ft^3/s 238 m^3/s	Texas^s, Louisiana^m
34	Red River of the North	Lake Winnipeg	550 mi 890 km[115] [n 34]	46°15′52″N 96°35′55″W[117]	50°23′47″N 96°48′39″W[118]	111,000 mi^2 287,500 km^2[119] [n 35]	8,300 ft^3/s 236 m^3/s	North Dakota^s, Minnesota^s, Manitoba^m
35	Des Moines River	Mississippi River	525 mi 845 km[120]	44°05′02″N 95°41′17″W[121]	41°22′52″N 91°25′21″W	12,018 mi^2 31,127 km^2[122]	6,400 ft^3/s 182 m^3/s	Minnesota^s, Missouri, Iowa^m
36	White River (Missouri River)	Missouri River	506 mi 815 km[123]	42°41′10″N 103°50′14″W[124]	43°42′50″N 99°28′01″W	10,200 mi^2 26,418 km^2[125]	570 ft^3/s 16 m^3/s	Nebraska^s, South Dakota^m
37	Trinity River	Galveston Bay	506 mi 815 km[126]	32°47′54″N 96°53′52″W[127]	29°44′35″N 94°42′12″W	17,970 mi^2 46,540 km^2[128]	7,800 ft^3/s 222 m^3/s	Texas^s, m
38	Wabash River	Ohio River	503 mi 810 km[98]	40°21′07″N 84°45′57″W[129]	37°47′53″N 88°01′38″W	32,950 mi^2 85,340 km^2[130]	1,001 ft^3/s 28 m^3/s	Ohio^s, Indiana^m, Illinois^m

Map

Map of North America showing all rivers on this list

See also

• List of longest rivers in the United States by state
• List of rivers by length

Notes

1. Dams, diversions for agriculture, and other human alterations to rivers have greatly affected the discharge of some rivers over time. For example, the virgin discharge of the Colorado River is estimated to have been 20,000 ft³/s (566 m³/s) compared to 1,400 ft³/s (~40 m³/s) in 2005.[10]
2. Of the total, 10,700 mi² (28,000 km²), about two percent of the basin, is in Canada.[6][7]
3. Kammerer: 76,200 ft³/s (2,160 m³/s).[16]
4. Kammerer: 2,340 mi (3,770 km).[16] The Atlas of Canada: 2,348 mi (3,779 km).[6]
5. Of the total, 10,700 mi² (27,800 km²), less than one percent of the basin, is in Canada.[6][7]
6. Of this total, 714 mi (1,149 km) are in Canada. This amounts to about 36 percent of the main-stem length.[6]
7. The Atlas of Canada also lists the total basin size at 324,000 mi² (839,200 km²), split between 125,000 mi² (323,800 km²), about 39 percent, in Canada and 199,000 mi² (515,400 km²), about 61 percent, in the United States.[6]
8. Kammerer: 1,900 mi (3,100 km).[16] University of Texas (UT): 1,799 mi (2,895 km).[24] The river forms the U.S.–Mexico border for 1.251 mi (2,013 km) (about 70 percent of its main-stem length) from El Paso to the Gulf of Mexico.[24]
9. Rivers of North America says that of this total only about 170,000 mi² (450,000 km²) of the basin contribute water to the river.[26] The University of Texas (UT) says, "The river collects rain, snowmelt and spring water from an area [of] about 215,338 mi² [557,722 km²] including closed basins."[24] It says that 87,020 mi² (225,380 km²) of the basin (about 48 percent), not counting closed basins, are in Mexico, while 93,821 mi² (242,994 km²) (about 52 percent) are in the United States.[24] Kammerer cites a total basin size of 336,000 mi² (870,000 km²).[16]
10. According to the Utah Division of Water Resources, 75 mi (121 km) of the river are in Mexico. This amounts to about 5 percent of the main-stem length.[27] Of this, 17 mi (27 km) form the border between Mexico and the United States.[28]
11. The United Nations Environment Programme cites a total basin size of 246,000 mi² (637,000 km²), split between 2,000 mi² (5,200 km²) (about 1 percent) in Mexico and 244,000 mi² (632,000 km²) (about 99 percent) in the United States.[28]
12. Derived by subtracting the length of the East Fork Arkansas River of roughly 16 mi (26 km)[31] from Kammerer's total of 1,459 mi (2,348 km).[16]
13. About 498 mi (801 km) are in Canada.[6] This amounts to about 40 percent of the main-stem length.
14. The Atlas of Canada lists the total watershed at 259,200 mi² (671,300 km²), split between 39,700 mi² (102,800 km²) (about 15 percent) in Canada and 219,500 mi² (568,500 km²) (about 85 percent) in the United States.[6] Kammerer's figure for the total watershed is 265,000 mi² (690,000 km²).[16]
15. This is the combined length, 1,360 mi (2,190 km),[37] of the main stem, Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, and Tierra Blanca Creek minus the lengths of the latter two, 160 mi (260 km)[38] and 75 mi (121 km).[39] Kammerer gives the length as 1,290 mi (2,080 km).[16]
16. Kammerer: 93,200 mi².[16]
17. Kammerer: 56,000 ft³/s (1,600 m³)[16]
18. Also known as the Dakota River or Jim River and not to be confused with the James River of Virginia.
19. This is the average discharge for the years 1982–94, derived by adding the discharge for each of these years and dividing by 13.
20. According to The Canadian Encyclopedia, a 110-mi (170 km) stretch of the river flows through Canada. This amounts to about 18 percent of the main-stem length.[84]
21. The Atlas of Canada: 23,600 mi² (61,200 km²) split between 8,300 mi² (21,600 km²) (about 35 percent) in Canada and 15,300 mi² (39,600 km²) (about 65 percent) in the United States.[6]
22. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a 115-mi (185 km) stretch of the river forms part of the U.S.–Canada border. This amounts to about 19 percent of the main-stem length.[91]
23. Kammerer: 396,000 mi² (1,030,000 km²).[16] The Atlas of Canada: 519,000 mi² (1,344,200 km²), of which 324,000 mi² (839,200 km²) (about 62 percent) is in Canada and 195,000 mi² (505,000 km²) (about 38 percent) is in the United States.[6]
24. Kammerer: 348,000 ft³/s (9,900 m³/s).[16]
25. Of this total, 232 mi² (600 km²) (about 0.4 percent) are in the Mexican state of Sonora, and the rest is in the United States.[8]
26. Rivers of North America describes the discharge as less than 210 ft³/s (6 m³/s.
27. This is the size of the basin upstream of a stream gauge near Kindred and at river mile 67.9 (river kilometer 109.3).[100]
28. This is the average flow measured by a stream gauge near Kindred and at river mile 67.9 (river kilometer 109.3).[100]
29. The main-stem length is calculated by subtracting the length of the Nabesna River from Kammerer's total of 659 mi (1,061 km).[16] The Nabesna River is roughly 75 mi (121 km) long, calculated by adding the 60 mi (97 km) from the Nabesna mouth to Camp Creek[101] to the distance, 15 mi (24 km), from Camp Creek to Nabesna Glacier,[102] Kammerer's most remote source for the Tanana.
30. Reflects only that part of the basin above a stream gauge at river mile 43.3 (river kilometer 69.7) near Enterprise.[106]
31. Measured by a stream gauge at river mile 43.3 (river kilometer 69.7) near Enterprise.[106]
32. This is only a close approximation of the entire basin. It does not include a small fraction of the basin below the river gauge, located about 25 mi (40 km) upstream of the river mouth.
33. This is the average discharge for the years 1990–2010, derived by adding the discharge for each of these years and dividing by 21.
34. According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 394 mi (634 km) are in the United States. This amounts to about 72 percent of the main-stem length.[116]
35. Of the total basin, 53,500 mi² (138,600 km²) (about 48 percent) are in Canada and 57,500 mi² (148,900 km²) (about 52 percent) are in the United States.[6]

References

1. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 1137.
2. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 236.
3. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 615.
4. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 50.
5. The Road Atlas. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally & Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0-528-93961-7.
6. "Rivers". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
7. "Missouri River Basin Basic Geography and Natural Features". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
8. McCord, Marc W. "Gila River". Wind Spirit Community. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
9. Patrick 1995, p. 24.
10. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 527.
11. The mouth coordinates and source coordinates are from the Geographic Names Information System (United States Geological Survey) or the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base except for the coordinates of the mouth of the Colorado River, derived by geolocating with Google Earth.
12. From Rivers of North America (ed. Benke and Cushing) unless otherwise noted.
13. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 432.
14. "Missouri River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. October 24, 1980. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
15. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 469.
16. Kammerer, J. C. (September 1, 2005). "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
17. Benke & Cushing 2005, pp. 237, 331.
18. "Mississippi River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. June 4, 1980. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
19. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 272.
20. "Atlin Lake (B.C.)". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
21. "Yukon River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. March 31, 1981. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
22. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 796.
23. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 186.
24. Patino, Carlos; McKinney, Daene C.; Maidment, David R. "Water Management Information System for the Rio Grande/Bravo Basin". University of Texas Center for Research in Water Resources. Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
25. "Rio Grande". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. March 30, 1979. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
26. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 220.
27. Anderson, D. Larry (May 2002). "Utah's Perspective: The Colorado River" (PDF). p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
28. Arias, E.; Albar, M.; Parra, I; Reza, M. "Regional Definition" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
29. "Colorado River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. February 8, 1980. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
30. Derived via Google Earth
31. Colorado Atlas and Gazetteer (Map). DeLorme. 1998. § 47–48. ISBN 978-0-89933-265-9.
32. "Arkansas River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1979. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
33. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 315.
34. "Columbia Lake". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
35. "Columbia River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
36. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 646.
37. Kleiner, Diana J. "Handbook of Texas: Red River". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
38. "Handbook of Texas: Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
39. "Handbook of Texas: Tierra Blanca Creek". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
40. "Red River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. June 4, 1980. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
41. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 317.
42. "Snake River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. September 10, 1979. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
43. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 643.
44. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 379.
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102. Alaska Atlas and Gazetteer (Map) (7th ed.). DeLorme. 2010. p. 98. ISBN 0-89933-289-7.
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115. "Red River of the North". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
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129. "Wabash River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey (USGS). February 14, 1979. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
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Works cited

• Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
• Patrick, Ruth (1995). Rivers of the United States: Volume II: Chemical and Physical Characteristics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-471-10752-1.