List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands

This page features a series of lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands.

Features by area

Of the hundreds of maritime features in the Spratly Islands, relatively few have land permanently above sea-level that is larger than protruding rocks. There are only 13 islands and cays with a natural area above sea-level larger than one hectare.[1] With the exception of Swallow Reef, prior to 2014 there had been no large-scale land reclamation beyond building breakwaters and piers, and extending runways.

This changed dramatically in 2014 with the PRC embarking on large-scale reclamations of the lagoons of Johnson South Reef (~10ha) and Fiery Cross Reef (~230ha), and other reclamations of then unknown extent at the Gaven Reefs and Cuarteron Reef.[2] Reports of the extent of land reclaimed on Swallow Reef vary. The PRC land reclamations have continued on a total of seven sites. In 2015, Subi Reef, Hughes Reef and Mischief Reef were added.[3] Refer to the table below for the most recently available data. In summary, there have been reclamations of very large areas (>640 acres = 1 sq mile) at three sites by the PRC, reclamations of large areas (10-100 acres) at 8 sites (4 by PRC, 3 by Vietnam and 1 by Malaysia) and reclamations of lesser areas at a number of sites. There does not appear to have been any reclamation of Philippine occupied areas. There have been small Taiwanese reclamations at Itu Aba, very small but functionally significant reclamations at six Malaysian sites, and a number small but significant reclamations at Vietnamese sites in 2016, most particularly at Spratly Island where the runway has been extended and a sheltered harbour added.

The following table contains the 16 largest "natural" features, (i.e. not including reclaimed land),[4] plus the features with significant amounts of reclaimed land:

#	Feature	in Atoll	"Natural" Area	Location	Currently occupied by	Reclaimed Area[2]
1	Itu Aba Island	Tizard Bank	46.00 hectares (113.7 acres)	10°22.5′N 114°22′E	ROC (Taiping Island)	~8 acres (3.2 ha)[5]
2	Thitu Island	Thitu Reefs	37.20 hectares (91.9 acres)	11°03′N 114°17′E	PHI (Pagasa Island)
3	West York Island	West York Island	18.60 hectares (46.0 acres)	11°05′N 115°01′E	PHI (Likas Island)
4	Spratly Island	Spratly Island	13.00 hectares (32.1 acres)	08°38′N 111°55′E	VNM (Trường Sa Island)	~37 acres (15 ha)[6]
5	Northeast Cay	North Danger Reef	12.70 hectares (31.4 acres)	11°28′N 114°21′E	PHI (Parola Island)
6	Southwest Cay	North Danger Reef	12.00 hectares (29.7 acres)	11°26′N 114°20′E	VNM (Song Tử Tây Island)	~7 acres (2.8 ha)[7]
7	Sin Cowe Island	Union Banks	08.00 hectares (19.8 acres)	09°52′N 114°19′E	VNM (Sinh Tồn Island)	~26 acres (11 ha)[8]
8	Nanshan Island	Loaita Bank	07.93 hectares (19.6 acres)	10°45′N 115°49′E	PHI (Lawak Island)
9	Sand Cay	Tizard Bank	07.00 hectares (17.3 acres)	10°23′N 114°28′E	VNM (Sơn Ca Island)	~9 acres (3.6 ha)[9][10]
10	Loaita Island	Loaita Bank	06.45 hectares (15.9 acres)	10°40′N 114°25′E	PHI (Kota Island)
11	Swallow Reef	Swallow Reef	06.20 hectares (15.3 acres)	07°22′N 113°50′E	MYS (Layang-Layang Reef)	~95 acres (38 ha)
12	Namyit Island	Tizard Bank	05.30 hectares (13.1 acres)	10°11′N 114°22′E	VNM (Nam Yết Island)
13	Amboyna Cay	Amboyna Cay	01.60 hectares (4.0 acres)	07°54′N 112°55′E	VNM (An Bang Island)
	Grierson Reef	Union Banks	01.60 hectares (4.0 acres)	09°54′N 114°34′E	VNM (Sinh Tồn Đông Island)	~3 acres (1.2 ha)[11][12]
	West London Reef	London Reefs	01.10 hectares (2.7 acres)	08°52′N 112°15′E	VNM (Đá Tây A Island)	~70 acres (28 ha)[9][11][12][13]
	Central London Reef	London Reefs	00.88 hectares (2.2 acres)	08°56′N 112°21′E	VNM (Trường Sa Đông Island)	~4 acres (1.6 ha)[11][12]
14	Flat Island	Loaita Bank	00.57 hectares (1.4 acres)	10°49′N 115°49′E	PHI (Patag Island)
15	Loaita Cay	Loaita Bank	00.53 hectares (1.3 acres)	10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E	PHI (Melchora Aquino Island)
16	Lankiam Cay	Loaita Bank	00.44 hectares (1.1 acres)	10°43′N 114°32′E	PHI (Panata Island)
	Mischief Reef	Mischief Reef	00.00	09°56′N 115°32′E	PRC	~1,379 acres (558 ha)[14][15]
	Subi Reef	Thitu Reefs	00.00	10°55′N 114°04′E	PRC	~976 acres (395 ha)[14][16]
	Fiery Cross Reef	Fiery Cross Reef	00.00	09°36′N 111°57′E	PRC	~677 acres (274 ha)[14][17]
	Cuarteron Reef	London Reefs	00.00	08°52′N 112°50′E	PRC	~56 acres (23 ha)[18]
	Gaven Reefs	Tizard Bank	00.00	10°13′N 114°13′E	PRC	~34 acres (14 ha)[19]
	Johnson South Reef	Union Banks	00.00	09°43′N 114°17′E	PRC	~27 acres (11 ha)[20]
	Hughes Reef	Union Banks	00.00	09°55′N 114°30′E	PRC	~19 acres (7.7 ha)[21][22]
	Pearson Reef	SW Dangerous Ground	00.00	08°58′N 113°42′E	VNM (Phan Vinh Island)	~6 acres (2.4 ha)[23]
	Cornwallis South Reef	SW Dangerous Ground	00.00	08°43′N 114°11′E	VNM (Núi Le Reef)	~2 acres (0.81 ha)[11][12]

Features by major reef / bank / etc.

Map of the South China Sea area showing the location of Dangerous Ground

The boundaries of the Spratly Islands are not firmly defined. West-to-east, the islands range from the coastal waters of Vietnam to the east of Dangerous Ground and the Palawan Passage (approx. 106-117°E), and south-to-north from the coastal waters of Borneo and the southern South China Sea to the north of Dangerous Ground and the Reed Bank (approx. 3-12°N).

The major feature of the area is Dangerous Ground, an oblong area approximately 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi) SW-NE, 175 nautical miles (324 km; 201 mi) at its widest, with an area of about 52,000 nm² (178,000 km²).[24] It lies approximately between 7.5–12°N, 113–117°E, and US NGA literature[24][25][26]^etc. seems to consider its centre as 10°N 115°E. The remainder of the Spratly Islands are mainly to the west and south of Dangerous Ground, with some features to the east.

The Spratly Islands can be roughly divided into seven sub-areas relative to Dangerous Ground:[24]

• NW of Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 113-115°E)[25]
• NE Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 115-117°E)[26]
• SE Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 115-117°E)[27][28][29]
• SW Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 113-115°E)[30]
• E of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, east of 117°E)[26][27][29]
• S of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3- 7°N, 113-117°E)[29][31] and
• W of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, west of 113°E)[32]

Within these sub-areas there are a number of major reefs and banks, as well as ungrouped maritime features.[4]

Starting in the NW, and progressing in a generally SW direction, the features include:

Sub-area	Group	Vicinity	Contains:
NW	North Danger Reef	11°25′N 114°21′E	North Reef (Spratly Islands); Northeast Cay; Shira Islet; Southwest Cay; Jenkins Patches; South Reef; Sabine Patches; Farquharson Patches; Day Shoal; Iroquois Ridge
NW	Trident & Lys		Trident Shoal, Lys Shoal
NW	Thitu Reefs	11°03′N 114°17′E	Thitu Island; Thitu Reef; Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands)
NW	(Near Thitu Reefs)	10°55′N 114°04′E	Subi Reef
NW	Loaita Banks	10°45′N 114°30′E	Lankiam Cay; Loaita Cay; Loaita Nan; Loaita Island
NW	(East of Loaita Banks)	10°55′N 114°45′E	Menzies Reef , Irving Reef, West York Island
NW	Tizard Banks	10°15′N 114°30′E	Ban Than Reef/Zhongzhou Reef; Eldad Reef]; Gaven Reefs; Namyit Island; Petley Reef; Sand Cay; Taiping Island/Itu Aba
NW	(West of Tizard Banks)		Western Reef, Discovery Great Reef, Discovery Small Reef
W	(West of Union Banks)	9°30′N 112°30′E	Fiery Cross Reef, Dhaulle Shoal, Coronation Bank
SW	Union Banks	09°50′N 114°30′E	Collins Reef/Johnson North Reef, Edmund Reef, Grierson Reef/Sin Cowe East Island, Hallet Reef, Higgens Reef, Holiday Reef, Hughes Reef, Johnson South Reef, Jones Reef/Zhangxi Jiao, Lansdwone Reef, McKennan Reef/Kennan Reef, Sin Cowe Island, Whitson Reef, Empire Reef, Loveless Reef
NE	Reed Tablemount	11°20′N 116°50′E	Reed Bank, Nares Bank, Marie Louise Bank, Pennsylvania North Reef
NE	NE Dangerous Ground	11°N 116°E	Jackson Atoll, Nanshan Island, Flat Island, Third Thomas Shoal, Hopkins Reef, Amy Douglas Bank/Hirane Shoal, Hardy Reef/Hubo Reef, Sandy Shoal, Lord Auckland Shoal, Carnatic Shoal, Seahorse Shoal/Seashore Shoal/Routh Shoal, Iroquois Reef, Leslie Bank, Templar Bank, Southern Bank (Spratly Islands), Katimugan Banks , Tagpi , Pennsylvania South Reef/Magat Salamat Reef,
NE	Southampton Reefs		Hopps Reef ; Livock Reef
E	(East & SE Dangerous Ground)		Bombay Shoal, Royal Captain Shoal, Half Moon Shoal, South Viper Shoal
SE	SE Dangerous Ground	9°N 116°E	Sabina Shoal, Boxall Reef, Second Thomas Shoal, Mischief Reef, First Thomas Shoal, Alicia Annie Reef, Commodore Reef, North Viper Shoal, North East Shoal, Director Reef, Glasgow Bank, Investigator Northeast Shoal
SW	SW Dangerous Ground	9°N 114°E	Maralie Reef/Bittern Reef, Alison Reef, Cornwallis South Reef, Pearson Reef, Pigeon Reef, Investigator Shoal, Ardasier Reef, Ardasier Bank, Erica Reef, Mariveles Reef, Dallas Reef, Barque Canada Reef, Royal Charlotte Reef
W	London Reefs	08°50′N 112°30′E	Central London Reef; Cuarteron Reef; East London Reef; West London Reef
W	(Spratly Island vicinity)	08°40′N 111°45′E	Spratly Island, Ladd Reef, Jubilee Bank (Spratly Islands)
W	(West Spratlys)		Scawfell Shoal, Charlotte Bank, Vanguard Bank, Julia Shoal, Royal Bishop Shoal
W	Southwest Bank		Alexandra Bank; Grainger Bank; Prince of Wales Bank; Prince Consort Bank
W	Riflemen Bank	07°50′N 111°40′E	Bombay Castle (bãi Ba Kè); Johnson Patch (tức là Bãi Vũng Mây); Kingston Shoal (Bãi Đinh); Orleana Shoal (Bãi Đất), Bãi Ráng Chiều, bãi Ngũ Sắc, bãi Xà Cừ, bãi Vũ Tích
S			Amboyna Cay; Swallow Reef; Louisa Reef
S	Luconia Shoals	05°30′N 112°30′E	North Luconia Shoals: Friendship Shoal, Hardie Reef , Aitken Reef , Buck Reef , Moody Reef , Seahorse Breakers , Tripp Reef , Hayes Reef South Luconia Shoals: Stigant Reef , Connell Reef , Herald Reef (Spratly Islands) , Comus Shoal , Richmond Reef , Luconia Breakers

Features by name

A

• Amboyna Cay
• Ardasier Reef
• Ayungin Reef / shoal (Second Thomas)

B

• Balagtas Reef (Irving Reef)
• Ban Than Reef (Zhongzhou Reef)
• Boji Jiao (Erica Reef)
• Bombay Castle

C

• Calderon Reef (Cuarteron Reef)
• Celerio Reef (Swallow Reef)
• Central London Reef
• Chigua Reef (Johnson South Reef)
• Collins Reef (Johnson North Reef)
• Cuarteron Reef (Calderon Reef)

D

• Dallas Reef
• Dangerous Ground
• Dongmen Reef (Hughes Reef)

E

• East London Reef
• Enola Reef (Erica Reef)
• Erica Reef (Boji Jiao,Enola Reef, Gabriela Silang Reef, Terumbu Siput)

F

• Fiery Cross Reef
• Flat Island (Patag Island)
• First Thomas Shoal

G

• Gabriela Silang Reef (Erica Reef)
• Gaven Reefs / Gaven North Reef / Gaven South Reef

H

• Half Moon Shoal
• Hardy Reef (Hubo Reef)
• Hubo Reef (Hardy Reef)
• Hughes Reef (Dongmen Reef)

I

• Investigator Shoal (Pawikan Reef)
• Irving Reef (Balagtas Reef)
• Itu Aba (Ligao Island, Taiping Island)

J

• James Shoal
• Johnson Reef:
  • Johnson North Reef (Collins)
  • Johnson South Reef (Chigua)

K

• Kalayaan Islands / Kalayaan, Palawan
• Kota Island (Loaita)

L

• Ladd Reef
• Lankiam Cay (Panata Island)
• Lawak Island (Nanshan Island)
• Layang Layang / Layang Layang Island (Swallow)
• Ligao Island (Itu Aba, Taiping Island)
• Likas Island (West York Island)
• Loaita Cay / Loaita Nan / Loaita Island (Kota)
• London Reefs
• Louisa Reef
• Luconia Shoals

M

• Magat Salamat Reef (Pennsylvania South Reef)
• Mariveles Reef
• Menzies Reef
• Mischief Reef (Panganiban Reef)
• Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads

N

• Namyit Island
• Nanshan Island (Lawak Is;and)
• North Danger Reef
• Northeast Cay (Parola Island)

P

• Pagasa Island (Thitu Island)
• Panata Island (Lankiam Cay)
• Panganiban Reef (Mischief Reef)
• Parola Island (Northeast Cay)
• Patag Island (Flat Island)
• Pawikan Reef (Investigator Shoal)
• Pennsylvania South Reef (Magat Salamat Reef)
• Pugad Island (Southwest Cay)

R

• Recto Bank / Reed Bank / Reed Tablemount

S

• Sabina Shoal
• Sand Cay
• Second Thomas Reef / Second Thomas Shoal (Ayungin)
• Sin Cowe Island
• Southwest Cay (Pugad Island)
• Spratly Island / Storm Island
• Subi Reef
• Swallow Reef (Celerio, Layang Layang)

T

• Taiping Island (Itu Aba, Ligao Island)
• Terumbu Siput (Erica Reef)
• Thitu Island (Pagasa Island)
• Third Thomas Shoal

U

• Union banks

W

• West London Reef
• West York Island (Likas Island)

Z

• Zhongzhou Reef (Ban Than Reef)

Features by occupier and/or claimant

A feature is occupied by a country if one of the following is true:

• Soldiers and/or civilian citizens of a country are present in the feature, either by building structures over the feature to house the citizens (most features are of this type) or by manning a ship anchored over the feature (Philippine-occupied Irving Reef is of this type).
• Regularly visited by soldiers of a country, not necessarily having soldiers present in it 24 hours. These features must lie near (within 9 miles (14 km)) a feature occupied by the country in the way of the first condition. Presence of structures is not necessary. This is the case of Philippine-occupied Flat Island and Lankiam Cay where soldiers stationed at Nanshan Island and Loaita Island respectively, regularly visit on a daily basis.

The effective visible distance of horizon from a 15-meter (typical large structure) height above sea-level is 9 miles (14 km). This makes features occupied by the second condition to be also labeled as "occupied" since they can be guarded far away. However, not all features within the 9-mile (14 km) radius can be considered as absolutely occupied. This is especially true for features that lie between and within 9 miles (14 km) of two or more features occupied by different countries. (See Virtually Occupied or Controlled table)

Summary

Int'l Name	Co-ords	Sub-group	Occupant/s	Since	Notes
Itu Aba	10°22.5′N 114°22′E	Tizard Bank	ROC (Taiwan)	1946
Ban Than Reef	10°23′N 114°24′E	Tizard Bank	ROC (Taiwan)	1946
Cuarteron Reef	08°53′N 112°51′E	London Reefs	PRC (China)	1988
Fiery Cross Reef	09°37′N 112°58′E	W of Union Banks	PRC (China)	1988	Military Garrison
Gaven Reefs	10°13′N 114°13′E	Tizard Bank	PRC (China)	1988
Hughes Reef	09°55′N 114°30′E	Union Banks	PRC (China)	1988	Lighthouse
Johnson South Reef	09°43′N 114°17′E	Union Banks	PRC (China)	1988
Mischief Reef	09°55′N 115°32′E	SE Dangerous Ground	PRC (China)	1995	Airfield
Subi Reef	10°55′N 114°04′E	W of Thitu Reefs	PRC (China)	2013	Military Garrison
Flat Island	10°49′N 115°49′E	SE Dangerous Ground	PHI	1974
Lankiam Cay	10°43′N 114°32′E	Loaita Banks	PHI	-
Loaita Cay	10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E	Loaita Banks	PHI	-
Loaita Island	10°40′N 114°25′E	Loaita Banks	PHI	-
Nanshan Island	10°44′N 115°48′E	NE Dangerous Ground	PHI	-
Northeast Cay	11°27′N 114°21′E	North Danger Reef	PHI	-
Thitu Island	11°03′N 114°17′E	Thitu Reefs	PHI	-
West York Island	11°05′N 115°01′E	NNW Dangerous Ground	PHI	-
Commodore Reef	08°22′N 115°12′E	SE Dangerous Ground	PHI	-
Irving Reef	10°52′N 114°55′E	NNW Dangerous Ground	PHI	-
Second Thomas Shoal	09°44′N 115°52′E	NE Dangerous Ground	PHI	2012	Navy Outpost
Southwest Cay	11°26′N 114°20′E	North Danger Reef	VNM	1975/04/14	Lighthouse
Sand Cay	10°23′N 114°29′E	Tizard Bank	VNM	1975/04/25	Lighthouse
Namyit Island	10°11′N 114°22′E	Tizard Bank	VNM	1975/04/27	Lighthouse
Sin Cowe Island	09°53′N 114°20′E	Union Banks	VNM	1975/04/27	Lighthouse
Spratly Island	08°38′N 114°25′E	Spratly Island vicinity	VNM	1975/04/29	Lighthouse
Amboyna Cay	07°54′N 112°55′E		VNM	1975/04/29	Lighthouse
Grierson Reef /Sin Cowe East Island	09°54′N 114°34′E	Union Banks	VNM	1978/03/23
Central London Reef	08°56′N 112°21′E	London Reefs	VNM	1978/04/02
Pearson Reef	08°57′N 113°40′E	SW Dangerous Ground	VNM	1978/04/10
Barque Canada Reef	08°10′N 113°18′E	NE Dangerous Ground	VNM	1987/02
West London Reef	08°52′N 112°14′E	London Reefs	VNM	1988/01/15	Lighthouse
Ladd Reef	08°41′N 111°40′E	Spratly Island vicinity	VNM	1988/02/05	Lighthouse
Discovery Great Reef	10°04′N 113°51′E	W of Tizard Banks	VNM	1988/02/06
Pigeon Reef	08°51′N 114°39′E	SW Dangerous Ground	VNM	1988/02/07	Lighthouse
East London Reef	08°50′N 112°36′E	London Reefs	VNM	1988/02/19
Alison Reef	08°51′N 114°00′E	SW Dangerous Ground	VNM	1988/03/20
Cornwallis South Reef	08°43′N 114°11′E	SW Dangerous Ground	VNM	1988/03/20
South Reef	11°23′N 114°18′E	North Danger Reef	VNM	1988/04/02
Petley Reef	10°24′N 114°35′E	Tizard Bank	VNM	1988/04/13
Collins Reef	09°46′N 114°15′E	Union Banks	VNM	1988/06/28
Lansdowne Reef	09°47′N 114°22′E	Union Banks	VNM	1988/06/28
Bombay Castle	07°56′N 111°43′E	Riflemen Bank	VNM	1989/06/30	Lighthouse
Prince of Wales Bank	08°09′N 110°36′E	Southwest Bank	VNM	1989/06/30	Lighthouse
Vanguard Bank	07°32′N 109°45′E	West Spratlys	VNM	1989/07/05	Lighthouse, China Coast Guard regular patrol
Prince Consort Bank	07°55′N 109°58′E	Southwest Bank	VNM	1990/11/04	Lighthouse
Grainger Bank	07°49′N 110°30′E	Southwest Bank	VNM	1991/11/03	Lighthouse
Alexandra Bank	08°01′N 110°38′E	Southwest Bank	VNM	1991/11/30	Lighthouse
Orleana Shoal	07°41′N 111°43′E	Riflemen Bank	VNM	1998/07/03	Lighthouse
Kingston Shoal	07°34′6″N 111°33′13″E	Riflemen Bank	VNM	1998/07/07	Lighthouse
Swallow Reef	07°22′N 113°50′E		MYS	1983	RMN offshore EEZ station "Lima"
Ardasier Reef	07°38′N 113°56′E	SW Dangerous Ground	MYS	1986	RMN offshore EEZ station "Uniform"
Mariveles Reef	08°00′N 113°54′E	SW Dangerous Ground	MYS	1986	RMN offshore EEZ station "Mike"
Dallas Reef	07°37′N 113°48′E	SW Dangerous Ground	MYS	1987 (or 1986)
Erica Reef	08°06′N 114°08′E	SW Dangerous Ground	MYS	1999	RMN offshore EEZ station "Sierra"
Investigator Shoal	08°07′N 114°42′E	SW Dangerous Ground	MYS	1999	RMN offshore EEZ station "Papa"
Louisa Reef	06°20′N 113°14′E		BRU	-
Aitken Reef	5°54′0″N 112°31′30″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Alicia Annie Reef	9°21′N 115°26′E	SW Dangerous Ground
Amy Douglas Bank /Hirane Shoal	10°50′N 116°15′E	NE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Ardasier Bank	7°36′N 114°17′E	SW Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, near
Bombay Shoal	9°26′N 116°55′E	ESE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Boxall Reef	9°36′N 116°10′E	SE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Buck Reef	5°48′15″N 112°32′15″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Carnatic Shoal	10°06′N 117°21′E	NE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Comus Shoal	5°2′12″N 112°56′20″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Connell Reef	5°4′40″N 112°34′45″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Coronation Bank	9°21′N 111°44′E	W of Union Banks
Dhaulle Shoal	9°28′N 112°24′E	W of Union Banks
Director Reef	8°28′N 115°55′E	SE Dangerous Ground
Discovery Small Reef	10°01′N 114°02′E	W of Tizard Banks
Edmund Reef	9°54′N 114°23.5′E	Union Banks
Eldad Reef	10°21′N 114°42′E	Tizard Bank			Unoccupied, China Coast Guard regular patrol
Empire Reef	9°58.5′N 114°35.5′E	Union Banks
First Thomas Shoal	09°20′N 115°57′E	SE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, China Coast Guard regular patrol
Friendship Shoal	5°57′18″N 112°31′43″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Ganges Reef	10°20′N 115°04′E	-
Glasgow Bank	8°28′N 115°30′E	SE Dangerous Ground
Half Moon Shoal	8°52′N 116°16′E	ESE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Hallet Reef	9°56′N 114°31′E	Union Banks			Unoccupied, near Hughes Reef
Hardie Reef	5°47′0″N 112°26′45″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Hardy Reef/Hubo Reef	10°08′N 116°08′E	NE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Hayes Reef	5°22′N 112°39′E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Herald Reef (Spratly Islands)	4°58′15″N 112°36′15″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Higgens Reef	09°48′N 114°24′E	Union Banks
Holiday Reef	9°58′N 114°34′E	Union Banks
Hopkins Reef	10°48.5′N 116°05.5′E	NE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Hopps Reef	10°15′N 115°21.5′E	Southampton Reefs
Investigator Northeast Shoal	9°10.5′N 116°27.5′E	SE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Iroquois Reef	10°37.5′N 116°10.5′E	NE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Jackson Atoll	10°29′N 115°45′E	NE Dangerous Ground
James Shoal	03°58.5′N 112°21′E	-			Unoccupied, near , China Coast Guard regular patrol
Johnson Patch	07°48′15″N 111°34′29″E	Union Banks	Riflemen Bank		Unoccupied, near Bombay Castle
Jones Reef/Zhangxi Jiao	9°50′N 114°28′E	Union Banks
Jubilee Bank (Spratly Islands)	8°32′N 111°29′E	Spratly Island vicinity			Unoccupied, near Ladd Reef
Katimugan Banks	10°30′N 116°40′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Leslie Bank	11°05′N 117°28′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Livock Reef	10°11′N 115°18′E	Southampton Reefs
Loaita Nan	10°42′N 114°19′E	Loaita Banks			Unoccupied, near Loaita Cay
Lord Auckland Shoal	10°20′N 117°17′E	NE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Loveless Reef	9°51′N 114°17′E	Union Banks			Unoccupied, near Sin Cowe Island
Luconia Breakers	4°59′N 112°37′E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near , China Coast Guard regular patrol
Lys Shoal	11°19′N 114°35′E	Trident & Lys
Maralie Reef /Bittern Reef	9°12′N 113°40′E	SW Dangerous Ground
Marie Louise Bank	11°55′N 116°47′E	Reed Tablemount			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
McKennan Reef /Kennan Reef	9°54′N 114°28′E	Union Banks			Unoccupied, near Hughes Reef
Menzies Reef	11°09′N 114°48′E	NNW Dangerous Ground
Moody Reef	5°37′38″N 112°21′38″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Nares Bank	11°35′N 116°15′E	Reed Tablemount			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
North East Shoal	8°31′N 115°15′E	SE Dangerous Ground
North Luconia Shoals	5°39′N 112°28′E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
South Luconia Shoals	5°05′N 112°40′E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
North Reef (Spratly Islands)	11°28′N 114°23′E	North Danger Reef			Unoccupied, near Northeast Cay
North Viper Shoal	8°02′N 115°23′E	SE Dangerous Ground
South Viper Shoal	7°30′N 115°00′E	ESE Dangerous Ground
Owen Shoal	8°9′N 111°58′E	-			Unoccupied, near Bombay Castle
Pennsylvania North Reef	10°48′N 116°51′E	Reed Tablemount			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Pennsylvania South Reef /Magat Salamat Reef	10°23′N 116°34′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Reed Bank	11°20′N 116°50′E	Reed Tablemount			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Richmond Reef	5°3′0″N 112°39′52″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Royal Captain Shoal	9°01′N 116°40′E	ESE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Royal Charlotte Reef	6°57′N 113°35′E	SW Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, near , China Coast Guard regular patrol
Sabina Shoal	9°45′N 116°28′E	SE Dangerous Ground			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands)	11°04′N 114°13′E	Thitu Reefs			Unoccupied, near Thitu Island
Sandy Shoal	11°02′N 117°38′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Seahorse Breakers	5°30′N 112°35′E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Seahorse Shoal	10°48′N 117°47′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Southern Bank (Spratly Islands)	10°28′N 116°45′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Stag Shoal	8°27′N 112°57′E	-
Stigant Reef	5°1′28″N 112°28′45″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Tagpi	10°33′N 116°56′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Templar Bank	11°01′N 117°17′E	NE Dangerous Ground-			Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Third Thomas Shoal	10°54′N 115°56′E	NE Dangerous Ground
Thitu Reef	11°05′N 114°23′E	Thitu Reefs			Unoccupied, near Thitu Island
Trident Shoal	11°24′N 114°40′E	Trident & Lys
Tripp Reef	5°28′30″N 112°28′30″E	Luconia Shoals			Unoccupied, near
Western Reef	10°14′N 113°38.33′E	W of Tizard Banks
Whitson Reef	09°59′N 114°39′E	Union Banks			Unoccupied, China Coast Guard regular patrol

Occupied features

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Location of the major islands in Spratly Islands

Legend：
 Republic of China 1：Taiping 2：Zhongzhou
 People's Republic of China 1：Yongshu 2：Meiji 3：Zhubi 4：Huayang 5：Nanxun 6：Chiguo 7：Dongmen
 Vietnam 1：Southwest Cay 2：Sand Cay 3：Namyit Island 4：Sin Cowe Island 5：Spratly Island 6：Amboyna Cay 7：Grierson Reef
8：Central London Reef 9：Pearson Reef 10：Barque Canada Reef 11：West London Reef 12：Ladd Reef 13：Discovery Great Reef
14：Pigeon Reef 15：East London Reef 16：Alison Reef 17：Cornwallis South Reef 18：Petley Reef 19：South Reef
20：Collins Reef 21：Lansdwone Reef 22：Bombay Castle 23：Prince of Wales Bank 24：Vanguard Bank 25：Prince Consort Bank
26：Grainger Bank 27：Alexandra Bank 28：Orleana Shoal 29：Kingston Shoal
 Philippines 1：Flat Island 2：Lankiam Cay 3：Loaita Cay 4：Loaita Island 5：Nanshan Island 6：Northeast Cay 7：Thitu Island
8：West York Island 9：Commodore Reef 10：Irving Reef 11：Second Thomas Reef
 Malaysia 1：Swallow Reef 2：Ardasier Reef 3：Dallas Reef 4：Erica Reef 5：Investigator Shoal 6：Mariveles Reef

 Brunei 1：Louisa Reef

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Taiping Island / Itu Aba[4][33]	太平島 Tàipíng Dǎo	10°22′30″N 114°22′0″E - Part of Tizard Banks. The largest of the Spratly islands, and one of the few islands in the South China Sea with its own source of fresh water. Located about 22 miles (35 km) south-southwest of Philippine-occupied Loaita (Kota) Island and about 6 miles (10 km) west of Vietnam-occupied Sand Cay. Covered with shrubs, coconut and mangroves. 600 soldiers stationed, lighthouse,[34] radio and weather stations, concrete landing jetty and two wells at the SW end. Guano deposits, fringing reef. Hainan fishermen used to visit annually. In August 1993, plans were announced for a 2 km-long airstrip and a fishing port. The now only 1150-meters-long airstrip was completed in January 2008.[35] Pineapple was once cultivated here. Occupied since September 1956, four months after Filipino Tomas Cloma claimed the islands.	46
	Ligaw[36]
	Đảo Ba Bình
	Other names:	Ligao, Huángshānmǎ Jiāo (黃山馬礁), Huángshānmǎ Zhì (黃山馬峙), Nagashima (長島)
Ban Than Reef / Zhongzhou Reef[4]	中洲礁 Zhongzhou Jiao	10°23′10″N 114°24′49″E - Part of Tizard Banks. Lies 3 miles (5 km) east of Itu Aba Island and 3 miles (5 km) west of Vietnamese occupied Sand Cay. Small drying reef.[4] "Construction project" underway since March 1995.[37]	0
	Bãi Bàn Than
Total		1 island, 1 reef	46

People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Cuarteron Reef[4][33]	华阳礁 Huayang Jiao	8°53′00″N 112°51′05″E - Part of London Reefs. Natural features Coral rocks only. Highest are 1.5 m high, on the north. Occupation before land reclamation Occupied by PRC since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.[38] Land reclamation Intelligence reports of November 2014 suggest the reef has been transformed into an island of yet unknown size, due to PRC's land reclamation activities.[2] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.231 km2 and appeared complete.[39]	0	23.1 ha[39]
	Calderon
	Đá Châu Viên
Fiery Cross Reef / Northwest Investigator Reef[4][33]	永暑礁 Yongshu Jiao	9°37′N 112°58′E - West of Union Banks Natural features Rocks up to 1 m high. [5] says all below high tide, but guano deposits disagree. Occupation before land reclamation Occupied by PRC since 1988. "Marine observation station" built by PRC in 1988; PRC built a navy harbor by blasting, piling up and cementing coral; coconut, fir, and banyan trees planted. As of 2011, designated the PRC main command headquarters; equipped with satellite data transmission, surface and air search radars; armed with at least four high-powered naval guns and several gun emplacements.[38] Land reclamation Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island 3,000m long and 200-300m wide due to PRC land reclamation activities.[2] In February 2015, land reclamation was already estimated having reached 2.3 km^2, turning the reef to the largest landmass in Spratly islands.[40] The reclaimed area was estimated to have grown to 2.65 km2 in April 2015.[14] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 2.74 km2 and appeared complete.[39]	0	274 ha[39]
	Kagitingan
	Đá Chữ Thập
Gaven Reefs[4][33]	南薰礁 Nanxun Jiao (Northern reef) / Xinan or Duolu Jiao (Southern reef)	10°12′48″N 114°13′9″E - Part of Tizard Banks. Natural features A sand dune, 2 m high. Has fringing reef plus a reef 2 miles (3 km) to the south, both covered at high tide. Occupation before land reclamation Southern reef was occupied by PRC on 7/4/92. Occupied since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.[38] Land reclamation Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island of yet unknown size due to PRC land reclamation activities.[2] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.136 km2 and appeared complete.[39]	0	13.6 ha[39]
	Burgos
	Đá Ga Ven (N. reef) / Đá Lạc (S. reef)
Hughes Reef[4][33]	东门礁 Dongmen Jiao	9°55′N 114°30′E - Part of Union Banks. Natural features Lies 9 miles (14 km) to the east of Sin Cowe Island. Naturally above water at least at low tide. Occupation before land reclamation Occupied since 1988. Has a lighthouse[41] on top of a two storied Chinese defence outpost.[42] Land reclamation Imagery captured on 24 January 2015 shows 0.75 km^2 of reclaimed land and the construction of a large facility in progress.[43] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.76 km2 and appeared complete.[39]	0	7.6 ha[39]
	Đá Tư Nghĩa
Johnson South Reef[4][33]	赤瓜礁 Chigua Jiao	9.71389°N 114.286°E - Part of Union Banks. Natural features Contiguous with Vietnam-occupied Collins Reef which lies 4 miles (6 km) away northwest. Naturally above water only at low tide, but many rocks above water at high tide. Occupation before land reclamation Site of 1988 PRC/Vietnam clash. Occupied since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.[38] Land reclamation Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island about 500m by 200m due to PRC land reclamation activities.[2] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.109 km2 and appeared complete.[39]	0	10.9 ha[39]
	Mabini
	Đá Gạc Ma
Mischief Reef[4][33]	美济礁 Meiji Jiao	9°55′N 115°32′E - East of the centre of Dangerous Ground. Natural features Some rocks above water at low tide. Has a large lagoon. Occupation before land reclamation In February 1995, PRC had built a wooden complex on stilts here, starting its formal occupation of the feature. In 1999, the Philippines protested over the expanded structures claiming that it is a military outpost and it poses danger to Philippine security and national defense, being 130 miles (209 km) from Palawan. PRC claimed it was a shelter for fishermen. By 2011, the "shelters" were equipped with satellite communications and radars, and the reef had four building complexes with 13 multi-storey buildings. Fifty Chinese Marines are permanently stationed there.[38] Land reclamation In March 2015, it was detected that the PRC had started land reclamation activities on the reef.[44] By April 2015, the reclaimed area had rapidly grown to almost 2.5 km2, and further reclamation was on-going around the reef.[14] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 5.58 km2 and appeared nearing completion.[39]	0	558 ha[39]
	Panganiban[36]
	Đá Vành Khăn
Subi (Zhubi) Reef [4][33]	渚碧礁 Zhubi Dao	10°54′48″N 114°03′43″E - West of Thitu Reefs. Natural features Lies 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Philippine-occupied Thitu Island (Pagasa Island). Naturally above water only at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon. Occupation before land reclamation As of 2011, PRC has built a permanent reef fortress and supply platform that can house 160 troops. This garrison has a helipad and is armed with four twin barrel 37-millimeter naval guns. Houses a doppler weather radar.[38] Land reclamation Intelligence reports of March 2015 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island about 1.8 km^2 due to PRC land reclamation activities.[3] In April 2015, the reclaimed area was about 2.27 km2 and growing.[14] Two months later, the reclaimed area had grown to 3.87 km2.[45] Later in June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 3.95 km2 and appeared nearing completion.[39]	0	395 ha[45]
	Zamora
	Đá Xu Bi
Total		7 reefs of which 7 have artificial islands	0	1350.6 ha

Republic of the Philippines

Republic of the Philippines

Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Flat Island[33][4]	Patag[36]	10°49′00″N 115°49′20″E The fourteenth largest Spratly island. About 6 miles (10 km) southwest of Philippine-occupied Lawak Island (Nanshan Island). It changes its shape seasonally; the sand build up depends largely on the direction of prevailing wind and waves - the island has taken an elongated shape, the shape of a crescent moon, and the shape of a letter "S". Like Panata Island (Lankiam Cay), it is also barren of any vegetation. No underground water source is found in the island. Presently, the island serves as a military observation post for the Municipality of Kalayaan. A low, flat, sandy cay, 240m by 90m, subject to erosion. No vegetation. Several soldiers stationed.	0.57
	费信岛 費信島 Feixin Dao
	Đảo Bình Nguyên
Lankiam Cay[4][33]	Panata[36]	The sixteenth largest and the smallest Spratly island. Located 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Philippine-occupied Kota Island (Lankiam Cay). A few years ago this island has a surface area of more than 5 hectares but strong waves brought by a strong typhoon washed out the sandy surface (beach) of the island leaving behind today the calcarenite foundation that can be seen at low tide. Several soldiers stationed. Part of Loaita Banks.	0.44
	杨信沙洲 杨信沙洲 Yangxin Shazhou
	Đá An Nhơn
Loaita Cay[4][33]	Melchora Aquino[36]	The fifteenth largest Spratly island. It's located about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northwest of Philippine-occupied Loaita Island, just west of the north of Dangerous Ground. The island is a low, flat, sandy cay, and is subject to erosion. It changes its shape seasonally. The sand build up depends largely on the direction of prevailing winds and waves; it has taken an elongated shape for some years. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1968. Part of Loaita Banks.	0.53
	南钥沙洲 南钥沙洲 Nanyao Shazhou
	Đảo Loại Ta Tây
Loaita Island[4][33]	Kota[36]	The tenth largest Spratly island. Located 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Philippine-occupied Pag-asa Island (Thitu Island) and 22 miles (35 km) north-northeast of the ROC-occupied Taiping Island. It fringes the Laoita bank and reef. Its calcarenite outcrop is visible along its western side at low tide. The present shape of the island indicates sand buildup along its eastern side. The anchor-shaped side will eventually connect with the northern portion as the sand buildup continues thereby creating another mini-lagoon in the process. The presence of migrating sea birds adds to the high phosphorus contents of the sand found in the island. Occasionally, giant sea turtles are reported to be laying their eggs in the island. Covered with mangrove bushes, above which rose coconut palms and other small trees. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1968. Part of Loaita Banks.	6.45
	南钥岛 南鑰島 Nanyue Dao
	Đảo Loại Ta
Nanshan Island[4][33]	Lawak[36]	10°45′N 115°49′E The eighth largest Spratly island. Located 98.0 miles (157.7 km) east of Pag-asa (Thitu Island). This island is a bird sanctuary. Its surroundings are highly phosphatized that superphosphate materials can be mined out on a small-scale basis. Near the fringes of the breakwaters (approx. 2 miles (3 km) from the island), intact hard coral reefs were observed to retain their natural environment and beautiful tropical fishes were seen colonizing these coral beds of varying colors. Covered with coconut trees, bushes and grass. 580 m long, on the edge of a submerged reef. Several soldiers stationed. Has a small airstrip.	7.93
	马欢岛 馬歡島 Mahuan Dao
	Đảo Vĩnh Viễn
Northeast Cay[4][33]	Parola[36]	11°28′N 114°21′E The fifth largest Spratly island. Only 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of Vietnamese-occupied Southwest Cay and can be seen before the horizon. Located 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Philippine-occupied Pag-asa (Thitu Island). Some of its outcrops are visible on its western side. It has high salinity groundwater and vegetation limited to beach type of plants. The corals around the island were mostly destroyed by rampant use of dynamite fishing and cyanide method employed by foreign fishing boats in the past. Covered with grass and thick trees. Much of the ringing reef is above water at high tide. Supported a beacon in 1984. Has Guano deposits. Several soldiers stationed. Satellite photography suggests it may have an airstrip.[46] Occupied since 1968. Part of North Danger Reef.	12.7
	北子岛 Beizi Dao 北子礁 Beizi Jiao
	Đảo Song Tử Đông
Thitu Island[4][33]	Pag-asa[36]	The second largest Spratly island. Serves as the poblacion for the Municipality of Kalayaan, Palawan, Phils. It is covered with trees and has a variety of fauna. It is home to some 300+ civilians (including children) and over 50 soldiers. Other islands are expected to be populated before 2010. Population is regulated to protect the islands' flora and fauna and to avoid tension with other countries. It has 1.4 km airstrip, a marina, water filtering plant, power generator and a commercial communications tower (by Smart Communications), school, and television channel. The Philippines' Department of Tourism is making improvements to the island to make it profitable. Occupied since 1968. Part of Thitu Reefs.	37.2
	中业岛 中業島 Zhongye Dao
	Đảo Thị Tứ
West York Island[4][33]	Likas[36]	11°05′N 115°01′E The third largest Spratly island. This island is located 47 miles (76 km) northeast of Pag-asa (Thitu Island). Outcrops are visible on the southern and eastern portion of the island during low tides. This island is considered a sanctuary for giant sea turtles that lay their eggs on the island all year round. The high salinity of the ground water in the island retards the growth of introduced trees like coconuts, ipil-ipil, and other types. Only those endemic to the area that are mostly beach type of plants thrive and survive the hot and humid condition especially during the dry season. Has an observation post. Several soldiers stationed.	18.6
	西月岛 西月島 Xiyue Dao
	Đảo Bến Lạc (Đảo Dừa)
Commodore Reef[4][33]	Rizal[36]	A sand "cay", 0.5 m high, surrounded by two lagoons. Parts of reef above water at high tide. It is a typical reef lying underwater and is now being manned by a military contingent based and established in the area. Some structures. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1978.	0
	司令礁 司令礁 Siling Jiao
	Đá Công Đo
	Terumbu Laksamana
Irving Reef[4]	Balagtas	Naturally above water only at low tide. A very small cay lies at northern end. Some structures. Several soldiers stationed.	0
	火艾礁 火艾礁 Huo'ai Jiao
	Đá Cá Nhám
Second Thomas Reef / shoal[47]	Ayungin[36]	A shallow reef. It is close to Chinese-occupied Mischief Reef. It was occupied by the Philippines in 1999, after the 1995 controversial Chinese occupation of Mischief Reef, to put pressure on China not to occupy any features further which lie near the Philippines.	0
	仁爱礁 Ren'ai Jiao 仁愛暗沙 Ren'ai Ansha
	Bãi Cỏ Mây
Total		8 islands, 3 reefs	84.42

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Southwest Cay[4][33]	Pugad	11°28′N 114°21′E The sixth largest Spratly island. Only 1.75 miles (2.82 km) from Northeast Cay and can be seen before the horizon. Previously a breeding place for birds and covered with trees and guano. Export of guano was once carried out "on a considerable scale." Fringing reef partly above water at high tide. Vietnam erected its first lighthouse in the Spratlys here in October 1993[34] and built an airstrip. Has a three-story building, garrisoned by soldiers. Philippine military controlled the island before the early 1970s. South Vietnamese forces (Republic of Vietnam) invaded the island in 1975, when Filipino soldiers guarding the island attended the birthday party of their commanding officer based in the nearby Northeast Cay. A confirmed report came out that Vietnamese prostitutes were sent by Vietnamese officials to the birthday party, supposedly a sign of good brotherhood between the forces, but was actually used to lure the Filipino soldiers guarding the island. Filipino forces apparently planned on attacking the island, thus it would have led to a war, but Vietnamese forces were able to erect a huge garrison in the island within few weeks, forcing Filipino officials to abort the plan. Since then, more soldiers were assigned to Parola Island (North East Cay), to avoid it from happening again. This was confirmed by interviews with soldiers involved in an episode of the defunct ABS-CBN's Magandang Gabi Bayan (Good Evening Nation) program. See Policies, activities and history of the Philippines in Spratly Islands#Southwest Cay invasion for more details. Part of North Danger Reef.	12
	南子岛 Nanzi Dao 南子礁 Nanzi Jiao
	Đảo Song Tử Tây
Sand Cay[4][33]	Bailan	10°23′N 114°29′E The ninth largest Spratly island. Lies 6 miles (10 km) to the east of Taiwan-occupied Taiping Island. Covered with trees and bushes. Fringing reef partly above water at low tide. This feature is commonly confused with Sandy Cay. Occupied since 1974. Part of Tizard Banks.	7
	敦谦沙洲 敦謙沙洲 Dunqian Shazhou
	Đảo Sơn Ca
Namyit Island[4][33]	Binago[36]	10°11′N 114°22′E The twelfth largest Spratly island. Covered with small trees, bushes and grass. Has a fringing reef and is inhabited by sea birds. The island is inhabited by an unknown number of Vietnamese soldiers and in the deep waters fronting the south side it is said that a submarine base is situated. Occupied since 1975.Part of Tizard Banks.	5.3
	鸿庥岛 Hongxiu Dao
	Đảo Nam Yết
Sin Cowe Island[4][33]	Rurok[36]	9°52′N 114°19′E The seventh largest. Has fringing reef which is above water at low tide. Occupied since 1974. Part of Union Banks.	8
	景宏岛 Jinghong Dao
	Đảo Sinh Tồn
Spratly Island / Storm Island[4][33]	Lagos	8°38′N 114°25′E The fourth largest Spratly island. 2.5 m high, flat. Covered with bushes, grass, birds and guano. 5.5 m-high obelisk at southern tip. Has landing strip, and a fishing port. Fringing reef is above water at low tide. Some structures with soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1974.	13
	南威岛 Nanwei Dao
	Đảo Trường Sa
Amboyna Cay[4][33]	Datu Kalantiaw[36]	07°54′N 112°55′E The thirteenth largest Spratly island. 2m high. Two parts: East part consists of sand and coral, west part is covered with guano. Has fringing reef. An obelisk, about 2.7 m high, stands on the SW corner. Little vegetation. Lighthouse operational since May 1995.[34] Heavily fortified.[4]	1.6
	安波沙洲 Anbo Shazhou
	Đảo An Bang
	Pulau Amboyna Kecil
Grierson Reef[4]	Julian Felipe	A sand cay with fringing reef.[48] (Despite some ambiguity in various references, this is NOT Sin Cowe East Island.[49]) Its sand bar area is about 12 hectares. Part of Union Banks.	0
	染青沙洲 Ranqing Shazhou
	Đảo Sinh Tồn Đông
Central London Reef[4][33]	Gitnang Quezon[36]	08°59′N 112°21′E SW part is a sandbank which barely submerges at high tide. The rest is coral reef, awash, surrounding a lagoon. Occupied since 1978. Part of London Reefs.	0
	中礁 Zhong Jiao
	Đảo Trường Sa Đông
Pearson Reef[4][33]	Hizon[36]	Two sand "cays", 2 m and 1 m high, lie on the edges of a lagoon. Parts of the surrounding reef are above water at high tide. Occupied since 1988.	0
	毕生礁 Bisheng Jiao
	Đảo Phan Vinh
Barque Canada Reef / Lizzie Weber Reef[4][33]	(Barque Canada Reef) Magsaysay	8°10′N 113°18′E Coral. Highest rocks are 4.5 m high, at SW end. Much of reef is above water at high tide. Some sandy patches. 18 miles (29 km) long. Its military structures have been upgraded. Occupied since 1987.[4]	0
	(Lizzie Weber Reef) Mascarado
	柏礁 Bai Jiao, Liwei Dao
	Bãi Thuyền Chài
	Terumbu Perahu
West London Reef[4][33]	Kanlurang Quezon[36]	East part is sand "cay", 0.6 m high. West part is coral reef which is above water only at low tide. Between them is a lagoon. Vietnam erected a lighthouse here in May or June 1994.[34] Part of London Reefs.	0
	西礁 Xi Jiao
	Đá Tây
Ladd Reef[33]	日积礁 Riji Jiao	Naturally above water at low tide. Has coral lagoon. Occupied since 1988.	0
	Đá Lát
Great Discovery Reef[4][33]	Paredes	Several rocks are above water at high tide. Most of reef is above water at low tide. Has lagoon. Occupied since 1988.	0
	大现礁 Daxian Jiao
	Đá Lớn
Pigeon Reef / Tennent Reef[4][33]	Lopez-Jaena	Numerous rocks are naturally above the high tide line. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988.	0
	无乜礁 Wumie Jiao
	Đá Tiên Nữ
East London Reef[4][33]	Silangang Quezon[36]	Rocks up to 1 m high. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. Part of London Reefs.	0
	东礁 Dong Jiao
	Đá Đông
Alison Reef[4][33]	De Jesus[36]	8°51′N 114°00′E Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon.[4]	0
	六门礁 Liumen Jiao
	Đá Tốc Tan
Cornwallis South Reef[4][33]	Osmeña	Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988.	0
	南华礁 Nanhua Jiao
	Đá Núi Le
Petley Reef[4][33]	Juan Luna	Naturally above water only at low tide, some small rocks might stand above high water. Occupied since 1988. Part of Tizard Banks.	0
	舶兰礁 Bolan Jiao
	Đá Núi Thị
South Reef[4][33]	Timog	Lies about 2.5 miles (4 km) southwest of Vietnam-occupied Southwest Cay. A tiny cay appears atop this reef on the most detailed map available. On the southwest end of North Danger Reef. Fringing reef is above water at low tide. Occupied since 1988. Part of North Danger Reef.	0
	奈罗礁 Nailuo Jiao
	Đá Nam
Collins Reef / Johnson North Reef[4]	Roxas	09°46′N 114°15′E Lies 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Vietnam-occupied Sin Cowe Island. Connected to Johnson South Reef. A "coral dune" is located at the southeast corner, above the high tide line. Part of Union Banks.	0
	鬼喊礁 Guihan Jiao
	Đá Cô Lin
Lan(d)sdowne Reef[4][33]	Pagkakaisa	Sand dune, with fringing reef. Part of Union Banks.	0
	琼礁 Qiong Jiao
	Đá Len Đao
Rifleman Bank (containing Bombay Castle)[4]	南薇滩 Nanwei Tan	Shallowest natural depth is 3 m, called Bombay Castle. Sand and coral. Occupied since 1989.	0
	Bãi Vũng Mây
Prince of Wales Bank	广雅滩 Guangya Tan	Shallowest natural depth is 7 m. Has corals. Occupied since 1989.	0
	Bãi Phúc Tần
Vanguard Bank[4]	万安滩 Wan'an Tan	Shallowest natural depth is 16 m. Vietnam has run three "economic technological service stations" in this area since July 1994. Occupied since 1989.	0
	Bãi Tư Chính
Prince Consort Bank[4]	西卫滩 Xiwei Tan	Shallowest natural depth is 9 m. Occupied since 1990.	0
	Bãi Phúc Nguyên
Grainger Bank[4]	李准滩 Lizhun Tan	Shallowest natural depth is either 9 m or 11 m. Occupied since 1991.	0
	Bãi Quế Đường
Alexandra Bank	人骏滩 Renjun Tan	Shallowest natural depth is 5 m. Occupied since 1991.	0
	Bãi Huyền Trân
Orleana Shoal	奥南暗沙 Aonan Ansha		0
	Bãi Đất
Kingston Shoal	金盾暗沙 Jindun Ansha		0
	Bãi Đinh
Total		6 islands, 15 reefs, 6 banks, 2 shoals	46.9

Malaysia

Note that the Royal Malaysian Navy have established 5 Offshore naval stations (Offshore EEZ Stations) on reclaimed land:[50]

• 1983 Station Lima (Swallow Reef)
• 1986 Station Uniform (Ardasier Reef)
• 1986 Station Mike (Mariveles Reef)
• 1999 Station Sierra (Erica Reef)
• 1999 Station Papa (Investigator Shoal)

Malaysia

Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Swallow Reef/ Island[4][33]	Celerio	The eleventh largest Spratly island. Treeless cay and rocks up to 3 m high surround a lagoon. Malaysia has drawn territorial seas around this and Amboyna Cay. Some 70 plus soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Lima". Has a 1.4 km airstrip, jetty and dive resort. Occupied since 1983.	6.2	~35ha
	弹丸礁 彈丸礁 Danwan Jiao
	Đá Hoa Lau
	Terumbu Layang Layang
Ardasier Reef[4][33]	Antonio Luna[36]	07°38′N 113°56′E Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Has a few sandy patches. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Uniform". Occupied since 1986.[4]	0
	光星仔礁 光星仔礁 Guangxingzai Jiao
	Bãi Kiêu Ngựa
	Terumbu Ubi
Dallas Reef[4]	Rajah Matanda	Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed. Malaysia is also using this reef for tourism.	0
	光星礁 Guangxing Jiao
	Đá Suối Cát
	Terumbu Laya
Erica Reef / Enloa Reef[51]	Gabriela Silang[36]	Above water only at low tide. Some isolated rocks on the eastern edge stand above high water. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Sierra". Occupied since 1999.	0
	簸箕礁 簸箕礁 Boji Jiao
	Đá Én Ca
	Terumbu Siput
Investigator Shoal[51]	Pawikan[36]	Above water only at low tide. Some large rocks at the western end are visible at high water. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Papa". Occupied since 1999.	0
	榆亚暗沙 榆亞暗沙 Yuya Ansha
	Bãi Thám Hiểm
	Terumbu Peninjau
Mariveles Reef[4][33]	Mariveles	A sand cay, 1.5–2 m high, surrounded by two lagoons, parts of which are above water at high tide. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Mike". Occupied since 1986.	0
	南海礁 南海礁 Nanhai Jiao
	Đá Kỳ Vân
	Terumbu Mantanani
Total		1 island, 4 reefs, 1 shoal	6.2

Brunei

Note that Louisa Reef was controlled by Brunei since 2009

Brunei

Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Louisa Reef[4]	南通礁 南通礁 Nantong Jiao	Rocks 1 m high. Malaysia operates a lighthouse here.[34]	0
	Terumbu Semarang / Barat Kecil
Total		1 reefs	0

Unoccupied but largely controlled by China

Unoccupied but largely controlled by China

China
Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Hallet Reef	安乐礁 Anle Jiao 安樂礁	near Hughes Reef	0	0
	Đá Bình Sơn
McKennan Reef	西门礁 Ximen Jiao 西門礁	near Hughes Reef	0	0
	Đá Ken Nan
Eldad Reef	安达礁 Anda Jiao 安達礁	China Coast Guard regular patrol	0	0
	Đá Ken Nan
First Thomas Shoal	信义礁 Xinyi Jiao 信義暗沙 Xinyi Ansha	China Coast Guard regular patrol 9°20′N 115°57′E - SE of Mischief Reef A few rocks are permanently above sea level. Much of the reef is above water at low tide. Encloses a lagoon.	0	0
	Bulig[36]
	Bãi Suối Ngà
Whitson Reef[4]	牛轭礁 Niu'e Jiao 牛軛礁	China Coast Guard regular patrol Part of Union Banks. Some rocks naturally above water at high tide. Part of Union Banks.	0	0
	Đá Ba Đầu

Unoccupied but largely controlled by Vietnam

Unoccupied but largely controlled by Vietnam

Vietnam
Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Loveless Reef	华礁 Hua Jiao 華礁	near Sin Cowe Island	0	0
	Đá Nghĩa Hành
Jubilee Bank	朱应滩 Zhuying Tan 朱應灘	near Ladd Reef	0	0
	Mỹ Hải (bãi ngầm)
Johnson Patch	常骏暗沙 Changjun Ansha 常駿暗沙	near Bombay Castle	0	0
	Bãi Vũng Mây (tức là)
Owen Shoal	奥援暗沙 Aoyuan Ansha	near Bombay Castle Shallowest natural depth is 6 m.	0	0
	Chim Biển (bãi ngầm)

Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines

Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines

The reefs, shoals, etc. to the east of the 116°E meridian are closely guarded by the Philippine Navy and Air Force. Though not occupied, the Philippines asserts control over these features which are less 100 miles (160 km) from the Palawan west coast (note: Scarborough Shoal is 100 miles (160 km) from Zambales west coast). There are many Filipino fishermen in this region, who cooperate closely with the Philippine Navy. Non-Filipino fishermen are tolerated in this region, provided that they comply with Philippine laws. The press in the Philippines have reported many arrests of Chinese fishermen by the Philippine Navy because of illegal fishing methods and catching of endangered sea species, both in this region and in the Sulu Sea. Philippine military presence in this region intensified after the 1995 Mischief Reef incident. The Philippine Air Force has been active in striking even the markers set up by other countries to guide the latter's naval forces in this region.
Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Amy Douglas Bank / Reef	Mahiwagang Diwata	Lies north of Palawan Passage. Awash at low tide.	0
	安塘滩 Antang Tan, 安塘礁 Antang Jiao
	Cụm Hồ Tràm
Bombay Shoal	Abad Santos[36]	9°26′N 116°55′E Several rocks are exposed at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon.[4]	0
	蓬勃暗沙 Pengbo Ansha
	Bãi Cái Mép
Boxall Reef	Rajah Sulayman	8°51′N 114°00′E Above water only at low tide. No lagoon.[4]	0
	牛车轮礁 Niuchelun Jiao
	Đá Long Điền
Carnatic Shoal	Sikatuna		0
	红石暗沙 Hongshi Ansha
	Bãi Rạch Lấp
Half Moon Shoal	Hasa-hasa[36]	Several rocks on the eastern side rise one to two feet above high tide. Encloses a lagoon. Reports in February 2016 indicate the Philippine control of the reef might have ended.[52]	0
	半月礁 Banyue Jiao
	Bãi Trăng Khuyết
Hardy Reef	Sakay	Naturally above water only at low tide. Surrounds a narrow strip of sand.	0
	半路礁 Banlu Jiao
	Đá Phật Tự
Hopkins Reef	火星礁 Huoxing Jiao		0
	Đá Hợp Kim
Investigator Northeast Shoal	Dalagang Bukid	Lies only a few miles west of Palawan. Naturally above water at low tide.	0
	海口礁 Haikou Jiao
	Bãi Phù Mỹ
Iroquois Reef	Del Pilar	Lies east of both Philippine-occupied Nanshan Island and Flat Island. Above water only at low tide.	0
	鲎藤礁 Houteng Jiao
	Đá Khúc Giác
Leslie Bank	Urduja		0
	勇士滩 Yongshi Tan
	Bãi Vĩnh Tuy
Lord Auckland Shoal	Lapu-Lapu	+	0
	莪兰暗沙 Elan Ansha
	Bãi Na Khoai
Pennsylvania North Reef	阳明礁 Yangming Jiao		0
	Đá Gò Già
Pennsylvania South Reef	東坡礁 Dongpo Jiao		0
Reed Tablemount (including Nares Bank and Marie Louise Bank)	Recto[36]	Shallowest natural depth is 9 m. About 2,500 square miles (6,500 km^2) in area. The Philippines occupied this feature in 1971 and a Philippine-Sweden joint oil-exploration followed afterwards.[4] However, China protested this act of the Philippines saying that this tablemount which center lies 100 miles (160 km) from the Philippines is part of China's territories. After that, the Philippines tried asking China for a joint effort but China declined, arguing that the Philippines has no right in this feature. Presently, this feature is largely controlled by the Philippines.	0
	礼乐滩 Liyue Tan
	Bãi Cỏ Rong
Royal Captain Shoal	Kanduli[36]	A few rocks are above water at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon.	0
	舰长礁 Jianzhang Jiao
	Bãi Đồi Mồi
Sabina Shoal	Escoda	It encloses two lagoons, naturally above water at low tide. Lies east of the Philippine-occupied Second Thomas Reef.	0
	仙宾礁 Xianbin Jiao
	Bãi Sa Bin (Bãi Chóp Mao)
Sandy Shoal	Mabuhangin		0
	神仙暗沙 Shenxian Ansha
	Bãi Hữu Độ
Seahorse Shoal / Seashore Shoal / Routh Bank	Baybayin Dagat	Lies north of Palawan Passage	0
	海马滩 Haima Tan
	Bãi Thạch Sa
Stag Shoal	Panday Pira		0
	隐遁暗沙 Yindun Ansha
Southern Bank / Reef	Katimugan	A group of features located south of Reed Tablemount. The reef includes: Magat Salamat Reef, Tagpi, Hubo Reef, and Katimugan Banks/Reef. The area is largely controlled and used for fishing by the Philippines due to its proximity to Flat Island and Nanshan Island.	0
	南方浅滩 Nanfang Qiantan
	Bãi Nam
Templar Bank	Dalag[36]		0
	忠孝滩 Zhongxiao Tan
	Bãi Rạch Vang

Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines

The reefs, shoals, etc. to the west of the 116°E meridian
Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)	Reclaimed area
Loaita Nan	双黄沙洲 Shuanghuang Shazhou 雙黃沙洲	near Loaita Cay	0	0
	Bãi Loại Ta Nam
North Reef (Spratly Islands)	贡士礁 Zhuying Jiao 貢士礁	near Northeast Cay	0	0
	Đá Bắc
Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands)	铁线礁 Tiexiang Jiao 鐵線礁	near Thitu Island	0	0
	Đá Hoài Ân
Thitu Reef	铁峙礁 Tiezhi Jiao 鐵峙礁	near Thitu Island Above water only at low tide. Located northeast of Thitu Island and unnamed on most maps. Part of Thitu Reefs	0	0
	Đá Vĩnh Hảo

Unoccupied but largely controlled by Malaysia

Unoccupied but largely controlled by Malaysia

Malaysia claims a portion of the South China Sea together with 11 islands and other marine features in the Spratly group on the basis that they are within its continental shelf. These shoals lie off the North-Western coast of Sarawak over an area of 100 km; as such, they are largely controlled by Malaysia.
Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Sea area	Land area
North Luconia Shoals	北康暗沙 Beikang Ansha	Friendship Shoal (Chinese: 盟谊暗沙), Hardie Reef (Chinese: 海康暗沙), Aitken Reef (Chinese: 义净礁), Buck Reef (Chinese: 法显暗沙), Moody Reef (Chinese: 康西暗沙), Seahorse Breakers (Chinese: 南安礁), Tripp Reef (Chinese: 北安礁), Hayes Reef (Chinese: 南屏礁)	1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi)[53]	0
	Gugusan Beting Raja Jarum
South Luconia Shoals	南康暗沙 Nankang Ansha	Stigant Reef (Chinese: 海安礁), Connell Reef (Chinese: 隐波暗沙), Herald Reef (Spratly Islands) (Chinese: 海宁礁), Comus Shoal (Chinese: 欢乐暗沙), Richmond Reef (Chinese: 潭门礁), Luconia Breakers (Chinese: 琼台礁)	900 square kilometres (350 sq mi)[53]	0
	Gugusan Beting Patinggi Ali
James Shoal[54]	曾母暗沙 Zengmu Ansha	Shallowest natural depth is 17.5 m.	0	0
	Beting Serupai
Ardasier Bank	安渡滩 Andu Tan 安渡灘	near	0	0
	?
Royal Charlotte Reef	皇路礁 Huanglu Jiao	near , China Coast Guard regular patrol	0	0
	?

Unoccupied features

Not Occupied by any Country

These are the unoccupied features. Some sources say that some of these features are occupied by Vietnam or China, but most sources say that they are not occupied. "Occupation" is possibly confused because the said reefs are very close to other occupied features. There are many unoccupied features in the Spratly chain. The current Code of Conduct prohibits any country from acquiring new features. Many of these features are actually in between and/or near two or more occupied features of different countries. Thus, they serve like buffer zones. Example of this is Jones Reef which lies almost exactly between PRC-occupied Hughes Reef and Vietnamese-occupied Higgens Reef.
Int'l Name	Local Names	Description	Area (ha.)
Alicia Annie Reef	Arellano[36]	09°25′N 115°26′E A sand "cay", 1.2 m high. Many rocks above high tide line. Reef encloses a lagoon.[4]	0
	仙娥礁 Xian'e Jiao
	Đá Suối Ngọc
Coronation Bank	康泰滩 Kangtai Tan		0
Discovery Small Reef	Burgos Reef	Above water only at low tide.	0
	小现礁 Xiaoxian Jiao
	Đá Nhỏ
Director Reef / Shoal	Tamban		0
	指向礁 Zhixiang Jiao
Dhaulle Shoal	逍遥暗沙 Xiaoyao Ansha		0
	Bãi Nguyệt Sương
Ganges Reef	Palma		0
	恒礁 Heng Jiao
Glasgow Bank	Aguinaldo	Some sources say this area is occupied by the Philippines due to its proximity to the Commodore Reef.	0
	双礁 Shuang Jiao
	Bãi ngầm Tam Thanh
Hopps Reef	Diego Silang	Above water only at low tide. Part of Southampton Reefs.	0
	禄沙礁 Lusha Jiao
	Đá Lục Giang
Jones Reef	漳溪礁 Zhangxi Jiao	Lies 5 miles (8 km) south of McKennan Reef. Small reef, partly above water only at low tide. Part of Union Banks.	0
	Đá Văn Nguyên
Livock Reef	(NE part) Jacinto	Above water only at low tide. Some rocks still visible at high tide. Part of Southampton Reefs.	0
	(SW part) Bonifacio
	三角礁 Sanjiao Jiao
	Đá Long Hải
Lys Shoal	Bisugo		0
	乐斯暗沙 Lesi Ansha
	Bãi Núi Cầu
Menzies Reef	Rajah Lakandula[36]	Awash at low tide. Part of Loaita Bank.	0
	蒙自礁 Mengzi Jiao
	Đá An Lão
North East Shoal	Ponce	Lies only a few miles north of Commodore Reef. Above water only at low tide.	0
	校尉暗沙 Xiaowei Ansha
	Bãi Ngũ Phụng
North Viper Shoal	Maya-maya		0
	都护暗沙 Duhu Ansha
South Viper Shoal	Tomas Claudio		0
	保卫暗沙 Baowei Ansha
Trident Shoal	Tatlong-tulis		0
	永登暗沙 Yongdeng Ansha
	Bãi Đinh Ba

Claimed features by country but occupied by other country

Claimed features by country but occupied by other country

The PRC, the ROC and Vietnam claim all of the Spratly Island Chain, including some features that are just 50 km from other countries like the Philippines and Malaysia. The Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei have claims on parts of the area. Here are the islands claimed but are not occupied by these three countries (flags refer to the country currently occupying the feature):

Philippines: Itu Aba Island , Amboyna Cay , Namyit Island , Sand Cay , Sin Cowe Island , Sin Cowe East Island , Southwest Cay , Spratly Island Proper , Pigeon Reef , South Reef , Ardasier Reef , Erica Reef , Investigator Shoal , Mariveles Reef , Swallow Reef/Island , Mischief Reef , Subi Reef and all of features to the east of the 116°E meridian (unoccupied) (see Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines subtable).

Malaysia: Amboyna Cay , Barque Canada Reef , Commodore Reef , Louisa Reef and Royal Charlotte Reef (unoccupied)

Brunei: Rifleman Bank and Owen Shoal ( uncertain)

Others

Baker Reef / Gongzhen Jiao

10°43.5′N 116°10′E Awash at low tide.[4]

References

1. At one time Lankiam Cay (Panata) had an area of more than 5 hectares, but a severe typhoon and accompanying strong waves washed away the sand on the cay leaving behind the underlying coral base with an area of less than half a hectare.
2. AFP and Minnie Chan (22–23 Nov 2014). "US asks China to stop building Spratlys island which could host airfield". Retrieved 22 Nov 2014.
3. China Daily Mail (11 March 2015). "South China Sea: China reclaims land on yet another reef, to show disregard to US, Vietnam and Philippines". Retrieved 6 April 2015.
4. "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". www.southchinasea.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
   - Version dated 19 August 2011 is available at: "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". www.southchinasea.org. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2014. This list includes the names of all Spratly features known to be occupied and/or above water at low tide.
5. https://amti.csis.org/itu-aba-tracker/
6. https://amti.csis.org/spratly-island/
7. https://amti.csis.org/southwest-cay/
8. https://amti.csis.org/sin-cowe-island/
9. "Sandcastles of their own: Vietnamese Expansion in the Spratly Islands".
10. https://amti.csis.org/sand-cay/
11. https://amti.csis.org/vietnams-island-building/
12. http://www.businessinsider.com/vietnam-building-islands-in-south-china-sea-2016-5/#sin-cowe-island-2006-2016-3
13. https://amti.csis.org/west-reef/
14. Victor Robert Lee (25 April 2015). "South China Sea: China's Unprecedented Spratlys Building Program". The Diplomat. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2016-10-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2016-10-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
17. http://amti.csis.org/fiery-cross-reef/
18. http://amti.csis.org/cuarteron-reef/
19. http://amti.csis.org/gaven-reefs/
20. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-10-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
21. "China builds fortress on disputed reef". The Times. 20 Feb 2015.
22. http://amti.csis.org/hughes-reef/
23. https://amti.csis.org/pearson-reef/
24. Sailing Directions (Enroute), Pub. 161: South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (PDF). Sailing Directions. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2017. p. 11-17.
25. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93044 NW of Dangerous Ground
26. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93045 NE Dangerous Ground
27. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93046 Most of the SE of Dangerous Ground. The missing portion of the SE is covered by chart 93048 and the top corner of chart 92006.
28. Chart 93048 is not easily available on-line
29. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=92006 SE Spratlys, Brunei, North Borneo and Southern Philippines
30. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93047 SW Dangerous Ground
31. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93049 South and West of Dangerous Ground
32. Note that the sea in the area 10-12°N, west of 113°E is mostly at least 1000m deep until approaching the Vietnam coast, and hence contains no maritime features of interest. Refer to charts: 93020, 93022, 93030, and 93044. Areas south of 10°N and west of 113°E are covered by charts 93020, 93022, 93030 and 93049.
33. "Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands". GlobalSecurity.org. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
34. Russ Rowlett (15 November 2013). "Lighthouses of the Spratly Islands". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
35. CNA (Central News Agency) (29 January 2008). "Taiwan completes military airstrip on Spratly Islands". Taiwan News. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
36. "Place Keywords by Country/Territory– Pacific Ocean (without Great Barrier Reef)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2003. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
37. "No Spratlys agreement between ASEAN, PRC", FBIS-EAS-95-065, 5 Apr 1995, p.41
38. DJ Sta. Ana, China builds more Spratly outposts, May 24, 2011, The Philippine Star.
39. Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative - Island Tracker. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
40. Ethan Rosen (22 Feb 2015). "What is China Building in the South China Sea?". www.bellingcat.com. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
41. "Lighthouses maintained by China". Lighthouses of the Spratly Islands. University of North Carolina. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
42. "Photo : Hughes reef outpost and lighthouse". Panoromio. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
43. Imagery shows progress of Chinese land building across Spratlys. Retrieved 06 April 2015.
44. China starts work on Mischief Reef land reclamation. Retrieved 06 April 2015.
45. Victor Robert Lee (19 June 2015). "South China Sea: Satellite Images Show Pace of China's Subi Reef Reclamation". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
46. Possible airstrip on Northeast Cay at 11°27'12.79"N 114°21'21.61"E
47. No comprehensive list of Philippine-occupied Spratly islands is easily available. A web search can confirm that Ayungin Reef is occupied by the Philippines
48. redirects to "Aerial photo [114.5614E, 9.9010N], [114.5665E, 9.9038N] (Grierson Reef)". nlc.maps.arcgis.com.
49. redirects to "Aerial photo [114.4814E, 9.8461N], [114.5019E, 9.8573N] (Sin Cowe East Island)". nlc.maps.arcgis.com.
50. "Royal Malaysian Navy - Offshore EEZ Stations". 9 May 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
51. Erica Reef and Investigator shoal were occupied by Malaysia in 1999. A web search can confirm the occupation of these two features
52. China takes another fishing ground near Palawan Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
53. Hancox, David; Prescott, Victor (1995). A geographical description of the Spratly Islands and an account of hydrographic surveys amongst those islands (Maritime briefing). University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 21. ISBN 978-1897643181.
54. In January 2014, PRC entered James Shoal unopposed. Chinese ships patrol area contested by Malaysia. Retrieved 2014-02-11.

External links

• Department of Land Administration (2005). "2005-19. 海南諸島礁名稱 Location of Islands on South China Sea" (in Chinese and English). Department of Social Affairs, Ministry of the Interior (Republic of China). Archived from the original (MS Excel) on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2014. An MS Excel file containing a list of 170 maritime features in the South China Sea, including their latitudes and longitudes.