List of presidents of the Philippines

Under the present Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and the head of government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[4] The president is directly elected by qualified voters of the population to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as president for more than six years is barred from running for the position again. Upon an incumbent president's death, permanent disability, resignation, or removal from office, the vice president assumes the post.[5]

Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the President.[note 1] Built in 1750, it has become a prominent symbol of and metonym for the office.

Line of succession

Prior to the presidential governance, the Philippines was governed by a succession of Spanish military generals during colonization of Spain. The military governors were appointed by the Spanish royals to govern the civil government of the archipelago.

In the waning years of Spanish dominion in the Philippines, a Philippine Revolution occurred. This led to the establishment of a brief revolutionary government. This occurred while Spain and the United States were both engaged in a war for control of the Philippine islands. The Americans defeated the Spanish forces,seized control of the islands and undermined the revolutionary government.

Earlier under the American colonization, the president of the United States appointed four military generals. It later transferred the civil governance to an appointed governor-general, both under the Insular and Commonwealth periods. The Philippines then was considered as an overseas territory of the United States.

Presidency

While the line of succession of presidency is formally recognized starting with the ascension to power of Emilio Aguinaldo as a revolutionary president, it does not mean however, that the Philippines did not have a civil government prior to the Philippine Revolution.

Spain had a civilian colonial government established in the Philippine islands for over four centuries spearheaded by a governor appointed by the viceroy of Mexico. The governor run the colonial government in behalf of the Spanish crown.

Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.[6][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).[4] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,[7] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[8]

In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,[9] established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for re-election,[12] as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years.[4] A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II.[13] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;[14] his de facto presidency,[15] not legally recognized until the 1960s,[16] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.[4]

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Picar when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86),[4] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972.[17] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.[4]

Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon[18] and Manuel Roxas[19]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57[20]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.

Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.

Political affiliations

The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each individual.

Key

Party		English name	Abbreviation
	Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas	Association for Service to the New Philippines	KALIBAPI
	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	New Society Movement	KBL
	Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino	Struggle of the Patriotic Filipino Masses	LAMMP
	Lakas ng Tao–Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino–Christian Muslim Democrats	People Power–Partner of the Free Filipino–Christian Muslim Democrats	Lakas–Kampi–CMD
	Lakas ng Tao–National Union of Christian Democrats	People Power–National Union of Christian Democrats	Lakas–NUCD
	Liberal Party		Liberal
	Nacionalista Party	Nationalist Party	Nacionalista
	Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan	Philippine Democratic Party–People's Power	PDP–Laban
	United Nationalist Democratic Organization		UNIDO
	Independent	N/A

No. [note 2][subnote 2] With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively.[4][24]</ref>	Portrait	President (Birth–Death)	Term of office [note 4] Upon the death of the fifth president, Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino became the sixth president even though he simply served out the remainder of Roxas' term and was not elected to the presidency in his own right.</ref>			Political party		Election	Vice president		Era
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Emilio Aguinaldo (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964)[10][11]	January 23, 1899	March 23, 1901 ^[1][note 5]</ref> [note 6]</ref>	2 years, 59 days		Independent [25]	1899	None ^[2][note 7]		First Republic [24]
American Governor-Generals, appointed by the President of the United States, governed the Philippines as an Insular Area.
2		Manuel L. Quezon (August 19, 1878 – August 1, 1944)[27][28][29][12]	November 15, 1935 [note 8]	August 1, 1944^[3][note 9] [note 10]	8 years, 260 days		Nacionalista	1935	Sergio Osmeña		Commonwealth [24]
								1941
3		Jose P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959)[30][31]	October 14, 1943 [note 11]	August 17, 1945 [note 12]</ref> [note 6]	1 year, 307 days		KALIBAPI [note 13]	1943	None ^[2][note 14]		Second Republic [24]
4		Sergio Osmeña (September 9, 1878 – October 9, 1961)[36][37][12]	August 1, 1944	May 28, 1946 [note 15] [note 16]	1 year, 300 days		Nacionalista	1941	Vacant ^[4][note 17]		Commonwealth [24]
5		Manuel Roxas (January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948)[39][40][41]	May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948^[3][note 18]	1 year, 323 days		Liberal [note 19]	1946	Elpidio Quirino
											Third Republic[24][note 20]
Vacant April 15–17, 1948[44]									Vacant ^[4][note 17]
6		Elpidio Quirino (November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956)[45][46][41][47]	April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953 [note 15]	5 years, 257 days		Liberal ^[6][note 21]
								1949	Fernando Lopez^[7]
7		Ramon Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 – March 17, 1957)[48][49][50]	December 30, 1953	March 17, 1957 ^[3][note 22]	3 years, 77 days		Nacionalista	1953	Carlos P. Garcia
8		Carlos P. Garcia (November 4, 1896 – June 14, 1971)[52][53][50][54]	March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961 [note 15]	4 years, 287 days		Nacionalista		Vacant ^[4][note 17]
								1957	Diosdado Macapagal
9		Diosdado Macapagal (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997)[55][56][57]	December 30, 1961	December 30, 1965 [note 15]	4 years, 0 days		Liberal	1961	Emmanuel Pelaez
10		Ferdinand Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989)[58][59][60][61][62]	December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986 ^[8][note 15] [note 23]</ref>	20 years, 57 days		Nacionalista	1965	Fernando Lopez [note 24]
								1969 [note 25] [note 26]</ref>
									None ^[2][note 27]		Martial law
							KBL
								1981 [note 28]			Fourth Republic [24][note 29]
11		Corazon Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009)[67][68][63]	February 25, 1986 [note 30]	June 30, 1992	6 years, 126 days		UNIDO^[9]	1986	Salvador Laurel^[9]
											Fifth Republic [24][note 31]
							Independent
12		Fidel V. Ramos (born March 18, 1928) (92 years)[70][71][72]	June 30, 1992	June 30, 1998	6 years, 0 days		Lakas	1992	Joseph Estrada^[10]
13		Joseph Estrada (born April 19, 1937) (83 years)[73][74][75]	June 30, 1998	January 20, 2001 ^[11][note 32] [note 6]	2 years, 204 days		LAMMP	1998	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
14		Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born April 5, 1947) (73 years)[77][78][75][79]	January 20, 2001	June 30, 2010	9 years, 161 days		Lakas^[12]		Vacant
									Teofisto Guingona Jr.
								2004	Noli de Castro [note 33]
15		Benigno Aquino III (born February 8, 1960) (60 years)[80][81][82]	June 30, 2010	June 30, 2016	6 years, 0 days		Liberal	2010	Jejomar Binay^[13]
16		Rodrigo Duterte (born March 28, 1945) (75 years)[83]	June 30, 2016	Incumbent	4 years, 218 days		PDP–Laban	2016	Leni Robredo

1. ^a Term started with the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic, and ended when Aguinaldo was captured by US forces in Palanan, Isabela, during the Philippine–American War.
2. ^{a b c} The constitution in force didn't provide for a vice president.
3. ^{a b c} Died in office
4. ^{a b c} The constitution in force didn't provide a mechanism for appointment of a vice president in times of vacancy.
5. ^a Roxas and Quirino ran as candidates of the "Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party", this "Liberal wing" later seceded and formed the Liberal Party in 1947.
6. ^a The Liberal Party was split into two wings for the 1949 election. Quirino headed primary wing, while Jose Avelino headed the other.
7. ^a Lopez won the 1949 vice presidential election as nominee of the Liberal Party. He was later named as vice presidential nominee of the Democratic Party for the 1953 election, but when their presidential candidate Carlos P. Romulo withdrew, he also withdrew to run for a Senate seat instead.
8. ^a Marcos was deposed in the People Power Revolution.
9. ^{a b} UNIDO was dissolved in 1987. Aquino nominally was an independent for the rest of her term, while Laurel was an independent, then became the standard bearer of the resurrected Nacionalista Party.
10. ^a Estrada was the candidate of the Nationalist People's Coalition in the 1992 vice presidential election, then founded the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino as his presidential vehicle in 1998.
11. ^a Estrada was ruled to have resigned by the Supreme Court during the Second EDSA Revolution.
12. ^a Arroyo won the 1998 vice presidential and 2004 presidential election as the nominee of Lakas-NUCD-UMDP. This merged with the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI), the party Arroyo founded, in 2009, to form Lakas Kampi CMD.
13. ^a Binay won the 2010 vice presidential election as nominee of the PDP–Laban, but left the party to become an independent, then founded the United Nationalist Alliance in the run-up to the 2013 Senate election.

Timeline

See also

• President of the Philippines
  • List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines
  • First Lady or Gentleman of the Philippines
• Vice President of the Philippines
  • List of vice presidents of the Philippines
• Prime Minister of the Philippines
• Constitution of the Philippines
• Timeline of Philippine history
• List of current heads of state and government
• Heads of state and government of the Philippines
• List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
• List of recorded datu in the Philippines
• Governor-General of the Philippines
• Filipino styles and honorifics

Notes

1. The President has three official residences, with the Malacañang Palace Complex as the principal abode and workplace.[1] The other two are Mansion House in Baguio, the official summer residence,[2] and Malacañang sa Sugbo (Malacañang of Cebu), the official residence in Cebu.[3]
2. In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,[21] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,[22] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo[23] and José P. Laurel's[16] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 1] Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the country's first president.[6][23]
3. Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.[10][11]
4. For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, Manuel L. Quezon was elected in two consecutive terms and is counted as the second president (not the second and third).[subnote 3]
5. Term ended when Aguinaldo was captured by US forces in Palanan, Isabela, during the Philippine–American War.[4][subnote 4]
6. Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.[subnote 5]
7. The Malolos Constitution did not provide for a vice president.[26]
8. Term began with the formal establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth.[9][subnote 3]
9. Died, in office, of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.[18]
10. Term was originally until 15 Nov 1943, due to constitutional limitations as provided by the 1940 amendment of the 1935 Constitution, which shortened the terms of the president and the vice president from six to four years but allowed re-election.[subnote 5] Quezon was not intended to serve the full four years of the second term he won in the 1941 election because a ten-year presidency would have been considered excessive. In 1943, however, due to World War II, he and Vice President Osmeña, who was also re-elected, had to take an emergency oath of office, extending their tenure.[4][12]
11. Term began with the establishment of Japan's puppet Second Republic after it occupied the Philippines during World War II.[13][32] The Commonwealth continued its existence as a government in exile in Australia and the United States.[9][33] The Philippines had two concurrent presidents by this time:[4] a de jure (the Commonwealth president) and a de facto (Laurel).[15] Because of his status, he was not considered a legitimate president by the government succeeding the second republic until the 1960s.[16]
12. Term ended when he dissolved the Second Republic in the wake of Japan's surrender to the Allies two days prior.[16][32][subnote 2] The Commonwealth was re-established in the Philippines,[13] with Sergio Osmeña as the fourth president.[4][subnote 6]
13. Previously affiliated with the Nacionalista Party,[30] but was elected by the National Assembly under the Japanese-organized KALIBAPI, a "non-political service organization" as it described itself.[34] All pre-war parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI.[13][16]
14. The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.[26][35]
15. Unseated (lost re-election).[subnote 5]
16. Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful.
17. Prior to the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled.[5][38] Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Constitution when she appointed Teofisto Guingona Jr.
18. Died, in office, of a heart attack in Clark Air Base, Pampanga.[19]
19. The Liberal Party was not yet a party in itself at the time, but only a wing of the Nacionalista Party.[41] It split and became a separate party by 1947.[42]
20. The Third Republic began when the Philippine Commonwealth ended on 4 July 1946.[4][43]
21. The Liberal Party was split into two opposing wings for the 1949 election: the Avelino wing, led by presidential aspirant José Avelino, and the Quirino wing.[47]
22. Died, in office, in a plane crash in Mount Manunggal, Cebu.[20][51]
23. Deposed in the People Power Revolution.[subnote 7][63] The events led to the People Power Revolution on February 22–25, which forced Marcos to leave to exile in Hawaii and installed Aquino to the office.[64][65][63]
24. Term ended upon Marcos' declaration of martial law.[26][subnote 8][subnote 9]
25. Imposed martial law, as a self-coup, on September 23, 1972, through Proclamation No. 1081, shortly before the end of his second and final term in 1973.[subnote 8] General Order No. 1, which detailed the transfer of all powers to the president, was also issued, enabling Marcos to rule by decree.[17]
26. Served concurrently as prime minister from June 12, 1978 to June 30, 1981.[58][subnote 9] the vice presidency was abolished and the presidential succession provision was devolved to the prime minister.[26]
27. The 1973 Constitution was amended through a plebiscite held on January 27, 1984 to re-establish the vice presidency.[26][66][subnote 9]
28. The 1973 Constitution, as amended in 1981, did not place restrictions on re-election.[subnote 5]
29. Martial law was lifted by Ferdinand Marcos on January 17, 1981 through Proclamation No. 2045,[17] marking the beginning of the Fourth Republic.[43]
30. Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election.[subnote 7]
31. Corazon Aquino promulgated a provisional constitution called the 1986 Freedom Constitution on March 25, 1986.[69] It remained in effect until it was supplanted by the current constitution on February 2, 1987,[69] which ushered the Fifth Republic.[4]
32. The Supreme Court declared Estrada had resigned and thus vacate the office of the president following the Second EDSA Revolution.[76]
33. Allied with the Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (Coalition of Truth and Experience for Tomorrow).[79]

Subnotes

1. The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in Asia, remained unrecognized by any country until the Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor, which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.<ref>"Proclamation No. 533, s. 2013". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
2. The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September 17, 1945. Its laws were considered null and void; despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.
3. Emilio Aguinaldo would be counted as the second president if he had won the 1935 election because the presidency was abolished and remained defunct until November 15, 1935. During that period, the executive power was exercised by the Governor-General of the US military government and the Insular Government, the precursor of the Philippine Commonwealth.<ref name='Agoncillo281'>Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 281
4. Aguinaldo took the oath of allegiance to the US nine days later, effectively ending the republic.<ref name='Tuckerp496'>Tucker 2009, p. 496
5. Before the ratification of the 1981 amendment of the 1973 Constitution, which removed the limit on re-election to the office for another six-year term, presidents were elected to a four-year term with the possibility of re-election, as the amended 1935 Constitution specified: "No person shall serve as [p]resident for more than eight consecutive years." When the 1987 Constitution was imposed and, in effect, superseded the previous constitutions, the president is no longer eligible for any re-election. It does, however, allow a person who had assumed the presidency to seek for a full six-year term if he or she has not yet "served as such for more than four years".<ref name='1987con'>"The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
6. The Commonwealth had already been temporarily restored in Tacloban on October 23, 1944, during the Battle of Leyte, before it was proclaimed "reestablished as provided by law" on February 27, 1945.<ref>MacArthur, Douglas (February 27, 1945). "Speech of General Douglas MacArthur upon turning over to President Sergio Osmena the full powers and responsibilities of the Commonwealth Government under the Constitution". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
7. Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino both took their oath of office on February 25, 1986. In effect, the Philippines again had two simultaneous presidents, albeit for nine hours only. Marcos was proclaimed on February 15 the winner of the widely denounced February 7 snap election, which he called after opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., his chief rival and Corazon's husband, was assassinated in 1983. However, in a separate NAMFREL tally dated February 16, Aquino was found the actual duly-elected president.<ref>"1986 Tally Board". National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections. February 16, 1986. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
8. Accounts differ on when martial law was officially established. While sources such as Raymond Bonner have written that Proclamation No. 1081 was signed on September 23, 1972, Primitivo Mijares, a former journalist for Marcos, and the Bangkok Post stated that it was on September 17, only postdated to September 21 because of Marcos' numerological beliefs that were related to the number seven. Marcos claimed to have signed it on September 21, and as of 9 p.m. Philippine Standard Time (UTC+08:00) on September 22, the country was under martial law. He formally announced it in a live television and radio broadcast on September 23. The official date when martial law was set was on September 21 (because it was a date that was divisible by seven), but September 23 is generally considered the correct date because it was when the nation was informed and thus the proclamation was put into full effect.
9. On January 17, 1973, while martial law was still in effect, the 1973 Constitution was ratified, which suspended the 1935 Constitution and ended the Third Republic. What Marcos called a New Society (Bagong Lipunan) began, introducing a parliamentary form of government;<ref>Sicat, Gerardo P. (September 23, 2015). "Marcos and his failure to provide for an orderly political succession". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 9, 2016. The transitional nature of the political system according to the 1973 Constitution was left undefined in view of the martial law government. This constitution adopted a British-style parliamentary system.

References

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Works cited

• Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros C. (1970). History of the Filipino People (3rd ed.). Malaya Books.
• Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
• Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (2005) [1898]. The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Compiled, edited, and translated into English by Sulpicio Guevara. Manila: National Historical Institute (published 1972). ISBN 971-538-055-7 – via University of Michigan Library.
• Philippine Electoral Almanac (PDF) (Revised and expanded ed.). Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2 – via Internet Archive.
• Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. 1 (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.

External links

• Presidential Website
• Office of the President of the Philippines
• Presidential Museum and Library
• Philippines at worldstatesmen.org