Loquat

The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a large evergreen shrub or tree, grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves for tea (known as "biwa cha" in Japan), and also cultivated as an ornamental plant.

This article is about a species of flowering plants called Japanese medlar. For other uses, see Medlar. For the band, see Loquat (band).

Loquat
Loquat leaves and fruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Eriobotrya
Species:
E. japonica
Binomial name
Eriobotrya japonica
Synonyms[1]
  • Crataegus bibas Lour.
  • Mespilus japonica Thunb.
  • Photinia japonica (Thunb.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Asch. & Schweinf.
Loquat
Traditional Chinese蘆橘
Simplified Chinese芦橘
Modern Chinese name
Chinese枇杷

The loquat is in the family Rosaceae, and is native to the cooler hill regions of south-central China.[2][3] The loquat has been grown in Japan for over 1,000 years, and has been introduced to regions with subtropical to mild temperate climates throughout the world.[4][5]

Eriobotrya japonica was formerly thought to be closely related to the genus Mespilus, and is still sometimes known as the Japanese medlar. It is also known as Japanese plum[6] and Chinese plum,[7] as well as pipa in China, and nespolo in southern Italy (in the north that name is used for Mespilus germanicus).

Description

Eriobotrya japonica is a large evergreen shrub or small tree, with a rounded crown, short trunk and woolly new twigs. The tree can grow to 5–10 metres (16–33 ft) tall, but is often smaller, about 3–4 metres (10–13 ft). The fruit begins to ripen during spring to summer depending on the temperature in the area. The leaves are alternate, simple, 10–25 centimetres (4–10 in) long, dark green, tough and leathery in texture, with a serrated margin, and densely velvety-hairy below with thick yellow-brown pubescence; the young leaves are also densely pubescent above, but this soon rubs off.[8][9][10][11]

Ripe single seeded loquats

Fruit
Fruit structure

Loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the autumn or early winter, and the fruits are ripe at any time from early spring to early summer.[12] The flowers are 2 cm (1 in) in diameter, white, with five petals, and produced in stiff panicles of three to ten flowers. The flowers have a sweet, heady aroma that can be smelled from a distance.

Loquat fruits, growing in clusters, are oval, rounded or pear-shaped, 3–5 centimetres (1–2 in) long, with a smooth or downy, yellow or orange, sometimes red-blushed skin. The succulent, tangy flesh is white, yellow or orange and sweet to subacid or acid, depending on the cultivar.

Each fruit contains from one to ten ovules, with three to five being most common.[13] A variable number of the ovules mature into large brown seeds (with different numbers of seeds appearing in each fruit on the same tree, usually between one and four).

The fruits are the sweetest when soft and orange. The flavour is a mixture of peach, citrus and mild mango.

History and taxonomy
Loquats and a Mountain Bird, by an anonymous Chinese artist of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279).

The plant is originally from China, where related species can be found growing in the wild.[14][15][16][17] It has been cultivated there for over a thousand years. It has also become naturalised in Georgia, Armenia, Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bermuda, Chile, Kenya, India, Iran, Iraq, South Africa, the whole Mediterranean Basin, Pakistan, New Zealand, Réunion, Tonga, Central America, Mexico, South America and in warmer parts of the United States (Hawaii, California, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina). In Louisiana, many refer to loquats as "misbeliefs" and they grow in yards of homes.[18] Chinese immigrants are presumed to have carried the loquat to Hawaii and California.[19][20] It has been cultivated in Japan for about 1,000 years and presumably the fruits and seeds were brought back from China to Japan by the many Japanese scholars visiting and studying in China during the Tang Dynasty.

The loquat was often mentioned in medieval Chinese literature, such as the poems of Li Bai. Its original name is no longer used in most Chinese dialects, and has been replaced by pipa (枇杷), which is a reference to the fruit's visual resemblance to a miniature pipa lute.

The first European record of the species might have been in the 16th century by Michał Boym, a Polish jesuit, orientalist, politician and missionary to China. He described loquat in his Flora sinensis, the first European natural history book about China.[21] The common name for the fruit is from Portuguese nêspera (from the modified nespilus, originally mespilus, which referred to the medlar), (José Pedro Machado, Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa, 1967). Since the first contact of the Portuguese with the Japanese and Chinese dates also from the sixteenth century, it is possible that some were brought back to Europe, as was probably the case with other species like the hachiya persimmon variety.

Eriobotrya japonica was again described in Europe by Carl Peter Thunberg, as Mespilus japonica in 1780, and was relocated to the genus Eriobotrya (from Greek εριο "wool" and βοτρυών "cluster") by John Lindley, who published these changes in 1821.

The most common variety in Portugal is the late ripening Tanaka, where it is popular in gardens and backyards, but not commercially produced. In northern Portugal it is also popularly called magnório/magnólio, probably something to do with the French botanist Pierre Magnol. In Spain, the fruits are similarly called "nísperos" and are commercially exploited, Spain being the largest producer worldwide, after China, with 41,487t annually, half of which is destined to export markets.

Cultivation

Over 800 loquat cultivars exist in Asia. Self-fertile variants include the 'Gold Nugget' and 'Mogi' cultivars.[4] The loquat is easy to grow in subtropical to mild temperate climates where it is often primarily grown as an ornamental plant, especially for its sweet-scented flowers, and secondarily for its delicious fruit. The boldly textured foliage adds a tropical look to gardens, contrasting well with many other plants.

Loquat in flower. This is a cultivar intended for home-growing, where the flowers open gradually resulting in fruit also ripening gradually.
Fruit

There are many named cultivars, with orange or white flesh.[22] Some cultivars are intended for home-growing, where the flowers open gradually, and thus the fruit also ripens gradually, compared to the commercially grown species where the flowers open almost simultaneously, and the whole tree's fruit also ripens together.

Japan is the leading producer of loquats followed by Israel and then Brazil.[22] In Europe, Spain is the main producer of loquat.[23]

In temperate climates it is grown as an ornamental with winter protection, as the fruits seldom ripen to an edible state. In the United Kingdom, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[24][25]

In the US, the loquat tree is hardy only in USDA zones 8 and above, and will flower only where winter temperatures do not fall below 30 °F (−1 °C). In such areas, the tree flowers in autumn and the fruit ripens in late winter.[4] It is popular in the East, as well as the South.

However, Loquat has been reported to survive temperatures as cold as 12 °F (-11 °C) for short periods of time.[26] On the other side of the temperature spectrum, its unclear what maximum temperature Loquats can cultivate in. However, the loquat grows poorly if the temperature is "too tropical".[26]

Altitude is an important factor to consider as well. Loquats grow naturally anywhere from 3,000 to 7,000 feet.[26] However the right altitudes will vary depending on the temperature or how close it is to the equator. This contributes to why higher altitudes in China or the Andes mountains make excellent cultivating spots.[26][27]

China is one of the biggest countries that loquats grow natively and they grow wild in forests around the mountain. However, Loquats are cultivated on around 300,000 acres with hundreds of different varieties[28]

In the United States cultivation is not country wide typically with the southern states and western states taking most of the responsibility. Cultivating in the United States has not been very popular due to its lack of interest in markets.[28] However, the one advantage the Loquat has among others is its fruit becomes available in late April - early May around a time many other fruits aren't ready yet.[28][29]

Loquat grows differently in tropical climates, typically flowering 2-3 times a year.[29] Loquats usually mature 90 days after flower opening.[29]

Culinary and other use
Loquat on plate

The loquat has a high sugar, acid and pectin content.[30] It is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit cups. The fruits are also commonly used to make jam, jelly and chutney, and are often served poached in light syrup. Firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts.

The fruit is sometimes canned or processed into confections. The waste ratio is 30 percent or more, due to the seed size.

Other ways the Loquat can be used are in juices or smoothies. In South American countries like Ecuador for example, the loquat can be used for "batidos" and they are mixed with milk, ice, or other fruits.[26][28][31]

People sometimes compare the Loquat's flavor as a mashup of an apricot and a peach.[32] The loquat's sweetness contributes to its popularity as it has a lot of natural sweetness.[32]

Loquats are used commonly as a natural sweetener for many different types of food. It is used to make marmalade and jelly in some places across the world.[32] Many people use loquats to create sauces and other juices since the acidity goes well with the sweetness. This is another reason why it is popular to make pies and other pastries with it as well.[31][32]

Loquats are often eaten as a fresh fruit. Loquats need to have the seeds removed in order to be ready to eat. The seed not only takes up a lot of space similar to that of an avocado but it also is considered slightly poisonous.[29]

Some other uses for Loquat include making alcohol, animal feed, and medicine to counter vomiting and thirst.[29] The Loquat's trees and flowers also are used in different forms as well. The Loquat's wood is used as an alternative to pear wood and works well to make rulers/other writing instruments.[29] The Loquat's flowers are used to make perfume in places like Europe, although its yield is considered low. Powdered Loquat leaves are also used to treat diarrhea, depression, and even help to counteract intoxication from Alcohol.[29]

Ripe and unripe loquats

Alcoholic beverages

Loquats can also be used to make light wine. They are fermented into a fruit wine, sometimes using just crystal sugar and white liquor.

In Italy nespolino[33] liqueur is made from the seeds, reminiscent of nocino and amaretto, both prepared from nuts and apricot kernels. Both the loquat seeds and the apricot kernels contain cyanogenic glycosides, but the drinks are prepared from varieties that contain only small quantities (such as Mogi and Tanaka[34]), so there is no risk of cyanide poisoning.

Nutrition
Loquats, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy197 kJ (47 kcal)
12.14 g
Dietary fiber1.7 g
0.2 g
0.43 g
VitaminsQuantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
10%
76 μg
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.019 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.024 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.18 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.1 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
14 μg
Vitamin C
1%
1 mg
MineralsQuantity %DV†
Calcium
2%
16 mg
Iron
2%
0.28 mg
Magnesium
4%
13 mg
Manganese
7%
0.148 mg
Phosphorus
4%
27 mg
Potassium
6%
266 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
1%
0.05 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

The loquat is low in sodium and high in vitamin A, vitamin B6, dietary fiber, potassium, and manganese.[35]

Like most related plants, the seeds (pips) and young leaves of the plant are slightly poisonous, containing small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides (including amygdalin) which release cyanide when digested, though the low concentration and bitter flavour normally prevent enough being eaten to cause harm.

Etymology
A loquat leaf, shown at a high magnification, illustrating the general appearance of the leaf and the structure of the venation

The name loquat derives from lou4 gwat1, the Cantonese pronunciation of the classical Chinese: 蘆橘; pinyin: lújú, literally "black orange". The phrase "black orange" originally actually referred to unripened kumquats, which are dark green in color. But the name was mistakenly applied to the loquat we know today by the ancient Chinese poet Su Shi when he was residing in southern China, and the mistake was widely taken up by the Cantonese region thereafter.

Symbolism

In China, the loquat is known as the 'pipa' (枇杷) and because of its golden colour, represents gold and wealth. It is often one in a bowl or composite of fruits and vegetables (such as spring onions, artemisia leaves, pomegranates, kumquats, etc.) to represent auspicious wishes or the 'Five Prosperities' or wurui (五瑞).[36]

See also
  • Kumquat – although kumquats are not related botanically to loquats, the two names share an origin in their old Chinese names
  • Coppertone loquat, a hybrid of Eriobotrya deflexa (synonym: Photinia deflexa) and Rhaphiolepis indica

References
  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  2. "Loquat Fact Sheet". UC Davis College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences.
  3. "Flora of China". efloras.org.
  4. Staub, Jack (2008). 75 Remarkable Fruits For Your Garden. Gibbs Smith. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-4236-0881-3.
  5. "Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl". gbif.org. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  6. "Japanese Plum / Loquat". University of Florida, Nassau County Extension, Horticulture. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  7. Hunt, Linda M.; Arar, Nedal Hamdi; Akana. Laurie L. (2000). "Herbs, Prayer, and Insulin Use of Medical and Alternative Treatments by a Group of Mexican American Diabetes Patients". The Journal of Family Practice. 49 (3): 216–23. PMID 10735480. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29.
  8. Lindley, John (1821). "Eriobotrya japonica". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 13 (1): 102.
  9. Thunberg, Carl Peter. (1780). Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 3: 208, Mespilus japonica
  10. Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August & Schweinfurth, Georg August. (1887). Illustration de la Flore d'Égypte 73, Photinia japonica
  11. Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. (2014). Saururaceae a Zygophyllaceae. 2(3): ined. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F..
  12. "LOQUAT Fruit Facts". California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  13. "Loquat". Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  14. "Loquat, production and market" (PDF). First international symposium on loquat. Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes.
  15. Lin, S., Sharpe, R. H., and Janick, J. (1999). "Loquat: Botany and Horticulture" (PDF). Horticultural Reviews. 23: 235–236.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Li, G. F., Zhang, Z. K., and Lin, S. Q. "Origin and Evolution of Eriobotrya". ISHS Acta Horticulturae 887: III International Symposium on Loquat.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. Zhang, H. Z., Peng, S. A., Cai, L. H., and Fang, D. Q. (1990). "The germplasm resources of the genus Eriobotrya with special reference on the origin of E. japonica Lindl". 17 (1 ed.). Acta Horticulturae Sinica: 5–12. Archived from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-19. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. Bir, Sara, 1976– (2018). The fruit forager's companion : ferments, desserts, main dishes, and more from your neighborhood and beyond. White River Junction, Vermont. ISBN 9781603587167. OCLC 1005602236.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. Biota of North America Project, Eriobotrya japonica. bonap.net (2014)
  20. loquat, Eriobotrya japonica. Weeds of Australia, Queensland Biosecurity Edition
  21. Flora Chin. W: Edward Kajdański: Michał Boym: ambasador Państwa Środka. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1999, s. 183. ISBN 978-83-05-13096-7.(pol.)
  22. "LOQUAT Fruit Facts". Crfg.org. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  23. "Agroalimentación. El cultivo del Níspero". canales.hoy.es. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  24. "RHS Plant Selector Eriobotrya japonica (F) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  25. "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 36. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  26. "Loquat: A Fruit Tree Adaptable to Many Locations". ECHOcommunity. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  27. "Agroalimentación. El cultivo del Níspero". canales.hoy.es. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  28. "Market Watch: Above the ocean in Malibu, a rare orchard of loquats". Los Angeles Times. 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  29. "Loquat". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  30. California Rare Fruit Growers (1997). "Loquat". Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  31. "Ecuadorian Typical Food Restaurants direcotry in Quito, El Crater, El Nispero, el Pajonal, la Cueva del Oso and other Quito Ecuador typical food restaurant". www.getquitoecuador.com. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  32. "The loquat, San Francisco's secret fruit, is hidden in plain sight". Mission Local. 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  33. "World News – Eriobotrya_japonica". Cosplaxy.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  34. Siddiq, Muhammad (2012). Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Postharvest Physiology, Processing and Packaging. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1140–. ISBN 978-1-118-32411-0.
  35. "Wolfram-Alpha: Making the world's knowledge computable". Wolframalpha.com. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  36. Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery. Singapore: Tuttle, 2008, pp. 54-55.
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