Los Flamencos National Reserve

Los Flamencos National Reserve is a nature reserve located in the commune of San Pedro de Atacama, Antofagasta Region of northern Chile.[4] The reserve covers a total area of 740 square kilometres (290 sq mi) in the Central Andean dry puna ecoregion[5] and consists of seven separate sections.

Los Flamencos National Reserve (Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos)
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Salar de Tara
LocationAntofagasta Region, Chile
Nearest citySan Pedro de Atacama
Coordinates23°07′S 67°25′W
Area740 km²
Established1990
Governing bodyCorporación Nacional Forestal
Official nameSalar de Tara
Designated2 December 1996
Reference no.875[1]
Official nameSistema Hidrológico de Soncor del Salar de Atacama
Designated2 December 1996
Reference no.876[2]
Official nameSalar de Pujsa
Designated14 August 2009
Reference no.1871[3]

Climate

The reserve has a desert climate with the temperature varying dramatically between day (average temperature high is 25.3 °C (77.5 °F)) and night (average low is 3.7 °C (38.7 °F)).[6] Rain is more frequent in summer, with an average high of 3 millimetres.

Monthly Temperature
Month Low High Season
January 10 °C (50 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) Summer
February 9 °C (48 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Summer
March 5 °C (41 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) Summer
April 3 °C (37 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Fall
May 2 °C (36 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Fall
June 2 °C (36 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) Fall
July 4 °C (39 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) Winter
August 1 °C (34 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Winter
September 3 °C (37 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Winter
October 2 °C (36 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) Spring
November −1 °C (30 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) Spring
December 4 °C (39 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) Spring

Sections

Salar de Tara – Salar de Aguas Calientes
Salar de Tara
Piedras Rojas, salar de Aguas Calientes.
One of the "Monks of the Pacana", huge rock formations created by the erosion of the wind, near the Salar de Aguas Calientes.

This area is made up of two salt flats: Salar de Tara, located 120 kilometres east of San Pedro de Atacama and 440 kilometres northeast of Antofagasta, and Salar de Aguas Calientes, reaching an altitude of up to 4,860 meters above sea level.[7]

In 1996, Salar de Tara was designated a Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention. It features both permanent and seasonal lakes. The largest of these is Tara Lake, which is fed by the Zapaleri River.[8] Salar de Tara was formerly filled by an overflowing lake that covered 200 square kilometres (78 sq mi) of area and has left prominent shorelines, 24 of which are recognizable on the eastern side, as well as river deltas.[9]

Flora and fauna

The flora is characterized by the presence of high altitude wetland, as well as yellow straw, broom sedge, tola de agua and tola amaia (two species of parastrephia lepidophylla), and coirón (Festuca gracillima), which can be observed on flat and hilly terrain and on the slopes of volcanoes and hills Salar de Tara provides a habitat for various rare and endangered species of wildlife. Some, like the southern viscacha, vicuña and Darwin's rhea, are classified as endangered species. Others, such as Andean goose, horned coot, Andean gull, puna tinamou and the three flamingo species inhabiting in Chile (Andean flamingo, Chilean flamingo, and James's flamingo) are considered vulnerable. The conservation status of the tawny tuco-tuco and the Andean fox is unknown.[8] The latter lives in all the sections of the reserve.[10]

Wind erosion features occur in this area.

James flamingos

Salar de Pujsa
Laguna Miscanti and Cerro Miscanti

Salar de Pujsa is a salt flat located southwest of Salar de Tara, 83 kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama, and northeast of Acamarachi volcano. With a maximum altitude of 4,585 metres above sea level, Pujsa is considered the most isolated section in the reserve. The salt flat receives the waters of the Quepiaco and Alitar creeks and was listed as a Ramsar site in 2009.[11] Birds that migrate across the hemispheres use the salt flat and surrounding land as a staging area, including the Wilson's phalarope.[11]

Culpeo fox

The flora found here is similar to that found in the Tara and Aguas Calientes areas, characterized by high altitude wetland, yellow straw, broom sedge, tola de agua and tola amaia (two species of parastrephia lepidophylla), and coirón (Festuca gracillima), which can be observed on flat and hilly terrain. The fauna includes vizcachas, chululos, Andean foxes, cuyos, Andean flamingos, Chilean flamingos, ñandúes, Andean condors and eagles, among others.

Miscanti and Miñiques Lagoons
A path around Miscanti lake

A lava flow from an eruption of Miñiques volcano separated Laguna Miscanti from Laguna Miñiques.[12] Located 25 kilometers south of Socaire, 115 kilometers southeast of San Pedro de Atacama and 431 kilometers east of Antofagasta, this area comprises Miscanti Lagoon and Miñiques Lagoon, situated in the foothills of Cerro Miscanti and the Miñiques Volcano. The lagoons have an altitude of between 4,100 and 4,350 metres above sea level. This section is close to Salar de Talar and Laguna Lejía.

This portion of the reserve is home to a variety of birds, including the Andean flamingo, Chilean flamingo, horned coot, silvery grebe, Andean gull and greenish yellow finch.[13] Mammals include the vicuña, Andean fox, and Darwin's leaf-eared mouse.

Salar de Atacama
Salar de Atacama
Andean flamingo at Salar de Atacama

This area is formed by two sub-sections, Soncor and Quelana. Both comprise lagoons lying over the Salar de Atacama, the largest salt flat in Chile at an altitude of 2,305 metres with an extensive salt crust.[14]

Soncor section

The Soncor area includes the Chaxa, Puilar and Barros Negros lagoons. Despite the extreme conditions, the Salar de Atacama sustains a wide variety of species including Chilean and Andean flamingos (the latter using it as an important nesting site), the Andean avocet, the yellow-billed teal, the crested duck, the puna plover and Baird's sandpiper.[13] Various plant species ground around the edges of the lagoons, such as Distichlis spicata, Ephedra and cachiyuyo (a species of the genus Atriplex), among others. The Sistema hidrológico de Soncor (Soncor hydrological system), like the Salar de Tara, is a Ramsar protected site. It comprises four shallow salt lakes.[15]

Quelana section

Located 10 kilometres from the path to Chaxa lagoon, the Quelana section features extensive salt crust and saline mud. The terrain is flat with an average altitude of 2,300 metres.[16] It shares much of the same flora and fauna of the Soncor section, including the three species of flamingos present in Chile as well as eagles, swallows, burrowing owls and geese.

Valle de la Luna
Main article: Valle de la Luna (Chile)
Valley of the Moon

This section includes archaeological sites such as the village of Tulor as well as the Cordillera de la Sal mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 2,624 metres. The range was formed by the sequential folding of an old salt lake that eventually dried and was forced upwards by the movement of tectonic plates. White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossums can be found in this area.[10]

Tambillo

This section is to the nearest to San Pedro de Atacama and is characterized by an extended Tamarugo forest (Prosopis tamarugo) of 370 hectares, which is unique in this region.

Tambillo contains similar fauna to the other sections of the reserve, including the Andean flamingo, Chilean flamingo, horned coot, silvery grebe, Andean gull, greenish yellow finch, grey fox, Andean fox, chincol (Zonotrichia capensis), swallows, and falcons.

See also

References
  1. "Salar de Tara". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  2. "Sistema Hidrológico de Soncor del Salar de Atacama". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  3. "Salar de Pujsa". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  4. II región, Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos www.profesorenlinea.cl retrieved June 21, 2013
  5. Olson, D. M, E. Dinerstein; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933–938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 2011-10-14.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. https://chile.travel/en/intereses-destacados/national-parks-and-reserves/los-flamencos-national-reserve TRAVEL CHILE: LOS FLAMENCOS NATIONAL RESERVE Retrieved 29 November 2019
  7. Earth Info, earth-info.nga.mil webpage: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved 2007-04-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  8. Salar de Tara Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands.
  9. Stoertz, George E.; Ericksen, George Edward (1974). "Geology of salars in Northern Chile". Professional Paper. doi:10.3133/pp811. ISSN 2330-7102.
  10. "Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos". CONAF. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  11. "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chile". Ramsar. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  12. "Miñiques". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  13. http://web.mit.edu/edbert/Chile/
  14. San Pedro de Atacama: Queen of the Desert thisischile.cl August 02, 2011, retrieved August 11, 2013
  15. Soncor Basin Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands.
  16. Visitchile.com lagunas Miscanti Miniques data sheet www.visitchile.com retrieved June 07, 2013
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