Lucy Maud Montgomery

Lucy Maud Montgomery OBE (November 30, 1874 – April 24, 1942), published as L. M. Montgomery, was a Canadian author best known for a series of novels beginning in 1908 with Anne of Green Gables. The book was an immediate success. Anne Shirley, an orphaned girl, made Montgomery famous in her lifetime and gave her an international following.[1]

Lucy Maud Montgomery

OBE
L. M. Montgomery ca. 1935
Born(1874-11-30)November 30, 1874
Clifton, Prince Edward Island, Canada
DiedApril 24, 1942(1942-04-24) (aged 67)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
OccupationFiction writer
NationalityCanadian
EducationPrince of Wales College, Dalhousie University
Period1890–1940
GenreCanadian literature, children's novels, short fiction, poetry
Notable works
Spouse
Ewen ("Ewan") Macdonald
​
​
(m. 1911)​
ChildrenChester (1912–1963)
Hugh (1914–1914)
Stuart (1915–1982)

The first novel was followed by a series of sequels with Anne as the central character. Montgomery went on to publish 20 novels as well as 530 short stories, 500 poems, and 30 essays. Most of the novels were set in Prince Edward Island, and locations within Canada's smallest province became a literary landmark and popular tourist site – namely Green Gables farm, the genesis of Prince Edward Island National Park. She was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1935.

Montgomery's work, diaries and letters have been read and studied by scholars and readers worldwide.[2]

Early life
Lucy Maud Montgomery, 1884 (age 10)

Lucy Maud Montgomery was born in Clifton (now New London) in Prince Edward Island on November 30, 1874. Her mother, Clara Woolner Macneill Montgomery, died of tuberculosis (TB) when Lucy was twenty-one months old. Stricken with grief, her father, Hugh John Montgomery, placed Lucy in the custody of her maternal grandparents, though he remained in the vicinity.[3] However, when Lucy was seven, he moved to Prince Albert, North-West Territories (now Prince Albert, Saskatchewan).[4] From then on Lucy was raised by her grandparents, Alexander Marquis Macneill and Lucy Woolner Macneill, in the community of Cavendish, Prince Edward Island.

Montgomery's early life in Cavendish was very lonely.[5] Despite having relatives nearby, much of her childhood was spent alone. She created imaginary friends and worlds to cope with her loneliness, and Montgomery credited this time of her life with developing her creativity.[6] Montgomery's imaginary friends were named Katie Maurice and Lucy Gray who lived in the "fairy room" behind the bookcase in the drawing room.[7] During a church service, Montgomery asked her aunt where her dead mother was, leading her to point upwards.[8] Montgomery saw a trap door in the church's ceiling, which led her to wonder why the minister didn't just get a ladder to retrieve her mother up in the church's ceiling.[8]

In 1887, at age 13, Montgomery wrote in her diary that she had "early dreams of future fame." She submitted a poem for publication, writing, "I saw myself the wonder of my schoolmates – a little local celebrity." [9] Upon rejection, Montgomery wrote, "Tears of disappointment would come in spite of myself, as I crept away to hide the poor crumpled manuscript in the depths of my trunk." She would later write, "down, deep down under all the discouragement and rebuff, I knew I would 'arrive' some day."[9]

After completing her education in Cavendish, Montgomery spent one year (1890) in Prince Albert with her father and her stepmother, Mary Ann McRae.[4] While in Prince Albert, Montgomery's first work, a poem titled "On Cape LeForce,"[4][6] was published in the Charlottetown paper, The Daily Patriot. She was as excited about this as she was about her return to her beloved Prince Edward Island in 1891.[6] Before returning to Cavendish, Montgomery had another article published in the newspaper, describing her visit to a First Nations camp on the Great Plains.[10] Montgomery often saw Blackfeet and Plains Cree in Prince Albert, writing that she saw many Indians on the Prairies who were much more handsome and attractive than the ones she had seen in the Maritimes.[11]

However, her return to Cavendish was a great relief to her. Her time in Prince Albert was unhappy, for she did not get along with her stepmother.[12] According to Montgomery, her father's marriage was not a happy one.[13]

In 1893, she attended Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown to obtain a teacher's license. Montgomery loved Prince Edward Island.[14] During solitary walks through the peaceful island countryside, Montgomery started to experience what she called "the flash" – a moment of tranquility and clarity when she felt an emotional ecstasy, and was inspired by the awareness of a higher spiritual power running through nature.[14] Montgomery's accounts of this "flash" were later given to character Emily Byrd Starr in the "Emily of New Moon" trilogy, and also served as the basis for her descriptions of Anne Shirley's sense of emotional communion with nature.[14] In 1905, Montgomery wrote in her journal that "amid the commonplaces of life, I was very near to a kingdom of ideal beauty. Between it and me hung only a thin veil. I could never quite draw it aside, but sometimes a wind fluttered it and I seemed to catch a glimpse of the enchanting realm beyond--only a glimpse--but those glimpses have always made life worthwhile."[15] A deeply spiritual woman, Montgomery found the moments when she experienced "the flash" some of the most beautiful, moving and intense of her life.[15]

She completed the two-year teaching program in Charlottetown in one year.[4] Subsequently, in 1895 and 1896, she studied literature at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Writing career, romantic interests, and family life

Published books and suitors
Birthplace of Lucy Maud Montgomery

Upon leaving Dalhousie, Montgomery worked as a teacher in various Prince Edward Island schools. Though she did not enjoy teaching, it afforded her time to write. Beginning in 1897, her short stories were published in magazines and newspapers. A prolific writer, Montgomery published over 100 stories between 1897 and 1907.

During her teaching years, Montgomery had numerous love interests. As a highly fashionable young woman, she enjoyed "slim, good looks"[6] and won the attention of several young men. In 1889, at 14, Montgomery began a relationship with a Cavendish boy named Nate Lockhart. To Montgomery, the relationship was merely a humorous and witty friendship. It ended abruptly when Montgomery refused his marriage proposal.[16]

The early 1890s brought unwelcome advances from John A. Mustard and Will Pritchard.[17] Mustard, her teacher, quickly became her suitor; he tried to impress her with his knowledge of religious matters. His best topics of conversation were his thoughts on predestination and "other dry points of theology,"[18] which held little appeal for Montgomery. During the period when Mustard's interest became more pronounced, Montgomery found a new interest in Will Pritchard, the brother of her friend Laura Pritchard. This friendship was more amiable but, again, he felt more for Montgomery than she did for him.[19] When Pritchard sought to take their friendship further, Montgomery resisted. Montgomery refused both marriage proposals; the former was too narrow-minded,[20] and the latter was merely a good chum.[5] She ended the period of flirtation when she moved to Prince Edward Island. However, she and Pritchard did continue to correspond for over six years, until Pritchard died of influenza in 1897.[21]

In 1897, Montgomery received a proposal from Edwin Simpson,[4] who was a student in French River near Cavendish.[22][23] Montgomery wrote that she accepted his proposal out of a desire for "love and protection," and because she felt her prospects were rather poor.[5] Montgomery came to dislike Simpson, whom she regarded as intolerably self-centred and vain to the extent of feeling nauseated in his presence.[24] While teaching in Lower Bedeque, she had a brief but passionate affair with Herman Leard, a member of the family with which she boarded.[25] Of the men she loved, it was Leard she loved the most, writing in her diary:

"Hermann suddenly bent his head and his lips touched my face. I cannot tell what possessed me – I seemed swayed by a power utterly beyond my control – I turned my head – our lips met in one long passionate pressure – a kiss of fire and rapture such I had never experienced or imagined. Ed's kisses at the best left me cold as ice – Hermann's sent flame through every fiber of my being".[14]

On April 8, 1898, Montgomery wrote she had to stay faithful towards Simpson as "for the sake of my self respect I must not stoop to any sort of an affair with another man" which was followed by:

"If I had – or rather if I could have – kept this resolve I would have saved myself incalculable suffering. For it was but a few days later that I found myself face to face with the burning consciousness that I loved Herman Leard with a wild, passionate, unreasoning love that dominated my entire being and possessed me like a flame – a love I could neither quell nor control – a love that in its intensity seemed little short of absolute madness. Madness! Yes!"[26]

In Victorian Canada, premarital sex was rare for women (although it was common for unmarried men seeking sex to visit brothels), and Montgomery had been brought up in strict Presbyterian household where she had been taught that all who sinned in "fornication" were among the "damned" who burned in Hell forever, a message she had taken to heart.[26] Despite this upbringing, Montgomery often invited Leard into her bedroom when everybody else was out, and though she refused to have sex with him as she wanted to be a virgin bride, she and Leard engaged in kissing and "preliminary lovemaking."[26] Montgomery called Leard in her diary only "a very nice, attractive young animal!", albeit one with "magnetic blue eyes" as she wrote in another entry.[27]

Following objections from her family and friends that Leard was not "good enough" for her, Montgomery broke off her relationship with him. He died shortly afterwards of the flu.[14] In 1898, after much unhappiness and disillusionment, Montgomery broke off her engagement to Simpson.[28] Montgomery no longer sought romantic love.[6] Montgomery was greatly upset when she learned of Leard's death in June 1899, writing in her diary: "It is easier to think him as dead, mine, all mine in death, as he could never be in life, mine when no other women could ever lie on his heart or kiss his lips."[29]

In 1898, Montgomery moved back to Cavendish to live with her widowed grandmother. For a nine-month period between 1901 and 1902, she worked in Halifax as a substitute proofreader for the newspapers Morning Chronicle and The Daily Echo.[4][30] Montgomery was inspired to write her first books during this time on Prince Edward Island. Until her grandmother's death in March 1911, Montgomery stayed in Cavendish to take care of her. This coincided with a period of considerable income from her publications.[6] Although she enjoyed this income, she was aware that "marriage was a necessary choice for women in Canada."[12]

Marriage and family

In 1908, Montgomery published her first book, Anne of Green Gables. An immediate success, it established Montgomery's career, and she would write and publish material (including numerous sequels to Anne) continuously for the rest of her life. Anne of Green Gables was published in June 1908 and by November 1909, the book had already gone through six printings.[31] The Canadian press made much of Montgomery's roots in Prince Edward Island, which was portrayed as a charming part of Canada where the people retained old-fashioned values and everything moved at a much slower pace.[32] The American press suggested that all of Canada was backward and slow, arguing that a book like Anne of Green Gables was only possible in a rustic country like Canada, where the people were nowhere near as advanced as the United States.[32] Typical of the American coverage of Montgomery was a 1911 newspaper article in Boston, which asserted:

"Recently a new and exceedingly brilliant star arose on the literacy horizon in the person of a previously unknown writer of 'heart interest' stories, Miss Lucy M. Montgomery, and presently the astronomers located her in the latitude of Prince Edward Island. No one would ever imagined that such a remote and unassertive speck on the map would ever produce such a writer whose first three books should one and all be included in the 'six best sellers.' But it was on this unemotional island that Anne of Green Gables was born... This story was the work of a modest young school teacher, who was doubtless as surprised as any of her neighbors when she found her sweetly simple tale of childish joys and sorrows of a diminutive red-haired girl had made the literary hit of the season with the American public... Miss Montgomery, who is entirely unspoiled by her unexpected stroke of fame and fortune, made her first visit to Boston last winter and was lionized to quite an extent, her pleasing personality making a decidedly favorable impression on all who met her... It was all very nice and novel, but the young lady confided to her friends that she would be more than glad to get back to her quiet and uneventful country life and she would far prefer it as a regular thing even to a residence in Boston. One of the most delightful of her Boston experiences was a lunch that was given her by a local publishing house that issues her books, a thoroughly Bostonian idea as well as a most creditable one.... Britain possesses as a cherished literacy shrine, the Isle of Man, but on this side of the ocean we have our Isle St. Jean, where, in good old summer time, as Anne Shirley found it on the day of her arrival, the gulf-cooled air is 'sweet with the breath of many apple orchards' and the meadows slope away in the romantic distance to 'horizon mist of pearl and purple.'"[33]

In contrast to this publisher's ideal image of her, Montgomery stated in a letter to a friend: "I am frankly in literature to make a living out of it."[34] Furthermore, the British scholar Faye Hammill noted that in the books Anne is a tall girl and Montgomery was 37 at the time, which hardly made for a "young school teacher."[35] Hammill also noted the author of the piece chose to present Montgomery as the idealised female author, who was most happy in a domestic/rural environment, and who disliked fame and celebrity, which was seen at the time as conflicting with femininity.[35] In emphasizing Montgomery's modesty and desire to remain anonymous, the author was portraying Montgomery as the ideal woman writer, who wanted to preserve her femininity by not embarking on a professional career, with writing only as a part-time job at best.[35] At the same time, Hammill noted the author was using the anachronistic French name for Prince Edward Island, to add to his picture of a romantic, mist-shrouded fantasy island, where the old ways of life continued "unspoiled," as just Montgomery herself was portrayed as an "unspoiled" woman.[35]

Shortly after her grandmother's death in 1911, she married Ewen (spelled in her notes and letters as "Ewan"[36]) Macdonald (1870–1943), a Presbyterian minister,[4] and they moved to Ontario where he had taken the position of minister of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church, Leaskdale in present-day Uxbridge Township, also affiliated with the congregation in nearby Zephyr. Montgomery wrote her next eleven books from the Leaskdale manse that she complained had neither a bathroom nor a toilet.[37] The structure was subsequently sold by the congregation and is now the Lucy Maud Montgomery Leaskdale Manse Museum.

The Reverend Macdonald was not especially intelligent, nor was he interested in literature as Montgomery was.[37] Montgomery wrote in her diary: "I would not want him for a lover but I hope at first that I might find a friend in him."[37] After their marriage, Montgomery took her honeymoon in England and Scotland, the latter being a particular point of interest to her, as Scotland was for her the "Old Country" -- the romantic land of castles, rugged mountains, shining glens, lakes and waterfalls that was her ancestral homeland.[38] By contrast, the Reverend Macdonald's parents had come to Canada after being evicted in the Highland Clearances, and he had no desire to visit the "Old Country," most notably having to be dragged by his wife to the Isle of Skye, the home of the Clan MacDonald, where the Macdonalds had once reigned as the Lords of the Isles.[38] The MacDonalds had been Gaelic-speaking Highlanders while the Montgomerys and Macneils had been English-speaking Lowlanders, which might explain the differing attitudes held by the couple to Scotland, as Montgomery was more proud of her Scottish heritage than her husband.[39] Furthermore, Montgomery had read the works of Scottish writers like Robbie Burns and Sir Walter Scott, whereas her husband did not read literature at all, forcing his wife to explain to him who Burns and Scott were.[38] In England, Montgomery visited places associated with her favourite writers: going to the Lake District made famous by William Wordsworth, to William Shakespeare's house in Stratford-upon-Avon, and to the Haworth house in the Yorkshire moors where the Brontës (Anne, Charlotte, Emily and Branwell) had lived.[39]

The Macdonalds had three sons; the second was stillborn. Montgomery believed it was her duty as a woman to make her marriage work, though she quipped to a reporter during a visit to Scotland that "Those women whom God wanted to destroy He would make into the wives of ministers."[37] The great increase of Montgomery's writings in Leaskdale is the result of her need to escape the hardships of real life.[40] In 1909–10, Montgomery drew upon her Scottish-Canadian heritage and her memories of her teenage years to write her 1911 novel The Story Girl.[41] Montgomery's youth had been spent among a Scottish-Canadian family where Scottish tales, myths and legends had often been recounted, and Montgomery used this background to create the character of 14-year old Sara Stanley, a skilled story-teller, who was merely an "idealized" version of her adolescent self.[41] The character of Peter Craig in The Story Girl very much resembles Herman Leard, the great love of Montgomery's life, the man she wished she had married, but did not, right down to having blond curly hair just as Leard did.[42] As with her relationship with Leard, the other characters object to the lower-class Craig as he is not "good enough" for her, but unlike her real-life relationship with Leard, which was broken off because he was not "good enough," Felicity King chooses Peter Craig.[42]

World War I

During the First World War, Montgomery, horrified by reports of the "Rape of Belgium" in 1914, was an intense supporter of the war effort, seeing the war as a crusade to save civilization, regularly writing articles urging men to volunteer for the Canadian expeditionary force and for people on the home front to buy victory bonds.[37] Montgomery wrote in her diary on September 12, 1914 about the reports of the "Rape of Belgium":

"But oh, there have been such hideous stories in the papers lately of their cutting off the hands of little children in Belgium. Can they be true? They have committed terrible outrages and crimes, that is too surely true, but I hope desperately that these stories of the mutilation of children are false. They harrow my soul. I walk the floor in my agony over them. I cry myself to sleep about them and wake again in the darkness to cringe with the horror of it. If it were Chester!"[43]

In Leaskdale, like everywhere else in Canada, recruiting meetings were held where ministers, such as the Reverend MacDonald, would speak of Kaiser Wilhelm II as the personification of evil, described the "Rape of Belgium" in graphic detail, and asked for young men to step up to volunteer to fight for Canada, the British Empire, and for justice, in what was described at the time as a crusade against evil.[44] In a 1915 essay appealing for volunteers, Montgomery wrote: "I am not one of those who believe that this war will put an end to war. War is horrible, but there are things that are more horrible still, just as there are fates worse than death."[45] Montgomery argued prior to the war that Canada had been slipping into atheism, materialism and "moral decay," and the war had brought about a welcome revival of Christianity, patriotism and moral strength as the Canadian people faced the challenge of the greatest war yet fought in history.[45] Montgomery ended her essay by stating that women on the home front were playing a crucial role in the war effort, which led her to ask for women's suffrage.[46] On October 7, 1915, Montgomery gave birth to her third child and was thrown into depression when she discovered she could not produce breast milk to feed her son, who was given cow's milk instead, which was a health risk in the days before pasteurization.[47]

Montgomery identified very strongly with the Allied cause, leading her on March 10, 1916 to write in her diary: "All my misery seemed to centre around Verdun where the snow was no longer white. I seemed in my own soul to embrace all the anguish and strain of France."[48] In the same diary entry, Montgomery wrote of a strange experience, "a great calm seemed to descend upon me and envelop me. I was at peace. The conviction seized upon me that Verdun was safe-that the Germans would not pass the grim barrier of desperate France. I was as a woman from whom some evil spirit had been driven-or can it be as a priestess of old, who out of depths of agony wins some strange foresight of the future?"[48] Montgomery celebrated every Allied victory at her house, for instance running up the Russian flag when she heard that the Russians had captured the supposedly impregnable Ottoman city-fortress of Trebizond in April 1916.[37] Every Allied defeat depressed her. When she heard of the fall of Kut-al-Amara, she wrote in her diary on May 1, 1916: "Kut-el-Amara has been compelled to surrender at last. We have expected it for some time, but that did not prevent us from feeling very blue over it all. It is an encouragement to the Germans and a blow to Britain's prestige. I feel too depressed tonight to do anything."[49] Much to Montgomery's disgust, Ewen refused to preach about the war. As it went on, Lucy wrote in her diary "it unsettles him and he cannot do his work properly,"[37] The Reverend Macdonald had developed doubts about the justice of the war as it went along, and had come to believe that by encouraging young men to enlist, he had sinned grievously.[50]

Montgomery, a deeply religious woman, wrote in her diary: "I believe in a God who is good, but not omnipotent. I also believe in a principle of Evil, equal to God in power... darkness to His light. I believe an infinite ceaseless struggle goes on between them."[37] In a letter, Montgomery dismissed Kaiser Wilhelm II's claim that God was on the side of Germany, stating that the power responsible for the death of "little Hugh" (her stillborn son) was the same power responsible for the "Rape of Belgium," and for this reason she believed the Allies were destined to win the war.[37] Montgomery had worked as a Sunday School teacher at her husband's church, and many of the men from Uxbridge county who were killed or wounded in the war had once been her students, causing her much emotional distress.[51] Uxbridge county lost 21 men in the Great War from 1915, when Canadian troops first saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres, until the war's end in 1918.[52] Montgomery's biographer Mary Henley Rubio observed: "Increasingly, the war was all that she thought of and wanted to talk about. Her journals show she was absolutely consumed by it, wracked by it, tortured by it, obsessed by it -- even addicted to it."[53] Montgomery was sometimes annoyed if her husband did not buy a daily newspaper from the corner store because she always wanted to read the latest war news.[53]

Battles with depression and the 'Spanish flu'

Montgomery underwent several periods of depression while trying to cope with the duties of motherhood and church life and with her husband's attacks of religious melancholia (endogenous major depressive disorder) and deteriorating health: "For a woman who had given the world so much joy, life was mostly an unhappy one."[12] In 1918, Montgomery was stricken with and was almost killed by the "Spanish Flu" pandemic that killed between 50-100 million people all over the world in 1918–1919, spending ten days bed-ridden with the Spanish flu.[37] In her diary on December 1, 1918, Montgomery wrote after a visit to Toronto in November: "Toronto was then beginning to be panic stricken over the outbreak of the terrible "Spanish flu." The drug counters were besieged with frantic people seeking remedies and safeguards".[54] Montgomery wrote in her diary about being infected with Spanish flu: "I was in bed for ten days. I never felt so sick or weak in my life," going on to express thanks to God and her friends for helping her survive the ordeal.[55] Montgomery's best friend Frederica Campbell MacFarlane was not so lucky and died after contracting the Spanish flu on January 20, 1919.[37] Montgomery was upset that her husband had been indifferent to her as she was dying of the Spanish flu, which drove her to think about divorce (something very difficult to obtain in Canada until 1967; between 1873 and 1901, there were only 263 divorces out of a population of six million).[56] Ultimately, Montgomery decided it was her Christian duty to make her marriage work.[56]

After the First World War, a recurring character in Montgomery's journal that was to obsess her for the rest of her life was "the Piper," who at first appeared as a heroic Highlander piper from Scotland, leading men into battle while playing traditional Highland tunes, but who turned out to be the Pied Piper of Hamelin, a trickster taking children away from their parents forever.[57] The figure of "the Piper" reflected Montgomery's own disillusionment with World War One and her guilt at her ardent support for the war.[58] To inspire men to volunteer for the war, a piper had marched through the centre of Leaskdale daily for all four years of World War I, playing Highland war tunes, which had given Montgomery the inspiration of the figure of "the Piper."[59] "The Piper" first appears in the Anne books in Rainbow Valley (1919), inspiring the future grown children of Glen St. Mary with his courage.[60] In Rilla of Ingleside (1921), "the Piper" returns as a more sinister figure, inspiring Anne's son Walter to enlist in the Canadian expeditionary force, while taking on the appearance and personality of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.[61]

The Reverend Ewen MacDonald, a good Calvinist who believed in predestination, had become convinced that he was not one of "the Elect" chosen by God to go to Heaven, leading him to spend hours depressed and staring into space.[62] The Reverend MacDonald often told his wife that he wished she and their children had never been born as they were also not of "the Elect," and all of them were going to Hell when they died as he believed that they were all predestined to be among the "damned."[62] MacDonald refused to assist with raising the children or the housework, and was given over to erratic, reckless driving as if he was deliberately trying to get himself killed in a car crash, as perhaps he was.[62] Montgomery herself was driven to depression by her husband's conduct, often writing that she wished she had married somebody else.[62] Montgomery wrote in her diary that she could not stand looking at her husband's face, when he had that "horrible imbecile expression on his face" as he starred blankly into space for hours.[63]

In February 1920, Montgomery wrote in her diary about having to deal with:

"A letter from some pathetic ten-year old in New York who implores me to send her my photo because she lies awake in her bed wondering what I look like. Well, if she had a picture of me in my old dress, wresting with the furniture this morning, "cussing" the ashes and clinkers, she would die of disillusionment. However, I shall send her a reprint of my last photo in which I sat in rapt inspiration – apparently – at my desk, with pen in my hand, in gown of lace and silk with hair so – Amen. A quite passable woman, of no kin whatever to the dusty, ash-covered Cinderella of the furnace-cellar."[64]

For much of her life, writing was her one great solace.[18] In 1920, Montgomery wrote in her diary a quotation from the South African writer Olive Schreiner's book The Story of an African Farm which defined different types of love, including a "love without wisdom, sweet as life, bitter as death, lasting only a hour," leading her to write: "But it is worth having lived a whole life for that hour." (emphasis in the original).[37] Montgomery concluded:

"My love for Hermann Leard, though so incomplete, is...a memory which I would not barter for anything save the lives of my children and the return of Frede" [Frederica Campbell MacFarlane, her best friend][37]

Montgomery believed her spells of depression and migraine headaches she suffered from were both expressions of her suppressed romantic passions and Leard's ghost haunting her.[65]

Publishing disputes and film

Starting in 1917, Montgomery was engaged in five bitter, costly, and burdensome lawsuits with Louis Coues Page, owner of the publishing house L.C. Page & Company, that continued until she finally won in 1928. [66] Page had a well-deserved reputation as one of the most tyrannical figures in American publishing, a bully with a ferocious temper who signed his authors to exploitative contracts and liked to humiliate his subordinates, including his mild-mannered younger brother George, in public.[67] Montgomery received 7 cents on the dollar on the sale of every one of the Anne books, instead of the 19 cents on the dollar that she was entitled to, which led her to switch publishers in 1917 when she finally discovered that Page was cheating her.[68] When Montgomery left the firm of L.C. Page & company, Page demanded she sign over the American rights to Anne's House of Dreams, and when she refused he cut off the royalties from the earlier Anne books.[69] Even though he did not own the U.S. rights to Anne's House of Dreams, Page sold those rights to the disreputable publishing house of Grosset & Dunlap, as a way of creating more pressure on Montgomery to capitulate. Instead, Montgomery sued Grosset & Dunlap.[70] Page was counting on the fact that he was a millionaire and Montgomery was not, and that the prospect of having to spend thousands in legal fees would force her to give in.[70] Much to his surprise, she did not. Montgomery hired a lawyer in Boston and sued Page in the Massachusetts Court of Equity for illegally withholding royalties due her and for selling the U.S. rights to Anne's House of Dreams, which he did not possess.[71]

In 1920, the house where Montgomery grew up in Cavendish was torn down by her uncle, who complained that too many tourists were coming on to the property to see the house that inspired the house in which Anne was depicted as growing up.[72] Montgomery was very sentimental about that house, and the news of its destruction caused her major pain.[73] Between May and July 1920, Montgomery was in Boston to attend court sessions with Page, who taunted her by telling her the Anne books were still selling well, making him millions.[74]

In 1920, Montgomery was infuriated with the 1919 film version of Anne of Green Gables for changing Anne from a Canadian to an American, writing in her diary:

"It was a pretty little play well photographed, but I think if I hadn't already known it was from my book, that I would never have recognized it. The landscape and folks were 'New England', never P.E. Island... A skunk and an American flag were introduced – both equally unknown in PE Island. I could have shrieked with rage over the latter. Such crass, blatant Yankeeism!"[75]

Reporting on the film's premiere in Los Angeles, one American journalist described Anne of Green Gables as written by a "Mr. Montgomery," who is only mentioned in passing two-thirds into the article with the major focus being on the film's star Mary Miles Minter, who was presented as the true embodiment of Anne.[76] Montgomery disapproved of Minter's performance, writing she portrayed "a sweet, sugary heroine utterly unlike my gingerly Anne" and complained about a scene in the film where Anne used a shotgun to threaten people with, writing that her Anne would never do such a thing.[77] Montgomery had no say in either the 1919 or 1934 versions of Anne of Green Gables as the publisher, L.C. Page had acquired the film rights to the story in 1908, and as such, all of the royalties paid by Hollywood for both versions of Anne of Green Gables went to him, not Montgomery.[77] Montgomery stopped writing about Anne in about 1920, writing in her journal that she had tired of the character. By February 1921, Montgomery estimated that she had made about $100,000 from the sales of the Anne books while declaring in her diary: "It's a pity it doesn't buy happiness."[14] She preferred instead to create books about other young, female characters, feeling that her strength was writing about characters who were either very young or very old. Other series written by Montgomery include the "Emily" and "Pat" books, which, while successful, did not reach the same level of public acceptance as the "Anne" volumes. She also wrote a number of stand-alone novels, which were also generally successful, if not as successful as her Anne books.

On August 20, 1921, Montgomery started writing what became the novel Emily of New Moon, as she planned to replace Anne with Emily as the star of new series of novels.[78] The character Emily was partly autobiographical, as Emily's dream was to be a writer when she grew up.[79] Unlike Anne, who does not have clear goals about what she wants to be when she grows up, Emily Starr knows she wants to be a writer, a characteristic she shared with Montgomery.[79] One aspect that Emily, Anne and Montgomery all shared was "the flash"—the mystical power that Montgomery called in Emily of the New Moon "the wonderful moment when the soul seemed to cast aside the bonds of the flesh and spring upward towards the stars," allowing the soul to see "behind the veil" to a transcendent beauty.[15]

In 1925, a Massachusetts court ruled in favor of Montgomery against her publisher, Louis Coues Page, as the judge found that he had systemically cheated her out of the profits from the Anne books since 1908.[80] Page used every conceivable excuse to avoid paying Montgomery what he owed her and, after his brother George died of a heart attack in 1927, accused Montgomery of causing his brother's death by suing him for her rightful shares of the royalties.[81] In fact, Louis Page was not close to George, who had just left the firm of L.C. Page & Company to get away from his abrasive and arrogant brother before he died of a heart attack, aged 52.[81] In October 1928, Montgomery finally won while Page, a sore loser to the end, continued to insist in public that she had caused the death of his brother, which he used as a reason why he should not have to pay Montgomery anything.[82] Page, who was a notorious bully, waged a campaign of harassment against Montgomery, sending her telegrams accusing her of causing his brother's death and the subsequent mental breakdown of his widow by defeating him in court, asking her if she was pleased with what she had allegedly done.[82] Page's behavior badly damaged his business, as no author chose to publish with a publisher who had revealed himself to be both dishonest and vindictive, and after the 1920s Page's publishing house largely depended upon reissuing older books rather than issuing new books as authors took their business elsewhere.[83] On November 7, 1928, Montgomery received a cheque for the $15,000 US dollars that auditors had established Page had cheated her out of.[84]

In terms of sales, both in her lifetime and since, Montgomery was the most successful Canadian author of all time, but because her books were seen as children's books and as women's books, she was often dismissed by the critics, who saw Montgomery as merely a writer for schoolgirls, and not as a serious writer.[85] In 1924, the Maple Leaf magazine asked its readers to nominate the 14 greatest living Canadians, and all of the winners were men.[85] Montgomery only made the runners-up list to the 14 greatest Canadians, coming in at 16.[86] However, Montgomery did make it onto another list of the 12 greatest living Canadian women.[86] Hammill argued that Montgomery was successful at managing her fame, but the media's fixation on presenting her as the idealised woman writer, together with her desire to hide her unhappy home life with her husband, meant that her creation Anne, whose "life" was more "knowable" and easier to relate to, overshadowed her both in her lifetime and after.[87]

Later life
Leaskdale Manse, home of Lucy Maud Montgomery from 1911 to 1926

In 1925, Ewen MacDonald became estranged from his flock when he opposed his church joining the United Church of Canada, and was involved in an incident when he nearly ran over a Methodist minister who was promoting the union.[62] Montgomery as the minister's wife had been a prominent member of the Leaskdale community and had been a much loved figure who organized community events.[88] Rubio wrote the people of Leaskdale "liked" the Reverend MacDonald, but "loved" Montgomery.[88] At the same time, she complained in her diary her husband had a "medieval mind" when it came to women as to him: "A woman is a thing of no importance intellectually -- the plaything and servant of man -- and couldn't possibly do anything that would be worthy of a real tribute."[88]

In 1926, the family moved into the Norval Presbyterian Charge, in present-day Halton Hills, Ontario, where today the Lucy Maud Montgomery Memorial Garden can be seen from Highway 7. In 1934, Montgomery's extremely depressed husband signed himself into a sanatorium in Guelph. After his release, the drug store gave Montgomery a "blue pill" intended to treat her husband's depression that was accidentally laced with insecticide (a mistake on the part of the drug store clerk) that almost killed him.[89] The Reverend Macdonald became notably paranoid after this incident, as his mental health continued to deteriorate.[89]

In 1933, Montgomery published Pat of the Silver Bush, which reflected a move towards more "adult" stories for young people.[90] Unlike Anne with her sense of optimism and vibrancy, Pat is a "queer" moody girl who is noted for being a "loner".[91] Pat's best friend, Elizabeth "Bets" Wilcox, dies of the Spanish flu, giving the book a darker tone than Montgomery's previous books.[92] In a letter to a fan in 1934 who complained about the dark mood of Pat of the Silver Bush, Montgomery replied: "I gave Anne my imagination and Emily Starr my knack for scribbling; but the girl who is more myself than any other is 'Pat of the Silver Bush'...Not externally, but spiritually she is I".[93] Pat's deep attachment to the countryside of Prince Edward Island, especially her family farm, Silver Bush, mirrored Montgomery's own attachment to the countryside of her home province, and the farm that she grew up on.[94]

In 1935, upon her husband's retirement, Montgomery moved to Swansea, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto, buying a house which she named Journey's End, situated on Riverside Drive along the east bank of the Humber River. Montgomery continued to write, and (in addition to writing other material) returned to writing about Anne after a 15-year hiatus, filling in previously unexplored gaps in the chronology she had developed for the character.[95] She published Anne of Windy Poplars in 1936 and Anne of Ingleside in 1939.[95] Jane of Lantern Hill, a non-Anne novel, was also composed around this time and published in 1937.[95] On June 3, 1935, King George V named Montgomery to the Order of the British Empire (OBE), and on September 8, 1935 at Rideau Hall in Ottawa, the ceremony of investiture giving her an OBE was held with the Governor-General, Lord Bessborough, conducting the ceremony.[96] As a member of the Order of the British Empire, Montgomery was given a special medal, which could only be worn in public in the presence of the King or one of his representatives like the Governor-General.[96] Her husband did not attend the ceremony, but Montgomery was all by all accounts greatly honoured to be appointed an OBE.[96]

Writing kept up Montgomery's spirits as she battled depression while taking various pills to improve her mood, but in public she presented a happy, smiling face, giving speeches to various professional groups all over Canada.[97] At the Toronto Book Fair, held on November 9, 1936 to promote Canadian literature, Montgomery met the pseudo-Ojibwe author and environmentalist Grey Owl.[98] During her speech to the assembled authors, Montgomery spoke of hearing an "owl's laughter" in Leaskdale, causing Grey Owl to jump up and interrupt her, saying: "You are the first white person I have ever met who has heard an owl's laughter. I thought nobody but Indians ever heard it. We hear it often because we are a silent race. My full name is Laughing Grey Owl."[99] Grey Owl's remark made the front page of The Toronto Mail and Empire newspaper the next day.[99] Montgomery described Grey Owl in her diary: "Grey Owl was looking quite the Indian of romance, with his long black braids of hair, his feather headdress and a genuine scalping knife -- at least he told us it was genuine."[100] Montgomery liked Grey Owl's speech the same evening stating Canada's "greatest asset is her forest lands" saying that most Canadians were too proud of "skyscrapers on Yonge Street" rather than the "natural resources we are destroying as fast as we can".[100] After Grey Owl's death in 1938, and the revelation that the supposed Ojibwe was actually the Englishman Archie Belaney, Montgomery stated that though Belaney lied about being an Ojibwe his concern for the environment, nature, and animals were real; and for this reason Grey Owl's message was worth cherishing.[100]

On November 10, 1937, Montgomery gave a speech in Toronto at another annual gathering of the Toronto Book Fair calling for Canadian writers to write more stories about Canada, arguing Canadians had great stories worth writing.[101] Despite her efforts to raise the profile of Canadian literature through the Canadian Author's Association, the male avant garde of Canadian literature led by Frederick Philip Grove, F. R. Scott, Morley Callaghan and Raymond Knister complained about the mostly female membership of the CAA, whom they felt had overly glorified someone like Montgomery who was not a "serious" writer.[32] Over time, Montgomery became addicted to bromides and barbiturates that the doctors had given her to help treat her depression.

Montgomery was greatly upset by World War II, calling the war in a 1940 letter "this nightmare that has been loosed on the world... unfair that we should have to go through it again."[95] In her only diary entry for 1941, Montgomery wrote on July 8, 1941: "Oh God, such an end to life. Such suffering and wretchedness."[102] On December 28, 1941, Montgomery wrote to a friend:

"This past year has been one of constant blows to me. My oldest son has made a mess of his life and his wife has left him. My husband's nerves are even worse than mine. I have kept the nature of his attacks from you for over 20 years but they have broken me at last... I could not go out to select a book for you this year. Pardon me. I could not even write this if I had not been a hypodermic. The war situation kills me along with many other things. I expect conscription will come in and they will take my second son and then I will give up all effort to recover because I shall have nothing to live for."[103]

In 1940, the Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King introduced conscription under the National Resources Mobilization Act, but with the caveat that conscripts could only be used in the defence of North America, and only volunteers would be sent overseas. Mackenzie King scheduled a referendum for April 27, 1942 to ask the voters to release him from his promise to only send volunteers overseas, which Montgomery alluded to in her letter mentioning "conscription will come in." In her last entry in her diary on March 23, 1942, Montgomery wrote: "Since then my life has been hell, hell, hell. My mind is gone – everything in the world I lived for has gone – the world has gone mad. I shall be driven to end my life. Oh God, forgive me. Nobody dreams of what my awful position is."[104]

In the last year of her life, Montgomery completed what she intended to be a ninth book featuring Anne, titled The Blythes Are Quoted. It included fifteen short stories (many of which were previously published) that she revised to include Anne and her family as mainly peripheral characters; forty-one poems (most of which were previously published) that she attributed to Anne and to her son Walter, who died as a soldier in the Great War; and vignettes featuring the Blythe family members discussing the poems. The book was delivered to Montgomery's publisher on the day of her death, but for reasons unexplained, the publisher declined to issue the book at the time. Montgomery scholar Benjamin Lefebvre speculates that the book's dark tone and anti-war message (Anne speaks very bitterly of WWI in one passage) may have made the volume unsuitable to publish in the midst of the Second World War.

An abridged version of this book, which shortened and reorganized the stories and omitted all the vignettes and all but one of the poems, was published as a collection of short stories called The Road to Yesterday in 1974, more than 30 years after the original work had been submitted. A complete edition of The Blythes Are Quoted, edited by Benjamin Lefebvre, was finally published in its entirety by Viking Canada in October 2009, more than 67 years after it was composed.

Death
Gravestone of Lucy Maud Montgomery

On April 24, 1942, Montgomery was found dead in her bed in her Toronto home. The primary cause of death recorded on her death certificate was coronary thrombosis.[105][106] However, in September 2008, her granddaughter, Kate Macdonald Butler, revealed that Montgomery suffered from depression—possibly as a result of caring for her mentally ill husband for decades—and may have taken her own life through a drug overdose.[107]

A note was found on Montgomery's bedside table which read, in part, "... I have lost my mind by spells and I do not dare think what I may do in those spells. May God forgive me and I hope everyone else will forgive me even if they cannot understand. My position is too awful to endure and nobody realizes it. What an end to a life in which I tried always to do my best." [108] An alternative explanation of this document is provided in Mary Henley Rubio's 2008 biography Lucy Maud Montgomery: The Gift of Wings, which suggests that Montgomery may have intended it as an entry in part of a journal now lost, rather than a suicide note.[106][109]

Montgomery was buried at the Cavendish Community Cemetery in Cavendish following her wake in the Green Gables farmhouse and funeral in the Cavendish United Church (formerly Cavendish Presbyterian Church).

During her lifetime, Montgomery had published twenty novels, over 500 short stories, an autobiography, and a book of poetry. Aware of her fame, by 1920 Montgomery began editing and recopying her journals, presenting her life as she wanted it remembered. In doing so, certain episodes were changed or omitted.[110]

Legacy

Collections

The L. M. Montgomery Institute, founded in 1993, at the University of Prince Edward Island, promotes scholarly inquiry into the life, works, culture, and influence of L. M. Montgomery and coordinates most of the research and conferences surrounding her work. The Montgomery Institute collection consists of novels, manuscripts, texts, letters, photographs, sound recordings and artifacts and other Montgomery ephemera.[111]

Her major collections (including personal journals, photographs, needlework, two book manuscripts, and her personal library) are archived in the McLaughlin Library's Archival and Special Collections at the University of Guelph.

The first biography of Montgomery was The Wheel of Things: A Biography of L. M. Montgomery (1975), written by Mollie Gillen. Dr. Gillen also discovered over 40 of Montgomery's letters to her pen-friend George Boyd MacMillan in Scotland and used them as the basis for her work. Beginning in the 1980s, her complete journals, edited by Mary Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston, were published by the Oxford University Press. From 1988–95, editor Rea Wilmshurst collected and published numerous short stories by Montgomery. Most of her essays, along with interviews with Montgomery, commentary on her work, and coverage of her death and funeral, appear in Benjamin Lefebvre's The L. M. Montgomery Reader, Volume 1: A Life in Print (2013).[112]

Despite the fact that Montgomery published over twenty books, "she never felt she achieved her one 'great' book."[6] Her readership, however, has always found her characters and stories to be among the best in fiction. Mark Twain said Montgomery's Anne was "the dearest and most moving and delightful child since the immortal Alice."[113] Montgomery was honoured by being the first female in Canada to be named a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and was invested Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1935.[114]

However, her fame was not limited to Canadian audiences. Anne of Green Gables became a success worldwide. For example, every year, thousands of Japanese tourists "make a pilgrimage to a green-gabled Victorian farmhouse in the town of Cavendish on Prince Edward Island."[115] In 2012, the original novel Anne of Green Gables was ranked number nine among all-time best children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience.[116] The British public ranked it number 41 among all novels in The Big Read, a 2003 BBC survey to determine the "nation's best-loved novel."[117] The British scholar Faye Hammill observed that Montgomery is an author overshadowed by her creation as licence plates in Prince Edward Island bear the slogan "P.E.I. Home of Anne of Green Gables" rather than "P.E.I. Birthplace of L.M Montgomery.[118] Much to Montgomery's own annoyance, the media in both the United States and Canada tried to project the personality of Anne Shirley onto her.[118]

Landmarked places

Montgomery's home of Leaskdale Manse in Ontario, and the area surrounding Green Gables and her Cavendish home in Prince Edward Island, have both been designated National Historic Sites.[119][120] Montgomery herself was designated a Person of National Historic Significance by the Government of Canada in 1943.[121]

Bala's Museum in Bala, Ontario, is a house museum established in 1992. Officially it is "Bala's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery," for Montgomery and her family ate their meals in the boarding house while staying at another nearby boarding house during a July 1922 holiday that inspired her novel The Blue Castle (1926). The museum hosts some events pertaining to Montgomery or her fiction, including re-enactment of the holiday visit.[122]

Honours and awards

Montgomery was honoured by King George V as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE); there were no Canadian orders, decorations or medals for civilians until the 1970s.

Montgomery was named a National Historic Person in 1943 by the Canadian federal government. Her Ontario residence was designated a National Historic Site in 1997 (Leaskdale Manse), while the place that inspired her famous novels, Green Gables, was formally recognized as "L. M. Montgomery's Cavendish National Historic Site" in 2004.

On May 15, 1975, the Post Office Department issued a stamp to "Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables" designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N. J. Reilander. The 8¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited.[123]

A pair of stamps was issued in 2008 by Canada Post, marking the centennial of the publication of Montgomery's classic first novel.[124]

The City of Toronto named a park for her (Lucy Maud Montgomery Park) and in 1983 placed a historical marker there near the house where she lived from 1935 until her death in 1942.[125]

On November 30, 2015 (her 141st birthday), Google honoured Lucy Maud Montgomery with a Google Doodle published in twelve countries.[126]

Disputes over royalties intellectual property rights

There have been multiple adaptations of Montgomery's work. Television producer Kevin Sullivan negotiated permission with Montgomery's heirs prior to producing the popular 1985 miniseries Anne of Green Gables, and several sequels, only to have multiple legal disputes with them.[127] In 1999 Sullivan and his partners announced plans to make Sullivan Entertainment a publicly traded company. In their prospectus they described the works based on Montgomery's novels as profitable. Montgomery's heirs sued him, claiming he had not paid them their contracted share of royalties, claiming the movies had failed to turn a profit.

Works

Anne of Green Gables series
Title page of the first edition of Anne of Green Gables, published in 1908
  1. Anne of Green Gables (1908)
  2. Anne of Avonlea (1909)
  3. Anne of the Island (1915)
  4. Anne of Windy Poplars (1936)
  5. Anne's House of Dreams (1917)
  6. Anne of Ingleside (1939)
  7. Rainbow Valley (1919)
  8. Rilla of Ingleside (1921)
  9. The Blythes Are Quoted (2009) — was submitted to publisher the day of her death but not published in its entirety until sixty-seven years later.

Emily trilogy
  1. Emily of New Moon (1923)
  2. Emily Climbs (1925)
  3. Emily's Quest (1927)

Pat of Silver Bush
  1. Pat of Silver Bush (1933)
  2. Mistress Pat (1935)

The Story Girl
  1. The Story Girl (1911)
  2. The Golden Road (1913)

Stand alone novels

Short story collections
  • Chronicles of Avonlea (1912)
    • "The Hurrying of Ludovic"
    • "Old Lady Lloyd"
    • "Each In His Own Tongue"
    • "Little Joscelyn"
    • "The Winning of Lucinda"
    • "Old Man Shaw's Girl"
    • "Aunt Olivia's Beau"
    • "Quarantine at Alexander Abraham's"
    • "Pa Sloane's Purchase"
    • "The Courting of Prissy Strong"
    • "The Miracle at Carmody"
    • "The End of a Quarrel"
  • Further Chronicles of Avonlea (1920)
    • "Aunt Cynthia's Persian Cat"
    • "The Materializing of Cecil"
    • "Her Father's Daughter"
    • "Jane's Baby"
    • "The Dream-Child"
    • "The Brother Who Failed"
    • "The Return of Hester"
    • "The Little Brown Book of Miss Emily"
    • "Sara's Way"
    • "The Son of his Mother"
    • "The Education of Betty"
    • "In Her Selfless Mood"
    • "The Conscience Case of David Bell"
    • "Only a Common Fellow"
    • "Tannis of the Flats"
  • The Road to Yesterday (1974)
    • "An Afternoon With Mr. Jenkins"
    • "Retribution"
    • "The Twins Pretend"
    • "Fancy's Fool"
    • "A Dream Come True"
    • "Penelope Struts Her Theories"
    • "The Reconciliation"
    • "The Cheated Child"
    • "Fool's Errand"
    • "The Pot and the Kettle"
    • "Here Comes the Bride"
    • "Brother Beware"
    • "The Road to Yesterday"
    • "A Commonplace Woman"
  • The Doctor's Sweetheart and Other Stories, selected by Catherine McLay (1979)
    • "Kismet"
    • "Emily's Husband"
    • "The Girl and the Wild Race"
    • "The Promise of Mary Ellen"
    • "The Parting of the Ways"
    • "The Doctor's Sweetheart"
    • "By Grace of Julius Caeser"
    • "Akin to Love"
    • "The Finished Story"
    • "My Lady Jane"
    • "Abel and His Great Adventure"
    • "The Garden of Spices"
    • "The Bride is Waiting"
    • "I Know a Secret"
  • Akin to Anne: Tales of Other Orphans, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1988)
    • "Charlotte's Quest"
    • "Marcella's Reward"
    • "An Invitation Given on Impulse"
    • "Freda's Adopted Grave"
    • "Ted's Afternoon Off"
    • "The Girl Who Drove the Cows"
    • "Why Not Ask Miss Price?"
    • "Jane Lavinia"
    • "The Running Away of Chester"
    • "Millicent's Double"
    • "Penelope's Party Waist"
    • "The Little Black Doll"
    • "The Fraser Scholarship"
    • "Her Own People"
    • "Miss Sally's Company"
    • "The Story of an Invitation"
    • "The Softening of Miss Cynthia"
    • "Margaret's Patient"
    • "Charlotte's Ladies"
  • Along the Shore: Tales by the Sea, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1989)
    • "The Magical Bond of the Sea"
    • "The Life-Book of Uncle Jesse"
    • "Mackereling Out in the Gulf"
    • "Fair Exchange and No Robbery"
    • "Natty of Blue Point"
    • "The Light on the Big Dipper"
    • "An Adventure on Island Rock"
    • "How Don Was Saved"
    • "A Soul That Was Not at Home"
    • "Four Winds"
    • "A Sandshore Wooing"
    • "The Unhappiness of Miss Farquhar"
    • "A Strayed Allegiance"
    • "The Waking of Helen"
    • "Young Si"
    • "A House Divided Against Itself"
  • Among the Shadows: Tales from the Darker Side, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1990)
  • After Many Days: Tales of Time Passed, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1991)
  • Against the Odds: Tales of Achievement, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1993)
  • At the Altar: Matrimonial Tales, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1994)
  • Across the Miles: Tales of Correspondence, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1995)
  • Christmas with Anne and Other Holiday Stories, edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1995)
  • The Blythes Are Quoted, edited by Benjamin Lefebvre (2009) (companion book to Rilla of Ingleside)

Short stories by chronological order
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1896 to 1901 (2008)
    • "A Case of Trespass" (1897)
    • "A Christmas Inspiration" (1901)
    • "A Christmas Mistake" (1899)
    • "A Strayed Allegiance" (1897)
    • "An Invitation Given on Impulse" (1900)
    • "Detected by the Camera" (1897)
    • "In Spite of Myself" (1896)
    • "Kismet" (1899)
    • "Lillian's Business Venture" (1900)
    • "Miriam's Lover" (1901)
    • "Miss Calista's Peppermint Bottle" (1900)
    • "The Jest that Failed" (1901)
    • "The Pennington's Girl" (1900)
    • "The Red Room" (1898)
    • "The Setness of Theodosia" (1901)
    • "The Story of An Invitation" (1901)
    • "The Touch of Fate" (1899)
    • "The Waking of Helen" (1901)
    • "The Way of Winning Anne" (1899)
    • "Young Si" (1901)
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1902 to 1903 (2008)
    • "A Patent Medicine Testimonial" (1903)
    • "A Sandshore Wooing" (1903)
    • "After Many Days" (1903)
    • "An Unconventional Confidence" (1903)
    • "Aunt Cyrilla's Christmas Basket" (1903)
    • "Davenport's Story" (1902)
    • "Emily's Husband" (1903)
    • "Min" (1903)
    • "Miss Cordelia's Accommodation" (1903)
    • "Ned's Stroke of Business" (1903)
    • "Our Runaway Kite" (1903)
    • "The Bride Roses" (1903)
    • "The Josephs' Christmas" (1902)
    • "The Magical Bond of the Sea" (1903)
    • "The Martyrdom of Estella" (1902)
    • "The Old Chest at Wyther Grange" (1903)
    • "The Osborne's Christmas" (1903)
    • "The Romance of Aunt Beatrice" (1902)
    • "The Running Away of Chester" (1903)
    • "The Strike at Putney" (1903)
    • "The Unhappiness of Miss Farquhar" (1903)
    • "Why Mr. Cropper Changed His Mind" (1903)
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1904 (2008)
    • "A Fortunate Mistake" (1904)
    • "An Unpremeditated Ceremony" (1904)
    • "At the Bay Shore Farm" (1904)
    • "Elizabeth's Child" (1904)
    • "Freda's Adopted Grave" (1904)
    • "How Don Was Saved" (1904)
    • "Miss Madeline's Proposal" (1904)
    • "Miss Sally's Company" (1904)
    • "Mrs. March's Revenge" (1904)
    • "Nan" (1904)
    • "Natty of Blue Point" (1904)
    • "Penelope's Party Waist" (1904)
    • "The Girl and The Wild Race" (1904)
    • "The Promise of Lucy Ellen" (1904)
    • "The Pursuit of the Ideal" (1904)
    • "The Softening of Miss Cynthia" (1904)
    • "Them Notorious Pigs" (1904)
    • "Why Not Ask Miss Price?" (1904)
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1905 to 1906 (2008)
    • "A Correspondence and a Climax" (1905)
    • "An Adventure on Island Rock" (1906)
    • "At Five O'Clock in the Morning" (1905)
    • "Aunt Susanna's Birthday Celebration" (1905)
    • "Bertie's New Year" (1905)
    • "Between the Hill and the Valley" (1905)
    • "Clorinda's Gifts" (1906)
    • "Cyrilla's Inspiration" (1905)
    • "Dorinda's Desperate Deed" (1906)
    • "Her Own People" (1905)
  • [1905 to 1906, continued]
    • "Ida's New Year Cake" (1905)
    • "In the Old Valley" (1906)
    • "Jane Lavinia" (1906)
    • "Mackereling Out in the Gulf" (1905)
    • "Millicent's Double " (1905)
    • "The Blue North Room" (1906)
    • "The Christmas Surprise At Enderly Road" (1905)
    • "The Dissipation of Miss Ponsonby" (1906)
    • "The Falsoms' Christmas Dinner" (1906)
    • "The Fraser Scholarship" (1905)
    • "The Girl at the Gate" (1906)
    • "The Light on the Big Dipper" (1906)
    • "The Prodigal Brother" (1906)
    • "The Redemption of John Churchill" (1906)
    • "The Schoolmaster's Letter" (1905)
    • "The Story of Uncle Dick" (1906)
    • "The Understanding of Sister Sara" (1905)
    • "The Unforgotten One" (1906)
    • "The Wooing of Bessy" (1906)
    • "Their Girl Josie " (1906)
    • "When Jack and Jill Took a Hand" (1905)
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1907 to 1908 (2008)
    • "A Millionaire's Proposal" (1907)
    • "A Substitute Journalist" (1907)
    • "Anna's Love Letters" (1908)
    • "Aunt Caroline's Silk Dress" (1907)
    • "Aunt Susanna's Thanksgiving Dinner" (1907)
    • "By Grace of Julius Caesar" (1908)
    • "By the Rule of Contrary" (1908)
    • "Fair Exchange and No Robbery " (1907)
    • "Four Winds" (1908)
    • "Marcella's Reward" (1907)
    • "Margaret's Patient" (1908)
    • "Matthew Insists on Puffed Sleeves" (1908)
    • "Missy's Room" (1907)
    • "Ted's Afternoon Off" (1907)
    • "The Girl Who Drove the Cows" (1908)
    • "The Doctor's Sweetheart" (1908)
    • "The End of the Young Family Feud" (1907)
    • "The Genesis of the Doughnut Club" (1907)
    • "The Growing Up of Cornelia" (1908)
    • "The Old Fellow's Letter " (1907)
    • "The Parting of the Ways" (1907)
    • "The Promissory Note" (1907)
    • "The Revolt of Mary Isabel" (1908)
    • "The Twins and a Wedding" (1908)
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1909 to 1922 (2008)
    • "A Golden Wedding" (1909)
    • "A Redeeming Sacrifice" (1909)
    • "A Soul that Was Not At Home" (1915)
    • "Abel And His Great Adventure" (1917)
    • "Akin to Love" (1909)
    • "Aunt Philippa and the Men" (1915)
    • "Bessie's Doll" (1914)
    • "Charlotte's Ladies" (1911)
    • "Christmas at Red Butte " (1909)
    • "How We Went to the Wedding" (1913)
    • "Jessamine" (1909)
    • "Miss Sally's Letter" (1910)
    • "My Lady Jane" (1915)
    • "Robert Turner's Revenge" (1909)
    • "The Fillmore Elderberries" 1909)
    • "The Finished Story" (1912)
    • "The Garden of Spices" (1918)
    • "The Girl and the Photograph" (1915)
    • "The Gossip of Valley View" (1910)
    • "The Letters" (1910)
    • "The Life-Book of Uncle Jesse" (1909)
    • "The Little Black Doll" (1909)
    • "The Man on the Train" (1914)
    • "The Romance of Jedediah" (1912)
    • "The Tryst of the White Lady" (1922)
    • "Uncle Richard's New Year Dinner" (1910)
    • "White Magic" (1921)

Poetry
  • The Watchman and Other Poems (1916)
  • The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery, selected by John Ferns and Kevin McCabe (1987)
  • A World of Songs: Selected Poems, 1894-1921 (The L.M. Montgomery Library), edited by Benjamin Lefebvre (2019)

Non-fiction
  • Courageous Women (1934) (with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley)

Journals, Letters, and Essays
  • The Green Gables Letters from L.M. Montgomery to Ephraim Weber, 1905–1909 (1960), edited by Wilfrid Eggleston
  • The Alpine Path: The Story of My Career (1974; originally published in Everywoman's World in 1917)
  • My Dear Mr. M: Letters to G.B. MacMillan from L.M. Montgomery (1980), edited by Francis W.P. Bolger and Elizabeth R. Epperly
  • The Selected Journals of L. M. Montgomery (5 vols., 1985–2004), edited by Mary Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston
  • The Complete Journals of L.M. Montgomery: The PEI Years, 1889–1900 (2012), edited by Mary Henley Rubio and Elizabeth Hillman Waterston
  • The Complete Journals of L.M. Montgomery: The PEI Years, 1901–1911 (2013), edited by Mary Henley Rubio and Elizabeth Hillman Waterston
  • The L.M. Montgomery Reader, Volume 1: A Life in Print (2013), edited by Benjamin Lefebvre
  • L.M. Montgomery's Complete Journals: The Ontario Years, 1911–1917 (2016), edited by Jen Rubio
  • L.M. Montgomery's Complete Journals: The Ontario Years, 1918–1921 (2017), edited by Jen Rubio
  • L.M. Montgomery's Complete Journals: The Ontario Years, 1922–1925 (2018), with a preface by Jen Rubio
  • L.M. Montgomery's Complete Journals: The Ontario Years, 1926–1929 (2017), edited by Jen Rubio

Notes and references

Notes

    References
    1. "Lucy Maud Montgomery and Anne". Island Information. Government of Prince Edward Island. May 6, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
    2. "L.M. Montgomery Institute". University of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
    3. McLeod 1983, p. 79.
    4. "About L. M. Montgomery: Her Life". L. M. Montgomery Institute. University of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
    5. Rubio 2008, p. 17.
    6. Bourgoin 1998, p. 136.
    7. Rubio 2008, p. 28-29.
    8. Rubio 2008, p. 29.
    9. Hammill 2006, p. 656.
    10. Rubio 2008, p. 65.
    11. Rubio 2008, p. 62.
    12. Rawlinson, H. Graham; Granatstein, J.L. (1997). The Canadian 100, The 100 Most Influential Canadians of The 20th Century. Toronto, Ontario: Little, Brown & Company. p. 145.
    13. Heilbron 2001, p. 84.
    14. Brennan 1995, p. 252.
    15. Rubio 2008, p. 292.
    16. Heilbron 2001, p. 118.
    17. Heilbron 2001, p. 120.
    18. Heilbron 2001, p. 121.
    19. Rubio 2008, p. 63.
    20. Heilbron 2001, p. 123.
    21. Heilbron 2001, p. 122.
    22. Urquhart, Jane (2009). L.M. Montgomery. Toronto: Penguin Canada. p. 24.
    23. Heilbron 2001, p. 127.
    24. Rubio 2008, p. 92.
    25. Gammel, Irene (2005). "'I loved Herman Leard madly': L.M. Montgomery's Confession of Desire". In Gammel, Irene (ed.). The Intimate Life of L.M. Montgomery. University of Toronto Press. pp. 129–153. ISBN 0-8020-8924-0.
    26. Rubio 2008, p. 97.
    27. Rubio 2008, p. 96 & 98.
    28. Rubio 2008, p. 98.
    29. Rubio 2008, p. 99-100.
    30. Rubio & Waterston 1995, p. 40.
    31. Brennan 1995, p. 247.
    32. Hammill 2006, p. 660.
    33. Hammill 2006, p. 660-661.
    34. Brennan 1995, p. 251.
    35. Hammill 2006, p. 661.
    36. Uchiyama, Akiko (2004). Cribb, Robert (ed.). What Japanese Girls Read (PDF). Asia Examined: Proceedings of the 15th Biennial Conference of the ASAA, 2004, Canberra, Australia. Canberra, Australia: Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA) & Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), The Australian National University. p. 4. ISBN 0-9580837-1-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
    37. Brennan 1995, p. 253.
    38. Rubio 2008, p. 153.
    39. Rubio 2008, p. 156.
    40. McLeod 1983, p. 87.
    41. Waterston 2008, p. 41.
    42. Waterston 2008, p. 44.
    43. Rubio & Waterston 1987, p. 155.
    44. Rubio 2008, p. 187-188.
    45. Rubio 2008, p. 188.
    46. Rubio 2008, p. 189.
    47. Rubio 2008, p. 190-191.
    48. Rubio & Waterston 1987, p. 179.
    49. Rubio & Waterston 1987, p. 183.
    50. Rubio 2008, p. 211.
    51. Rubio 2008, p. 192-193.
    52. Rubio 2008, p. 192.
    53. Rubio 2008, p. 193.
    54. Rubio & Waterston 1987, p. 270.
    55. Rubio & Waterston 1987, p. 271-272.
    56. Rubio 2008, p. 218-219.
    57. Rubio 2008, p. 203-204.
    58. Rubio 2008, p. 204.
    59. Rubio 2008, p. 214.
    60. Rubio 2008, p. 285.
    61. Rubio 2008, p. 285-286.
    62. Brennan 1995, p. 254.
    63. Rubio 2008, p. 126.
    64. Hammill 2006, p. 659.
    65. Brennan 1995, p. 25.
    66. Bourgoin 1998, p. 137.
    67. Rubio 2008, p. 223-225.
    68. Rubio 2008, p. 224-225.
    69. Rubio 2008, p. 226.
    70. Rubio 2008, p. 225.
    71. Rubio 2008, p. 227.
    72. Rubio 2008, p. 286=287.
    73. Rubio 2008, p. 286-287.
    74. Rubio 2008, p. 287.
    75. Hammill 2006, p. 666.
    76. Hammill 2006, p. 664.
    77. Hammill 2006, p. 667.
    78. Rubio 2008, p. 290.
    79. Rubio 2008, p. 290-291.
    80. Rubio 2008, p. 378-379.
    81. Rubio 2008, p. 379.
    82. Rubio 2008, p. 379-380.
    83. Rubio 2008, p. 380.
    84. Rubio 2008, p. 381.
    85. Hammill 2006, p. 662.
    86. Hammill 2006, p. 663.
    87. Hammill 2006, p. 669-670.
    88. Rubio 2008, p. 294.
    89. Rubio 2008, p. 437.
    90. Rubio 2008, p. 424-425.
    91. Rubio 2008, p. 424.
    92. Rubio 2008, p. 425.
    93. Rubio 2008, p. 426.
    94. Rubio 2008, p. 426-427.
    95. Brennan 1995, p. 255.
    96. Rubio 2008, p. 459.
    97. Rubio 2008, p. 519.
    98. Rubio 2008, p. 485-486.
    99. Rubio 2008, p. 486.
    100. Rubio 2008, p. 487.
    101. Rubio 2008, p. 519-520.
    102. Rubio & Waterston 2004, p. 349.
    103. Brennan 1995, p. 255-256.
    104. Rubio & Waterston 2004, p. 350.
    105. Rubio 2008, p. 575.
    106. Adams, James (September 24, 2008). "Lucy Maud suffered 'unbearable psychological pain'". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
    107. Macdonald Butler, Kate (September 17, 2008). "The heartbreaking truth about Anne's creator". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
    108. "Is this Lucy Maud's suicide note?". The Globe and Mail. September 24, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
    109. Rubio 2008, pp. 575–578.
    110. Rubio 2008, p. 1.
    111. "L.M. Montgomery Institute". Archived from the original on June 28, 2013.
    112. Lefebvre, Benjamin., ed. (2013), The L.M. Montgomery Reader, Volume 1: A Life in Print, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-4426-4491-5
    113. Brennan 1995, p. 248.
    114. Heilbron 2001, p. 3.
    115. Heilbron 2001, p. 440.
    116. Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
    117. "The Big Read – Top 100". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
    118. Hammill 2006, p. 652.
    119. Leaskdale Manse National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
    120. L.M. Montgomery's Cavendish National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
    121. Lucy Maud Montgomery. Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
    122. "History: A look back at the last 20 years". Bala's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery (balasmuseum.com). Retrieved October 30, 2015.
    123. "Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables". Canadian Postal Archives Database. May 15, 1975. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
    124. Anne of Green Gables, Canada Post announcement from Details Magazine, April 2008
    125. L.M. Montgomery plaque, Torontoplaques.com
    126. "Lucy Maud Montgomery's 141st Birthday". google.com. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
    127. Gayle Macdonald (October 25, 2003). "The red-haired girl goes to court". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. It estimated earnings of $6.4-million for that fiscal year on revenue of $35.7-million. Those numbers stuck in the craw of Macdonald and Lucy Maud's granddaughter Kate Macdonald Butler, who had been informed in 1997 by Sullivan Entertainment that none of the programs had reported a net profit.

    Bibliography
    • Montgomery at The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed September 5, 2019
    Library resources about
    Lucy Maud Montgomery
    By Lucy Maud Montgomery

    Texts, images, and collections

    Audio

    Organizations
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