Lupinus arcticus

Lupinus arcticus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names Arctic lupine or subalpine lupine. It is native to northwestern North America, where it occurs from Oregon north to Alaska and east to Nunavut.[1] It is a common wildflower in British Columbia.[2]

Lupinus arcticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Lupinus
Species:
L. arcticus
Binomial name
Lupinus arcticus

This is a perennial herb growing from a taproot and producing an erect stem up to 50 centimeters tall. The dark green, hairy leaves are borne upon rough, hairy petioles up to 17 centimeters long. The leaves are palmately compound, made up of 3 to 9 leaflets each measuring up to 6 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a raceme up to 15 centimeters long bearing up to 30 flowers. The flowers are usually blue, sometimes purple, and occasionally white. The banners of the pealike flowers may be tinged with pink. The fruit is a hairy, greenish to blackish legume pod 2 or 3 centimeters long. It contains up to 10 white-speckled black seeds each about half a centimeter long.[3] The plant may hybridize with other Lupine species when they grow together.[4]

This plant grows in several types of habitat, including fields of sedge and moss, alpine regions, and the hills of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It grows on tundra and in moist and wet substrates.[3]

This species has been the topic of some biological research. In 1967 it caused a stir when the seeds of this species were discovered in ancient lemming burrows dating back to the Pleistocene; the seeds were germinated and they produced plants, causing them to be declared the oldest viable seeds ever discovered.[5][6] In 2009 a follow-up article detailed how radiocarbon dating was used to determine that the seeds were, in fact, just a few years old at the time of their discovery, and had probably fallen into the burrows not long before.[6][7]

The plant contains a neurotoxin called sparteine, possibly as a deterrent to herbivores such as the snowshoe hare. The levels of sparteine in the leaves cycle, becoming higher at night, when herbivory is more likely to occur.[8] In addition to the hare, species of ground squirrel have been known to feed on the plant.[4]

References
  1. Lupinus arcticus. USDA PLANTS Profile.
  2. Burton, C. M. and P. J. Burton. (2003). A Manual for Growing and Using Seed from Herbaceous Plants Native to the Northern Interior of British Columbia: Lupinus arcticus. Symbios Research and Restoration.
  3. Aiken, S. G., et al. (2007). Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
  4. Graham, S. A. (1994). The relative effect of clipping, neighbors, and fertilization on the population dynamics of Lupinus arcticus (Family Fabaceae) (Master's Thesis). The University of British Columbia.
  5. Porsild, A. E., et al. (1967). Lupinus arcticus Wats. grown from seeds of Pleistocene Age. Science 158:3797 113-14.
  6. Walker, M. '10,000-year-old' seeds debunked. BBC News. July 9, 2009.
  7. Zazula, G. D., et al. (2009). Radiocarbon dates reveal that Lupinus arcticus plants were grown from modern not Pleistocene seeds. New Phytologist 182:4 788-92.
  8. Sharam, G. and R. Turkington. (2005). Diurnal cycle of sparteine production in Lupinus arcticus. Canadian Journal of Botany. 83:10 1345-48.
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