MS Scandinavian Star

MS Scandinavian Star, originally named MS Massalia, was a car and passenger ferry built in France in 1971. The ship was set on fire on April 6, 1990, killing 159 people, and the official investigation blamed the fires on a convicted arsonist, who died in the fire.[1] This finding has since been disputed.[2]

Scandinavian Star after the disaster
History
Name: MS Massalia
Owner: Nouvelle Compagnie de Paquebots (Paquet)
Route: Marseille – Málaga – Casablanca
Builder: Dubigeon-Normandie
Yard number: 124
Launched: 19 January 1971
Completed: 1971
Identification: IMO number: 7048219
 
Name: MS Stena Baltica
Owner: Stena Cargo Line Ltd
Port of registry: Nassau,  Bahamas
Acquired: 1 October 1983
Fate: Sold
 
Name: MS Island Fiesta
Owner: Stena Cargo Line Ltd
Port of registry: Nassau,  Bahamas
Acquired: November 1984
Fate: Chartered
 
Name: MS Scandinavian Star
Owner: SeaEscape Ltd
Operator: Scandinavian World Cruises
Port of registry: Nassau,  Bahamas
Route: St. Petersburg, Florida / Tampa, Florida – Cozumel, Mexico
Acquired: December 1984
Out of service: 1990
Fate: Sold
 
Name: MS Scandinavian Star
Owner: Vognmandsruten K/S, A/S
Operator: DA-NO Linjen
Route: Oslo, Norway – Frederikshavn, Denmark
Acquired: March 1990
In service: 1 April 1990
Fate: Caught fire 7 April 1990;
 
Name: MS Candi
Owner: Vognmandsruten K/S, A/S
Out of service: 1994
Fate: Laid up (1990–1994)
 
Name: MS Regal Voyager
Owner: International Shipping Partners
Operator: Comarit Ferries, St. Thomas Cruises, Isabel Cortes Ferry Service Ltd, Ferries del Caribe S.A, FerryMar, Port Authority of Trinidad & Tobago
Acquired: February 1994
Out of service: 1997
Fate: Sold
 
Name: MS Regal V
Acquired: February 2004
Fate: Scrapped
General characteristics
Tonnage: 10513 GRT
Length: 142.24 m (466.7 ft)
Beam: 22.2 m (73 ft)
Draft: 5.5 m (18 ft)
Installed power: 2 * 16 cylinder Pielstick diesel, 11.770 kW
Speed: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)

History

M/S Massalia was built by Dubigeon-Normandie S.A. in 1971 and delivered to Compagnie de Paquebots who put her on the route Marseille–Málaga–Casablanca and also cruises in the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1984 she was owned by a number of companies and named Stena Baltica, Island Fiesta and finally Scandinavian Star, a name given to her by Scandinavian World Cruises which chartered the ship for cruises between St. Petersburg, Florida and Tampa, Florida to Cozumel, Mexico.

The Scandinavian Star had had other fires prior to 1990. During the investigation of the fire, investigators learned that unreported fires had also occurred in 1985, caused by a deep-fryer, and again just days before the 15 March 1988 fire, caused by a broken lubricating pipe.[3] On 15 March 1988, while sailing for SeaEscape on a Caribbean cruise, a fire started in the engine room when the ship was about 50 nautical miles (90 km) northeast of Cancún, Mexico. The ship was carrying 439 passengers and 268 crew members. The ship lost power and the emergency oxygen system malfunctioned, hampering the fire-fighting crew's efforts. The inability of the crew members to communicate effectively with each other and with passengers was a serious concern and created confusion during the fire fighting and evacuation activities.[4]

Fire

In 1990, the Scandinavian Star was sold to Vognmandsruten and put into service on DA-NO Linjen's route between Oslo, Norway, and Frederikshavn, Denmark. As the ship had been converted from a casino ship to a passenger ferry, a new crew had to be trained and were given just ten days to learn new responsibilities. Master mariner Captain Emma Tiller, interviewed for the National Geographic Channel's documentary series Seconds from Disaster, stated that six to eight weeks would be a reasonable period to train a crew for a ship of the Star's size.

The documentary went on to explain that many of the crew could not speak English, Norwegian or Danish, thus further reducing the effectiveness of the response to the emergency. The insurance company Skuld's technical leader, Erik Stein, had inspected the ship shortly before, and had declared the fire preparedness deficient, for among other reasons because of defective fire doors.[5]

During the night of 7 April 1990, at about 2 a.m. local time, fire broke out and was discovered by a passenger and was brought to the attention of the receptionist. The fire spread from deck 3 to 4 stopping at deck 5. The stairwell and ceilings acted as chimneys for the fire to spread. Although the bulkheads were made of steel structure with asbestos wall boards, a melamine resin laminate was used as a decorative covering and proved extremely flammable in subsequent testing, spreading fire throughout Deck 3. The burning laminates produced toxic hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide gases. The fire then spread to Deck 4 and Deck 5.[6]

When the captain learned of the fire, he attempted to close the bulkhead fire doors on Deck 3. The fire doors were not configured for fully automatic closing and did not respond since emergency alarms near the doors had not been manually triggered by passengers or crew. A vehicle storage area ventilated by large fans to remove exhaust fumes was also located nearby, and the fans pulled air through an improperly secured fire door and caused rapid fire progress from Deck 3 through Deck 4 and Deck 5 via stairways located on either end.

The captain later ordered his crew to turn off the ventilation system when he realized it was feeding the fire, and an unintended result was that smoke was able to enter passenger cabins via the door vents. Some tried to seek refuge from the smoke in areas such as closets and bathrooms or remain asleep in bed, but were eventually overcome by smoke. Those who tried to escape may have variously encountered thick smoke, confusing corridor layouts, and poorly trained crew members.

Investigators proposed several reasons for why many passengers did not safely evacuate:

  1. Many people probably did not hear the alarms due to distance between their cabins and the alarms, and due to ordinary mechanical noise of the ship systems.
  2. Some people probably could not find their way out because of thick smoke obscuring the exit routes and signage.
  3. Burning melamine panels in the hallways produced poisonous hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, causing rapid unconsciousness and death.
  4. Numerous Portuguese crew members did not speak or understand Norwegian, Danish or English, were unfamiliar with the ship, and had never practiced a fire drill. Only a few crew members even thought to put on breathing masks before entering smoke filled corridors.
  5. On Deck 5, where most passenger deaths occurred, the hallways were arranged in a layout that contained dead-ends and did not otherwise logically lead to emergency exits.

The captain ordered the general alarms to be activated, told everyone to abandon ship, and sent out a mayday request. The captain and crew ultimately abandoned ship before all passengers were evacuated, leaving many still on board the burning ship even after it was towed to the harbor. The ship was towed to Lysekil, Sweden, where the fire department suppressed the fire in ten hours.

Victims

The captain of the vessel said that the ferry was carrying 395 passengers and 97 crew the day of the fire.[7] It was later determined that 158 people, or approximately one-third of all passengers on board, died on the ship. Another victim died two weeks later from his injuries. 136 of those killed were Norwegian.

As many of the victims remains were damaged by the fire, more than 100 specialists worked to identify all the remains discovered by police technicians, forensic pathologists, and forensic dentists.[8] It was initially reported that many of the bodies found were children but Swedish Police were quoted as stating that children under the age of 7 were not included on passenger lists causing confusion on actual counts.[7]

Investigation

An Oslo police investigation initially cast suspicion on Erik Mørk Andersen, a Danish truck driver who died in the disaster and who had three previous convictions for arson.[9] A later investigation in 2009 determined that there were several separate fires and that multiple people would have been needed to start them, especially if they were not familiar with the layout of the ship.[2] A 2013 report prepared by a self-appointed Norwegian group called "Stiftelsen Etterforskning Av Mordbrannen Scandinavian Star" ("Foundation for Arson Investigation Scandinavian Star") denied that Andersen was responsible, claiming instead that multiple fires were deliberately set and the truck driver was killed by one of the first two fires (up to nine hours prior to the last fire being started).[9]

The same 2013 report claimed that as many as nine experienced members of the crew, having joined the ship earlier in Tampa, were likely to be responsible for six separate fires on the Scandinavian Star as well as multiple acts of sabotage to both the ship and the fire crew's efforts to put out the fire.[10] The report proposed the motive for the crime was insurance fraud, as the ship was insured for twice its value shortly before the fire broke out. The report claims that multiple people with insider knowledge of the ship were required for events to unfold as they did. This controversial and unproven report led to renewed police interest; and in 2014 the investigation was officially reopened and charges dropped against the deceased suspect Erik Mørk Andersen.[2]

In March 2015 the Parliament of Norway decided to remove the statute of limitations for arson, such that criminal investigation and prosecution remains possible.[11] In February 2016, the retired Danish investigator Flemming Thue Jensen, who had led the post-fire investigation in 1990, claimed that the fire was sabotage and was set by members of the ship's crew; that fire doors had been propped open to allow the fire to spread; and that a third flare-up that occurred after the ship had been evacuated of passengers was caused by crew members soaking mattresses with diesel fuel.[12][13][14]

Changes to the International Code for Fire Safety Systems

The incident raised a number of issues relating to fire protection and evacuation on passenger ships. The International Code for Fire Safety Systems of the International Maritime Organization's International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea was comprehensively amended after the disaster, in 1992.[15]

Salvage and later service

The burnt ship was towed to Copenhagen, Denmark on 18 April 1990, arriving two days later[16] and remaining there for several months. On 11 August 1990 she was towed to the United Kingdom, first arriving at Hull[17] before moving on to Southampton on 10 September, where the vessel was renamed Candi by simply painting over part of the original name.

In February 1994 she was sold at auction to International Shipping Partners.[18] She was renamed Regal Voyager and sent to Italy for rebuilding, then later chartered to Comarit Ferries and put on the route between Tangier and Port Vendres.

In 1997 she was registered to St. Thomas Cruises and put on a route between Port Isabel, Texas and Puerto Cortés, Honduras for Isabel Cortes Ferry Service. Chartered to Ferries del Caribe in 1999, she was put on the route Santo Domingo – San Juan, Puerto Rico. The ship was laid up in Charleston, South Carolina in 2003, then sold to Indian shipbreakers in 2004 and renamed as Regal V. She arrived at Alang, Gujarat, India, on 14 May 2004, and the work to get her broken up started five days later.

Memorials
MS Scandinavian Star memorial

A few months after the fire, a two-day memorial voyage was arranged by a survivors support group, clergymen and psychologists in order to remember the victims and help survivors and family members heal. The voyage was taken by about 300 people, who dropped flowers into the North Sea during a sunset memorial service.[19]

On 7 April 2006, a memorial was inaugurated in Oslo, near the Akershus Fortress. It features a mother with her child and a large commemorative plaque with the names of all the victims of the fire.[20]

In 2015 on the 25th anniversary of the fire, Queen Sonja of Norway, Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg, Oslo Mayor Fabian Stang, and Denmark's Ambassador to Norway Torben Brylle, paid tribute to the victims and survivors in a waterfront ceremony.[21]

2020 documentary and possible reopening of the case

In 2020, Danish national television channel DR, Norwegian channel NRK, and Swedish channel TV4 broadcast a six-hour Nordic documentary named Scandinavian Star, largely based on Politiken journalist Lars Halskov's book Branden - Gåden om Scandinavian Star (The fire - The Scandinavian Star riddle). The documentary went into great detail and revealed a lot of information, both about what happened that night, about why the truth of Scandinavian Star has never been revealed, how the authorities have let down the bereaved and how the police investigations into the matter are lacking.[22][23][24]

Some of the information were:[25]

  • Contrary to the authorities, several fire experts believe there were at least four fires that night and they were not just one fire propagating through the ship but rather individual fires started at different times. The fire experts point out that among the evidence to suggest this was the fact that the same section of the ship burned twice and that the Swedish firefighters maintain that all fires were put out while the ship was being towed to Lysekil, but still an enormous fire broke out in a completely different area of the ship five hours after the ship docked.
  • There is no evidence to suggest that Erik Mørk Andersen started any of the fires, and Andersen himself perished during the second fire.
  • Several fire experts and the Danish maritime authorities' main investigator Flemming Thue Jensen believe, that none of the fires were the work of some random pyromaniac. They were all started by professionals who knew what they were doing and knew the ship's layout well. When the second fire was started, two fire doors had been blocked to prevent them from closing, one with two mattresses and one with a big concrete block only accessible to the ship's crew. Keeping these fire doors open ensured quick fire propagation, because it ensured airflow from the car deck beneath the fire thereby ensuring a "wood stove effect", and the same fire was started in a position on the ship that allowed ventilation to carry it to other floors and to the opposite side of the ship.
  • Scandinavian Star was (officially) purchased by shipowner Henrik Johansen at a highly inflated price (US$21.7 million), and was immediately insured for 24 million dollars by Danish insurance company Fjerde Sø. Only one week earlier, the ship had been sold to SeaEscape Ltd. for just US$10 million. This may be an indicator of insurance fraud, but this has never been investigated properly by the authorities. A Swedish representative of PolFerries, who had also been interested in purchasing the ship in 1990, said that Scandinavian Star was "a three-legged horse" and its value not even close to 20 million since it was old, poorly maintained and not a RO-RO ferry. The latter is a serious drawback for a ferry transporting vehicles, because these all have to reverse out the ferry when it arrives instead of just continuing forward out the other end of the ship.
  • On the morning of April 7 while the firefighters were trying to extinguish the flames, four members of the ship's crew were flown back to the ship by helicopter: the chief machinist, a machinist, the chief electrician and Captain Hugo Larsen. They said they wanted to help the firefighters but the behaviour of the chief machinist and the chief electrician was highly suspicious. At one time, the chief electrician kicked wedges away from underneath the fire doors in an attempt to shut the doors. The firefighters had deliberately placed the wedges there for their own safety. Also, all four crew members disappeared at one time or another and the firefighters didn't see them again.
  • According to several Swedish firefighters and salvage workers, three unknown men emerged from the ship during the night at Lysekil Harbour and quickly disappeared before the firefighters could alert the police. Shortly thereafter, an enormous fire broke out in the ship's front restaurant area. This fire quickly rose to temperatures so high that firefighters were unable to put out the fire for another 12 hours. According to the fire brigade, there had been no previous fires anywhere near the restaurant.
  • Several large and suspicious fires had hit Scandinavian Star and her sister ships while they were sailing in the Caribbean. In 1984 a fire completely destroyed M/S Scandinavian Sea and its value was written down to zero (thereby triggering payout of the full insurance sum).
  • Scandinavian Star was far from seaworthy when it started sailing with passengers on April 1, and the safety of the passengers was given very low priority. While the ship was docked at Cuxhaven in March, an inspector for Norwegian insurance company Skuld inspected the ship and gave specific instructions that several things needed to be fixed before the ship could get a liability insurance let alone travel with passengers. Among the defects were fire doors that didn't close properly, rusty sprinkler systems that couldn't be tested, a critical fire door having been replaced by an ineffective glass door and that not a single fire drill had been conducted at any time. Strangely, Skuld ended up issuing a liability insurance for the ship anyway despite the inspector's report.
  • According to both Danish and Norwegian maritime authorities, none of them were informed in any way about Scandinavian Star, and therefore no inspection was conducted by any of them prior to April 7. According to Danish maritime authority, the ship was registered in Nassau, Bahamas and therefore only obliged to adhere to the much more lenient Bahamian safety regulations. However, in the documentary, former secretary and chairman of the Danish Association of Sailors, Henrik Berlau, the Danish maritime authorities knew that Scandinavian Star was not ready to transport passengers, before the ship was assigned to its route during the first week of April 1990. However, the maritime authorities opted to keep quiet with this after the disaster, because it might have rendered the state of Denmark liable for damages. Berlau states that his source is the former management of the maritime authorities and that the maritime authorities postponed their statutory inspection by two weeks. The ship burned before the inspection was scheduled. Today, the maritime authorities have commented on Berlau's information, stating that they have found no archival evidence to suggest that any employee had seen the ship or been in its presence.

On May 9, 2020, the documentary led to a majority of the Danish parliament voting to initiate a government hearing. Among the questions are: what is the status of the case and what is being done to achieve closure?[26]

See also

Notes
  1. Solheim, T.; Lorentsen, M.; Sundnes, P.K.; Bang, G. & Bremnes, L. (1992): The “Scandinavian Star” ferry disaster 1990 – a challenge to forensic odontology. International Journal of Legal Medicine 104: 339-345.
  2. "Police reopen probe into Scandinavian Star fire". The Local NO. The Local Europe AB. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  3. Finefrock, Don (4 October 1988). "NTSB learns of other fire abord ship". UPI Archives. United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  4. Kolstad, James (8 August 1989). "Safety Recommendation M-89-054" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  5. Halskov, Lars. "Manden der ikke ville godkende 'Scandinavian Star'". politiken.dk. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  6. Palmberg, Pierre. "SCANDINAVIAN STAR Fire on board 070490-080490" (PDF). SWECO Fire Protection Engineering and Risk Management. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  7. Times, Special to The New York (1990-04-10). "Officials Say Deaths In Danish Ferry Fire Could Rise Past 176". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
  8. Jakobsen, J.; Remvig, P. (May 1991). "[Identification of victims after a fire on the ferry "Scandinavian Star"]". Tandlaegebladet. 95 (8): 325–330. ISSN 0039-9353. PMID 1948719.
  9. Scandinavian Star gjennomgang: Mistenkte var død ett døgn før siste brann, vg.no; accessed 7 April 2015.(in Norwegian)
  10. Fagfolk: - Mannskap stiftet Scandinavian Star-brann - Scandinavian Star, VG.no; accessed 7 April 2015.(in Norwegian)
  11. "Storting, Representantforslag om fjerning av foreldingsfristen for brot på straffelova § 148 første ledd første punktum andre straffalternativ (mordbrannparagrafen)". Stortinget. Sak - stortinget.no. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  12. "After 26 years, new info on fatal Scandinavian Star fire". The Local NO. The Local Europe AB. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  13. "Inspektør bryder 26 års tavshed: professionelle stod bag mordbrand". politiken.dk. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  14. "Norsk politi er tavs om beskyldninger fra pensioneret skibsinspektør". politiken.dk. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  15. "History of fire protection requirements". www.imo.org. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  16. "M/S MASSALIA 1971". Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  17. "SCANDINAVIAN STAR". 1990. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  18. Asklander, Micke. "M/S Massalia" (in Swedish). Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  19. Mellgren, Doug (May 27, 1990). "Scandinavian Star Survivors, Families Make Memorial Voyage". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
  20. "Scandinavian Star". 13 June 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  21. Berglund, Nina (April 7, 2015). "Ferry fire victims not forgotten". www.newsinenglish.no. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
  22. Ny dokumentar om tragedien på Scandinavian Star, Nabolandskanalerne; accessed June 6, 2020 (in Danish)
  23. Scandinavian Star – ny dokumentarserie om skibskatastrofen, Dansk Filminstitut; accessed June 6, 2020 (in Danish)
  24. Dokumentarserie om »Scandinavian Star« imponerer: »Hvis der er et helvede på Jorden, er det her«, Berlingske Tidende; accessed June 6, 2020 (in Danish)
  25. Ny dokumentarserie fortæller hele historien om ’Scandinavian Star’, DR Nyheder; accessed June 6, 2020 (in Danish)
  26. Folketinget genoptager Scandinavian Star-sag, DR Nyheder; accessed June 6, 2020 (in Danish)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.