MV Goya

Goya was a Norwegian motor freighter. Completed in 1940 for Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Rederi company, she was named after Francisco de Goya. Following the invasion of Norway she was seized by Germany and pressed into service of the Kriegsmarine as a troop transport.

This article is about the German transport ship. For the Norwegian refugee ship, see SS Goya.
Goya in Akers shipyard in Oslo, shortly before completion
History
Norway
Name: Goya
Owner: Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Rederi
Builder: Akers Mekaniske Verksted, Oslo
Laid down: 1939
Launched: 1940
Completed: 1940
Fate: Confiscated by Germany during invasion of Norway
History
Nazi Germany
Name: Goya
Operator: Kriegsmarine
Acquired: 1940
Fate: Sunk, 16 April 1945
General characteristics
Tonnage: 5,230 Gross Register Tons
Length: 146 m (479 ft)
Beam: 17.4 m (57 ft)
Installed power: Burmeister & Wain 7,600 horsepower (5,700 kW)
Speed: 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)

Near the end of the Second World War, the ship took part in Operation Hannibal, the evacuation of German seriously wounded personnel and civilians from pockets along the Baltic Sea still holding out. Loaded with thousands of refugees the ship was sunk on 16 April 1945 by the Soviet submarine L-3.

Most of the crew and passengers died. The sinking of Goya was one of the biggest single-incident maritime losses of life of the war, and as such one of the largest maritime losses of life in history, with just 183 survivors among roughly 6,700 passengers and crew.[1]

History of the ship

Early service

Goya was originally built as a freighter by the Akers Mekaniske Verksted shipyard in Oslo in 1940. The ship was 146 m (475.72 feet) long and 17.4 m (57.08 feet) wide, had a capacity of 5,230 GRT, and a top speed of 18 knots. Following the German occupation of Norway, the ship was seized by Germany and in 1942 refitted as an auxiliary transport for German U-boats.[2] In 1943 she was turned into a depot ship, but the following year she was moved to Memel (modern Klaipėda), where she was used as a target ship for torpedo practice by the 24th U-boat Flotilla.[2]

In 1945, during Operation Hannibal, Goya was used as an evacuation ship moving people from the eastern and southern Baltic west.[2] Her commanding officer was Captain Plünnecke.[3] Goya was marked as a hospital ship carried over 1000 hospital beds for very seriously wounded soldiers who were immobile.

Sinking

On 16 April 1945, Goya was sailing from Gotenhafen (Gdynia), around the Hel Peninsula and across the Baltic Sea to Kiel in western Germany. The convoy included Goya, as well as two smaller vessels (Kronenfels and a steam tug Aegir) and two minesweepers as convoy escort: M-256 and M-328.[2][3] In accordance to Operation Hannibal, organised by the head of the Kriegsmarine Karl Dönitz, the Goya was one of more than 1,000 ships commissioned to participate in the evacuation. The ship which was meant to accommodate only 850 crew members but was overcrowded with more than 7,000 eastern European refugees and the wounded.

Four hours after leaving the port, close to the southern tip of Hel Peninsula, the convoy was attacked by Soviet bombers. During the air raids one of the bombs hit Goya, but damage was minimal.[2] After rounding the Hel Peninsula and leaving Gdansk Bay, several miles north of Cape Rixhöft (Cape Rozewie), the convoy was sighted by the Soviet minelayer submarine L-3, which also carried torpedoes.[2][4] While Goya was faster than submarines, the convoy was slowed down by the engine problems of the Kronenfels, which also required a 20-minute stop for repairs.[2] At precisely 4 minutes before midnight (local time), the commander of L-3, Captain Vladimir Konovalov, gave the order to fire a spread of four torpedoes.[1][4] Two of them hit Goya; one struck amidships, the second exploded in the stern, sending an immense plume of fire and smoke bursting into the sky.[2] The impact of the torpedoes was so great that the ship's masts collapsed upon the refugees sleeping on the top deck. Within moments, the ship broke in two and while fire consumed the upper portions of the Goya, it sank in less than four minutes, drowning thousands in their beds,[1] shortly after midnight.[2][3]

Casualties

Goya, a freighter without the safety features of a passenger ship, sank to a depth of approximately 76 metres (249 ft).[2] As the ship sank in under four minutes, most passengers either went down with her or died of hypothermia in the icy waters of the Baltic Sea.

The exact death toll is difficult to estimate. Authors cite the total number of passengers as "over 6000",[5][2] 6700,[1] or 7200,[3] although the exact number might never be known, as the evacuated military personnel and civilians boarded the ships in chaotic circumstances and often occupied all available space on ships leaving the German enclaves in East Prussia and occupied Poland. In any case, the death toll exceeded 6000 and most likely reached 7,000, making the sinking one of the worst maritime disasters by number of casualties, exceeded only by Wilhelm Gustloff.

The exact number of survivors is also a matter of dispute. Most place it at around 182 people saved (176 soldiers and 4 civilians), of whom 9 died shortly afterwards.[2] However, other figures are also used, notably 172 and 183.[3][5]

Discovery of the wreck

The position of the wreck has been known to Polish fishermen for a long time; however, it was not identified and was referred to as "Wreck No. 88" on Polish Navy maps. On 26 August 2002, the wreck was discovered by Polish technical divers Grzegorz Dominik, Michał Porada and Marek Jagodziński, who also salvaged the ship's compass.

Exactly 58 years after the sinking of Goya, the wreck was located on 16 April 2003 by an international expedition under the direction of Ulrich Restemeyer with the help of 3D-Sonar scanning. The position records of Goya's accompanying ships were found to be incorrect, probably made during a hasty escape. During the rediscovery another, smaller, ship had been seen above the wreck, which at first was thought to carry fishermen, but when Restemeyer's Fritz Reuter came close, the ship, seemingly carrying divers, left.

The wreck lies at a depth of 76 meters (249 feet) below the surface of the Baltic Sea and is in remarkably good condition, though covered with nets. Survivors have mourned the tragedy by laying wreaths at the surface to show condolences to the 6,000 people who were killed here.

Shortly after the discovery, the wreck was officially declared a war grave by the Polish Maritime Office in Gdynia.[6] In 2006 the decision was published in an official government gazette of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and thus it is illegal to dive to within 500 metres of the wreck.[6]

See also

References


Citations
  1. Arad, pp. 102-103.
  2. Wnorowski & Jagodziński, p. 1.
  3. Chinnow, p. 25.
  4. Steinberg, p. 302.
  5. Tucker, pp. 800-801.
  6. DUWP, p. 4243.

Bibliography
  • (in English) Yitzhak Arad (2010). In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Germany. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. ISBN 978-965-229-487-6.
  • (in English) Heinz Chinnow (1 February 2004). Pomerania: 1945 Echoes of the Past. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-30624-4.
  • (in Polish) "Zarządzenie porządkowe Nr 9 dyrektora Urzędu Morskiego w Gdyni w sprawie zakazu nurkowania na wrakach statków-mogił wojennych" (pdf). Dziennik Urzędowy Województwa Pomorskiego. Gdańsk: Wojewoda Pomorski. 62: 4243. 2006. ISSN 1508-4779. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  • (in Russian) Mark Steinberg (2005). Евреи в войнах тысячелетий [Jews in 1000 years of warfare]. Moscow-Jerusalem: Gesharim. p. 587. ISBN 5-93273-154-0.
  • (in English) Spencer Tucker (30 November 2011). "Sinking of Wilhelm Gustloff, General von Steuben and Goya". World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 800–801. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3.
  • (in Polish) Krzysztof Wnorowski; Marek Jagodziński (2014). "Goya". Baltic Sea Wrecks. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

Further reading
  • Fritz Brustat-Naval: Unternehmen Rettung, Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg, 2001, ISBN 3-7822-0829-3
  • Ernst Fredmann: Sie kamen übers Meer - Die größte Rettungsaktion der Geschichte, Pfälzische Verlagsges., ISBN 3-88527-040-4
  • Heinz Schön: Ostsee '45, Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart, 1995, ISBN 3-87943-856-0
  • Williams, David, Wartime Disasters at Sea. Near Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1997.

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