Madrasa of Granada

The Madrasa of Granada (Spanish: Madraza de Granada, also Yusufiyya, Casa de la Ciencia, Palacio de la Madraza) was a madrasa in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It was founded in 1349 by the Nasrid monarch Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.[1][2] The building is currently part of the University of Granada[2] and is the seat of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Nuestra Señora de las Angustias ("Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Our Lady of Sorrows").[3]

Exterior of the Palacio de la Madraza today

It is located on the street now known as Calle Oficios.[3] The madrasa was built at the heart of the city, near the main mosque (now the site of the Granada Cathedral) and the Alcaicería, then the elite bazaar where silk, gold, linen and other cloth were traded.[4]

History
The Nasrid-era prayer room with mihrab
Ceiling of the prayer room

The madrasa was founded in 1349 CE by Yusuf I, the Nasrid emir of Granada at the time.[5][6][7] Madrasas were a type of Islamic institution newly introduced to the region at that time, having originated in Seljuk Iran in the 11th century and then spread progressively west.[7][8][9] Madrasas then appeared first in the late 13th century in Marinid-ruled Morocco, where many were built around this period (e.g. the Madrasa as-Saffarin and the Madrasa al-Attarin in Fes), possibly influencing the design of the Nasrid 'adrasa in turn.[6] The Madrasa of Yusuf I is the only major one known to have been built in al-Andalus.[10][5] (The only other known madrasa in the country was a smaller, private madrasa built earlier in Malaga.[6]) As with most madrasas in other cities, the Nasrid Madrasa was built next to the city's main mosque.[10]

The motivation to build such an institution was to train and educate new scholars (who could then also serve as state bureaucrats[11]), attract important existing scholars, and to enhance the Nasrid rulers' own prestige and reputation as pious Muslims.[7] The main focus of education was normally Islamic law, Arabic grammar, and related subjects.[7][8][10] Ibn Marzuq famously notably here in 1354.[6] Ibn al-Khatib was also an early student there; among his teachers were Ibn al-Fajjar, Ibn Marzuq, and Ibn al-Hajj (language and law); Ibn al-Hakam and the poet Ibn al-Jayyab (rhetoric); and Sheikh Yahya ibn Hudayl (medicine and philosophy).[12]

The Madrasa continued to operate until late 1499 or early 1500, as per the terms of the Treaty of Granada (1491) in which the sultan Boabdil of the Emirate of Granada surrendered to the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella.[13] However, subsequent events in Granada drastically changed archbishop Hernando de Talavera's benign proselytizing methods. In 1499, an uprising by Muslims in the region of Alpujarras paved the way for Gonzalo Jimenez de Cisneros, as inquisitor-general, to intervene in Talavera's diocese. Following this, the 1491 Treaty of Granada was unilaterally declared null and void by Isabella and Ferdinand's government.[14]

Baroque façade of the Palacio de la Madraza

Cisneros took advantage of the situation to assault the Madrasa, the contents of whose library was brought to the plaza of Bib-Rambla and burned in a public bonfire. Once pillaged and closed,[15][16] the building was designated in 1500 by Ferdinand II to be the new Casa del Cabildo (city hall).[17][15][16] Most of the original madrasa structure was demolished between 1722 and 1729 and replaced with a new baroque building, designed by José de Bada, to house the city hall.[10][6]

In 1858 the town hall moved to the Plaza del Carmen, and the building was sold to be used as a textile warehouse. Two years later, the principal inscription of the Mihrab was discovered. There was also some fire damage in this era; the Echeverría family, owners of the building, hired Rafael Contreras, the same architect who restored the Alhambra, to undertake repairs and restorations.[18][10]

The city bought back the building in the early 20th century, leading to further restoration work in 1939. There was an unsuccessful attempt in 1942 to turn the building into the seat of a new Instituto de los Reyes Católicos del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas ("Catholic Monarchs Institute of the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations"). In 1976, the building became part of the University of Granada.[18] The building underwent a series of restorations starting at the end of the 20th century. Extensive archeological excavations were carried out in 2006–2007,[19] and the building was opened to the public in 2011.[20]

Curriculum of the Madrasa

Among the subjects taught were theology, law,[17] medicine, astronomy, logic, mathematics including geometry, and mechanics.[18][5]

Ibn Hazm (Fisal) gives us some indication of the curriculum of the "Andalusian school of philosophy": "Consecrate the first fruits of your intelligence to mathematics and begin your scientific education by his deep study of the properties of numbers. Then gradually pass to consider the position of the stars, the apparent shape of the celestial sphere, how to verify the passage of the sun, moon and five planets (…) all other phenomena and accidents physical and atmospheric. Add to this the reading of certain books of the Greeks in which they determine the laws governing discursive reasoning."

Architecture
Artesonado ceiling in the Sala de los Caballeros XXIV, part of the later Spanish palace
Decoration along the walls of the prayer room, including the muqarnas squinches (left and right)

The original madrasa building

As was typical of the works of Yusuf I, the building was splendid.[17] Its exterior façade was covered in white marble, parts of which were survived and reused as flagstones before moved to the Archaeological Museum of Granada, where they remain today.[5] The entrance was likely a horseshoe-arch doorway framed by an alfiz. The façade was decorated with inscriptions of poetry and philosophy, carved within the alfiz above the entrance.[5] Among these were the words "If in your spirit you provide a place for the desire to study and to flee from the shadows of ignorance, you will find in it the beautiful tree of honor. Make study shine like stars to the great, and to those who are not, bring to them the same brilliance."[21]

The layout of the building was originally organized around a pool in the center.[22] Most madrasas shared this layout and typically had rooms for students arranged around the courtyard.[5][9] On the southeast side of the Nasrid madrasa's courtyard was a prayer room, which today is the only part of the original building that has been preserved and restored.[5] The room, accessed via a decorated horseshoe arch doorway, is square and measures 6.84 metres per side. It has a high ceiling and roughly half-way up the walls the room transitions from a square to an octagonal shape. The transition from square to octagon is achieved at the corners of the room via four muqarnas-sculpted squinches. The rest of the walls, especially the upper walls, are covered in intricate stucco decoration with arabesque and calligraphic motifs. The upper walls are also pierced with 16 windows. At the top of the walls is a muqarnas cornice which precedes the wooden cupola ceiling.[7][5][23]

The Post-Reconquista modifications

After the completion of the Reconquista and the conversion to the Cabildo an adjacent house was annexed to enlarge the building. The octagonal Mudéjar Sala de Cabildos was constructed in this era; its 1513 decoration included an inscription alluding to the Christian conquest of the city. Eventually the pool was filled in and converted to other uses, although even after the modifications of 1554–1556, Francisco Henríquez de Jorquera describes a patio with a pool and a garden. The building was subject to major modifications, especially in the 1722–1729 at the height of the Baroque, so that what we have today is essentially an 18th-century building with elements of older buildings. The oratory or mihrab is original from the 14th century; the Sala de los Caballeros XXIV, a council room, is in Mudéjar style and features a magnificent artesonado ceiling.[18][24][25][5] The external façade of the building, with rich carved decoration around its windows and entrance, is in the Churrigueresque style.[5]

Archeology

The archeological excavations in 2006–2007 turned up various remains, including traces of older buildings on the site dating back as far as the 11th century. Two human burials were identified beneath what is now the oratory. They certainly date back at least to the 11th century, and possibly as far back as Roman times, though most likely they date from after the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[19]

References
  1. Robinson, Cynthia; Pinet, Simone (10 December 2008). Courting the Alhambra: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to the Hall of Justice Ceilings. BRILL. p. 52. ISBN 978-90-474-2688-2.
  2. La Madraza, alhambra.org. Accessed online 2010-01-23. Archived 2017-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Nuestra Señora de las Angustias, official site. Accessed online 2010-01-23.
  4. Mattei 2008, p. 181–182, 183.
  5. Franco, Ángela. "Madrasa Palace". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  6. "Qantara - The Yusufiyya Madrasa". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  7. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.
  8. Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
  9. Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
  10. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780300218701.
  11. Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014). Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne. Paris: Louvre éditions. ISBN 9782350314907.
  12. Antonio Santo Orcero, Ibn al-Jatib, Diverso Variable, p. 5. Undated. Accessed online 2010-01-24. "al-Jatib" is the Spanish transliteration of "al-Khatib".
  13. Text of the treaty is online at wikisource:es:Tratado de Granada.
  14. Edwards, John. (2000). The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474-1520. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  15. Javier López Gijón, Quema de Bib-Rambla, Foro Aben Humeya. Accessed online 2010-01-23.
  16. Eisenberg, Daniel (1992). "Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos". Journal of Hispanic Philology. 16: 107–124.
  17. Mattei 2008, p. 183.
  18. Miguel Rodríguez-Pantoja Márquez, Patrimonio artístico y monumental de las universidades andaluzas, Universidad de Sevilla, 1992, ISBN 84-8051-051-X, p. 13–15. Available online on Google Books.
  19. Mattei 2008, p. 187–188.
  20. "Madraza in Granada - Guide, Price, Opening Time & Accessibility". Visit Granada. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  21. Antonio Almagro Cardenas, Estudio Sobre Las Inscripciones Rabes de Granada [1870] (2009), BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 1-115-71121-0. pág. 215. Available on Google Books. The words would have been originally in Arabic; Almagro Cardenas gives them in Spanish as "Si en tu espíritu hace asiento el deseo del estudio y de huir de las sombras de la ignorancia, hallarás en ella el hermoso árbol del honor. Hace el estudio brillar como estrellas a los grandes, y a los que no lo son los eleva a igual lucimiento."
  22. Mattei 2008, p. 189.
  23. "Madrasa Yusufiyya". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  24. Mattei 2008, p. 190, 191.
  25. Comienzan las obras de recuperación del interior del Palacio de la Madraza de Granada, ideal.es, 2009-02-04, accessed on http://www.webcciv.org 2010-01-24.

Bibliography

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