Mansehra

Mansehra (مانسہرہ) is a city and capital of Mansehra District located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is the 71st largest city of Pakistan and 7th largest city in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

For the district, see Mansehra District. For other uses, see Mansehra (disambiguation).
Mansehra


مانسہرہ
City
Mansehra after winter snowfall
Mansehra
Mansehra
Coordinates: 34°20′2″N 73°12′5″E
Country Pakistan
Province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
DistrictMansehra
TehsilMansehra
Area
 • Total1,340 km2 (520 sq mi)
Elevation
1,088 m (3,570 ft)
Population
 • Total127,623
 • Rank71st in Pakistan
7th in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
Postal Code
21300
Northern parts of Mansehra city
Sunset in Mansehra City

The name of the city is derived from that of its founder, Sardar Maha Singh Mirpuri, who was a Sikh administrator and general in the Sikh Khalsa Army during the rule of the Khalsa Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[3][4][5] The city hosts the Mansehra Shiva Temple, which is famous for its annual Shivarathri festival.[6]

History

Maurya rule
Main article: Mansehra Rock Edicts

The region came under the influence of the Nanda Empire of ancient India from 300 BCE, and with the rise of Chandragupta Maurya, the region came under the complete control of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka governed this area as a prince, imperial throne c. 272 B.C. he made it one of the major seats of his government. The Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on three large boulders near Mansehra record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law. These represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered writing in South Asia, dating to middle of the third century BC, and are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.[7]

Shungas, Kushans, and Guptas

The region was briefly and nominally controlled by the Shunga Empire. However, with the decline of the Shungas, the region passed to local Hindu and Buddhist rulers, and interrupted by foreign rulers. Many of these foreign rulers, like the Indo-Parthians, Sakas, and Kushans converted to Buddhism, and promoted these Indian religions throughout Central and South Asia. The region reached its height under the Buddhist ruler Kanishka the Great. After the fall of the Kushans, the region came under the control of the Gupta Empire of ancient India. During the period, Hindu and Buddhist art and architecture flourished in the area.[8]

Hindu Shahi rule

With the decline of the imperial Guptas, the Hindu Shahis came to rule the area. The Hindu Shahis built two massive forts in the northern edges of the region. The forts were later renamed as "Kafirkots" (forts of the infidel). These Hindu Shahi forts were known for high towers and steep defensive walls. The Hindus also built many Hindu temples around the area, however, much of them are now in rubble. The Hindu Shahis remained in control of the area until their defeat by the Turkic Muslim army of Ghaznavids.[9]

Durranis and Marathas

Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire, captured the region around the mid-1700s, however, Durrani quickly retreated from the region. Ahmad Shah Durrani again invaded the region with Timur Shah Durrani having nominal rule.[10] Durrani rule was interrupted by the Maratha Empire's under Raghunathrao, who drove out the Afghans,[11] Following the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Durrani defeated the Marathas and recaptured Lahore, Sikh forces occupied the region after the Durranis withdrew. The Durranis invaded two more times, while the Sikhs would re-occupy the region after both invasions.[12]

Sikh rule

The fall of the Afghan Durrani Empire made way for the Sikhs to rise to power under Ranjit Singh. The Sikhs gained control of the area in 1818. The town of Mansehra was founded by Mahan Singh Mirpuri, a Sikh governor.[13] There were popular uprisings against Sikh rule, but these uprisings failed and the Sikhs remained in power until 1849 when the area came under British rule.[4][5][14][15] The town is named in Mahan Singh Mirpuri's honor.[4]

British period

By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Mansehra. To maintain peace in the area, the British took preventive measures by co-opting the local chiefs.

The British divided Hazara region into three tehsils (administrative subdivisions): Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur. In 1901, when the British formed the buffer province of North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Hazara was annexed into it.

During British rule, Mansehra was a small town. Its population according to the 1901 census was 5,087.[16] During the British period, Mansehra was the headquarters of Mansehra Tehsil.

In 1976 Mansehra Tehsil was made district and Mansehra became the centre of it.

Organisation

Mansehra City is the administrative capital of District and Tehsil Mansehra. The City of Mansehra is administratively divided into four Union Councils:[17] Mansehra City Wards No. 1–4 and Mansehra (Rural)/suburban. Each union council is divided into Mohallas.

Cultural festival
Ashokan inscriptions: Major Rock Edicts 1 to 14.

During the festival of Durgashtami, held in the first month of the Hindu calendar and the seventh month of the Nanakshahi calendar,[18] about 400 local Hindus assemble on Bareri Hill to worship Devi (as Durga). Offerings are taken by a Brahmin of Mansehra.[18] The assembly on each occasion lasts only one day.[18] The site is ancient, as at the base of Bareri Hill are the boulders inscribed with the Edicts of Ashoka.[19]

The giant rock of King Ashoka.

See also

References
  1. "Mansehra Demographics table" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  2. "DISTRICT AND TEHSIL LEVEL POPULATION SUMMARY WITH REGION BREAKUP (MANSEHRA DISTRICT)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2018-01-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
  3. Hazara Report 1993, Peshawar:Govt of NWFP, p. 12
  4. Alavi, Rehan (March 25, 2015). Beyond the Dreams Rehan Alavi. Xlibris AU. pp. 92–94. ISBN 9781503504004.
  5. Weekes, Colonel H. E. (December 19, 2011). History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles: 1858 to 1928. Andrews UK Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 9781781493335.
  6. "Pakistan prepares to hold a major Hindu festival Maha Shivaratri". Asia. Gulf News. TNN. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  7. Department of Archaeology and Museums (2004-01-30). "UNESCO world heritage Centre - Mansehra Rock Edicts". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  8. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Pakistan/R4jiAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Dera+Ismail+Khan+hindu+shahi&dq=Dera+Ismail+Khan+hindu+shahi&printsec=frontcover
  9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Pakistan/R4jiAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Dera+Ismail+Khan+hindu+shahi&dq=Dera+Ismail+Khan+hindu+shahi&printsec=frontcover
  10. Edmund Bosworth, C. (26 December 2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. ISBN 9789047423836.
  11. Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
  12. Edmund Bosworth, C. (26 December 2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. ISBN 9789047423836.
  13. Not to be confused with the Hindu Rajput Raja Man Singh I of Amber in Rajputana, India
  14. Hazara Gazetteer 1884
  15. Gazetteer 1884,
  16. "Mānsehra Village - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 203". Dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  17. "Tehsils & Unions in the District of Mansehra". Nrb.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  18. Report of the land revenue settlement of the Hazara district of the Punjab By E. G. Wace. Central Jail Press. 1876. Retrieved 2007-11-03. In the nearby locality of Bareri, Hindus from the vicinity, to the number of about 400, used to assemble at the top of Bareri hill to worship Devi (Durga) and to present offerings, which were taken by a Brahmin of Mansehra. The assembly on each occasion lasted only one day.
  19. "Around Abbottabad by S.A.J. Shirazi". Travelers Digest. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2007-11-03. Further north; go to the black mountain near Oghi or to see the Asokan inscriptions on boulders near base of Bareri Hill close to Mansehra.
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