Mare Tranquillitatis

Mare Tranquillitatis /træŋˌkwɪlɪˈteɪtɪs/ (Latin tranquillitātis, the Sea of Tranquillity or Sea of Tranquility; see spelling differences) is a lunar mare that sits within the Tranquillitatis basin on the Moon. The mare material within the basin consists of basalt formed in the intermediate to young age group of the Upper Imbrian epoch. The surrounding mountains are thought to be of the Lower Imbrian epoch, but the actual basin is probably Pre-Nectarian. The basin has irregular margins and lacks a defined multiple-ringed structure. The irregular topography in and near this basin results from the intersection of the Tranquillitatis, Nectaris, Crisium, Fecunditatis, and Serenitatis basins with two throughgoing rings of the Procellarum basin. Palus Somni, on the northeastern rim of the mare, is filled with the basalt that spilled over from Tranquillitatis.

"Sea of Tranquility" redirects here. For other uses, see Sea of Tranquility (disambiguation).
Mare Tranquillitatis
The Sea of Tranquility of the Moon
Coordinates8.5°N 31.4°E / 8.5; 31.4
Diameter876 km (544 mi)[1][2]
EponymSea of Tranquility

This mare has a slight bluish tint relative to the rest of the Moon and stands out quite well when color is processed and extracted from multiple photographs. The color is likely due to higher metal content in the basaltic soil or rocks.[3]

Unlike many other maria, there is no mass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high, in the center of Mare Tranquillitatis. Mascons were identified in the center of other maria (such as Serenitatis or Imbrium) from Doppler tracking of the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968.[4] The gravity field was mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such as Lunar Prospector and GRAIL, which unveiled an irregular pattern.

  • Topographic map
  • Gravity map based on GRAIL
Lunar nearside with major maria and craters labelled.

Naming

Mare Tranquillitatis was named in 1651 by astronomers Francesco Grimaldi and Giovanni Battista Riccioli in their lunar map Almagestum novum.[5][6]

Michael van Langren, in his Lumina Austriaca Philippica of 1645, used the name "Mare Belgicum".

Landings
A view of the Apollo 11 landing site at center, facing west, with Maskelyne crater in right foreground

On February 20, 1965, the Ranger 8 spacecraft was deliberately crashed into the Mare Tranquillitatis at 2.6377°N 24.7881°E / 2.6377; 24.7881 (Ranger 8 crash site) after successfully transmitting 7,137 close-range photographs of the Moon in the final 23 minutes of its mission.[7][8]

Surveyor 5 landed in Mare Tranquillitatis on September 11, 1967, after transmitting 19,118 images of the Moon, and was the fifth lunar lander of the unmanned Surveyor program.[9]

Apollo

Mare Tranquillitatis was the landing site for the first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. After astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made a soft landing in the Apollo 11 Lunar Module nicknamed Eagle, Armstrong told flight controllers on Earth, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." The landing area at 0.8°N 23.5°E / 0.8; 23.5 (Tranquility Base) has been designated Statio Tranquillitatis after Armstrong's name for it, and three small craters to the north of the base have been named Aldrin, Collins, and Armstrong in honor of the Apollo 11 crew.[10]

Apollo 11 landed at 00.67408°N 23.47297°E / 00.67408; 23.47297 (Apollo 11 landing site) .[11][12]

Bays

Along the periphery of the mare are several bay-shaped features that have been given names: Sinus Amoris, Sinus Asperitatis, Sinus Concordiae, and Sinus Honoris.[13]

Views

These are three views of Mare Tranquillitatis on the Moon, taken by the mapping camera of the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, facing south-southwest from an average altitude of 111 km on Revolution 36 of the mission. At the left is the east side of Mare Tranquillitatis, with the craters Franz (bottom right), Lyell (dark floor, right of center), and Taruntius (upper left). The "bay" of dark mare (basalt) at left is Sinus Concordiae, with "islands" of older, light highland material. At the right is the crater Cauchy, which lies between the Rupes Cauchy and Cauchy rille. The center photo shows the central mare with craters Vitruvius (lower right) and Gardner (bottom center). At the horizon are lighter highlands at the southern margin of the mare, near the Apollo 11 landing site. The crater Jansen is visible at the edges of both the center and right photos. The right photo shows the western mare, with the craters Dawes (lower left) and the large Plinius (43 km diameter), with the Plinius Rilles in the foreground. These photos were taken within minutes of each other as the command module America orbited the Moon. The Sun elevation drops from 46 degrees at left to 30 degrees at right.

  • Israeli psych-progressive rock band Jericho Jones recorded a song named "Mare Tranquilitatas" as the opening track of their UK album release (1971) Junkies, Monkeys & Donkeys. The band is also known as The Churchills.
  • "Mare Tranquillitatis" is the name of a composition of music by composer Vangelis on his 1976 album, Albedo 0.39 and is in reference to the selenographical term.
  • "Sea of Tranquility" is also a song by the progressive English rock band Barclay James Harvest, included in their 1977 album Gone to Earth. The composition was written by the band keyboardist Stuart "Woolly" Wolstenholme.
  • American singer-songwriter Tommy Shaw (best known for his work with the rock band Styx) is associated with a number of references to the Sea of Tranquility. Tranquility Base Songs is his publishing company. He called his farm Tranquility Base Farms. A number of his songs mention Tranquility Base or simply "tranquility." Examples include: "Boat on the River", "And all roads lead to Tranquility Base" (from the 1979 album Cornerstone), "Everything Is Cool" – "We are a Sea of Tranquillity" (from the 1999 album Brave New World), and "These Are the Times" – "We know the end will bring tranquility" (from the 2003 album Cyclorama).
  • Sea of Tranquillity is the title of a 1994 novel by Paul Russell.
  • Six Finger Satellite included a song named "Sea of Tranquility, Parts 1 & 2" from their 1998 album Law of Ruins.
  • The Dutch stoner rock/space rock band 35007 released a 2001 EP named Sea of Tranquility.
  • Dutch producer Maarten van der Vleuten/In-Existence released a song titled "Mare Tranquillitatis" on his album Vow Of Silence released on Tonefloat in 2005.
  • Howard Korder wrote a play called Sea of Tranquility.
  • The Brazilian rock band from the 80s RPM mentions the Sea of Tranquillity in their hit song "Radio Pirata".
  • "Sea of Tranquillity" is a song by space ambient artist, John Stanford.
  • The Sea of Tranquility is the name of a book by Mark Haddon, author of the best-selling The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time.
  • The Sea of Tranquility is the name of a book by Katja Millay.
  • Transmissions from The Sea of Tranquility is the name of the album by The Samples, released September 30, 1997.
  • The Houston, Texas based progressive metal band Galactic Cowboys recorded a song named "Sea of Tranquility" as the sixth track on their 1991 self-titled debut album.
  • The hardcore punk band Jeromes Dream released a song called "Remember the Sea of Tranquility on their split 7" with Usurp Synapse.
  • In the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love, Ronald Miller (played by Patrick Dempsey) describes the Sea of Tranquility to Cindy Mancini (played by Amanda Peterson) while viewing it through a telescope on their final date.
  • In the anime Log Horizon 2, Mare Tranquillitatis is the name of the sea inside the dimension where characters go when they die.
  • "Mare Tranquillitatis" is the name of a 2016 song by Adam Young.
  • Sea of Tranquility appears in chapter 78 of Life of Pi by Yann Martel.
  • In Touhou 15, Legacy of Lunatic Kingdom, Mare Tranquillitatis is the setting of the final two stages of the game.
  • In the Alien franchise of movies, Weyland-Yutani (Often referred to as "The company") has a major corporate headquarters in the Sea of Tranquility. (Mentioned in the 1979 film Alien as seen on the opening screen of the "Mother" computer, among other sources)
  • "Sea of Tranquility" is a name of a song by Siouxsie on her album Mantaray.
  • In the book Artemis, the city Artemis is located in the Sea of Tranquility, just north of the Moltke Foothills. The Apollo 11 Visitor Center and reactor/smelter complex is also located in the Sea of Tranquility, 40 and 1 km north and south of Artemis respectively.
  • In John Adams' opera Nixon in China, Act 1 Scene 1, Richard Nixon references "the Earth's Sea of Tranquility".
  • In the Power Rangers' tenth anniversary special Forever Red, Lord Zedd's Zord of Serpentera is stated to be located in the Sea of Tranquility, which is where the last known remnants of the Machine Empire have based themselves, digging Serpentera up and planning to use it to destroy Earth in revenge for the death of their leader, King Mondo.
  • Tranquility Base Hotel and Casino is a 2018 album and single by Arctic Monkeys. The name is a reference to Tranquility Base, located within the Sea of Tranquility.

References
  1. "Mare Tranquillitatis". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  2. "Mare Tranquillitatis". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13.
  3. Filipe Alves (July 2005). "Capturing the Colors of the Moon" (PDF). Sky and Telescope. pp. 120–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-20. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  4. P. M. Muller, W. L. Sjogren (1968). "Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations". Science. 161 (3842): 680–684. Bibcode:1968Sci...161..680M. doi:10.1126/science.161.3842.680. PMID 17801458.
  5. The Face of the Moon. Kansas City, MO: Linda Hall Library. 1989. p. 7. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06.
  6. "Mare Tranquillitatis naming origin". Lunar Planetary Institute.
  7. Grayzeck, Dr. Ed (July 1, 2013). "Ranger 8". National Space Data Centre. Washington, D.C.: NASA. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  8. "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  9. "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  10. Gaherty, Geoff (April 19, 2013). "How to See Where Astronauts Walked on the Moon". Space.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  11. "Apollo 11 Landing Site". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  12. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html Accessed October 12th, 2017
  13. Wood, Chuck (2006-08-10). "Is it Love or a Sinus Infection?". Lunar Photo of the Day. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
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