Matthew Flinders

Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was an English navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of the landmass that is now known as Australia. He is also credited as being the first person to utilise the name Australia to describe the entirety of that continent including Van Diemen's Land, a title he regarded as being "more agreeable to the ear" than previous names such as Terra Australis.[1]

For the British academic, see Matthew Flinders (academic).
For other uses, see Flinders.

Matthew Flinders
Portrait by Antoine Toussaint de Chazal, painted in Mauritius in 1806–07
Born(1774-03-16)16 March 1774
Donington, Lincolnshire, England
Died19 July 1814(1814-07-19) (aged 40)
London, England
Resting placeSt James's burial ground, Camden (until 2019)
OccupationRoyal Navy officer
Spouse(s)
Ann Chappelle
​
(m. 1801)​
Children1

Flinders was involved in several voyages of discovery between 1791 and 1803, the most famous of which are the circumnavigation around Australia and an earlier expedition where he and George Bass confirmed that Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was an island.

While returning to England in 1803, Flinders was arrested by the French governor at Isle de France (Mauritius). Although Britain and France were at war, Flinders thought the scientific nature of his work would ensure safe passage, but he remained under arrest for more than six years. In captivity, he recorded details of his voyages for future publication, and put forward his rationale for naming the new continent 'Australia', as an umbrella term for New Holland and New South Wales – a suggestion taken up later by Governor Macquarie.

Flinders' health had suffered, however, and although he returned to England in 1810, he did not live to see the success of his widely praised book and atlas, A Voyage to Terra Australis. The location of his grave was lost by the mid-19th century but archaeologists, excavating a former burial ground near London's Euston railway station for the High Speed 2 (HS2) project, announced in January 2019 that his remains had been identified.

Early life

Matthew Flinders was born in Donington, Lincolnshire, England, the son of Matthew Flinders, a surgeon, and his wife Susannah, née Ward. He was educated at Cowley's Charity School, Donington, from 1780 and then at the Reverend John Shinglar's Grammar School at Horbling in Lincolnshire.[2]

In his own words, he was "induced to go to sea against the wishes of my friends from reading Robinson Crusoe", and in 1789, at the age of fifteen, he joined the Royal Navy. Under the patronage of Captain Thomas Pasley, Flinders was initially assigned to HMS Alert as a servant, but was soon transferred as an able-seaman to HMS Scipio, and then in July 1790 was made midshipman on HMS Bellerophon.[3]

Early career

Midshipman to Captain Bligh

In May 1791, on Pasley's recommendation, Flinders joined Captain William Bligh's expedition on HMS Providence transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica. This was Bligh's second "Breadfruit Voyage" following on from the ill-fated voyage of HMS Bounty. The expedition sailed via the Cape of Good Hope and in February 1792, they arrived at Adventure Bay in the south of what is now called Tasmania. The officers and crew spent over a week in the region obtaining water and lumber, and interacting with local Aboriginal people. This was Flinders' first direct association with the Australian continent. After the expedition arrived in Tahiti in April 1792, obtaining the many breadfruit plants to take to Jamaica, they sailed back west. Instead of travelling via Adventure Bay, Bligh navigated to the north of the Australian continent, sailing through the Torres Strait. Here, off Zagai Island, they were involved in a naval skirmish with armed local men in a flotilla of sailing canoes, which resulted in the death of several Islanders and one crewman. The expedition arrived in Jamaica in February 1793, offloading the breadfruit plants, and then returned to England with Flinders disembarking in London in August 1793 after more than two years at sea.[4]

HMS Bellerophon

In September 1793, Flinders re-joined HMS Bellerophon under the command of Captain Pasley. In 1794 Flinders served on this vessel during the battle known as the Glorious First of June, the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. Flinders wrote a detailed journal of this intense battle including how Captain Pasley "lost his leg by an 18-pound shot, which came through the barricading of the quarter-deck." Both Pasley and Flinders survived, with Flinders deciding to pursue a preference for exploratory rather than military naval commissions.[5]

Exploration around New South Wales

Flinders' desire for adventure led him to enlist as a midshipman aboard HMS Reliance in 1795. This vessel was headed to New South Wales carrying the recently appointed governor of that British colony, Captain John Hunter. On this voyage Flinders established himself as a fine navigator and cartographer, and became friends with the ship's surgeon George Bass who was three years his senior and had been born 11 miles (18 km) from Donington.

Expeditions in Tom Thumb and Tom Thumb II

HMS Reliance arrived in Port Jackson in September 1795, and Bass and Flinders soon organised an expedition in a small open boat named Tom Thumb in which they sailed with a boy called Martin to Botany Bay and up the Georges River. In March 1796, the two explorers again with the boy Martin, set out on another voyage in a similar boat dubbed Tom Thumb II.[6] They sailed south from Port Jackson but were soon forced to beach at Red Point (Port Kembla). At this place they accepted the help of two Aboriginal men who piloted the boat to the entrance of Lake Illawarra. Here they were able to dry their gunpowder and obtain supplies of water from another group of Aboriginal people. During the return to Sydney they had to seek shelter at Wattamolla and also explored some of Port Hacking (Deeban).[7]

Circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land
Chart of Van Diemen's Land produced by Matthew Flinders

In 1798, Matthew Flinders, now a lieutenant, was given command of the sloop Norfolk with orders "to sail beyond Furneaux's Islands, and, should a strait be found, pass through it, and return by the south end of Van Diemen's Land". Flinders and Bass had in the months previously both made separate journeys exploring the region but neither were conclusive toward the existence of a strait. Flinders, with Bass and several crewmen, sailed the Norfolk along the uncharted northern and western coasts of Van Diemen's Land, rounded Cape Pillar and returned to Furneaux Island's. By doing so, Flinders had completed the circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land and confirmed the presence of a strait between it and the mainland. The passage was named Bass Strait after his close friend, and the largest island in the strait would later be named Flinders Island in his honour. During the voyage, Flinders and Bass rowed the ship's dinghy for some miles up the Derwent River where they had their only encounter with Aboriginal Tasmanians.[7][8]

Expedition to Hervey Bay
1799 Flinders Expedition plaque at Mt Beerburrum

In 1799 Flinders' request to explore the coast north of Port Jackson was granted and once more the sloop Norfolk was assigned to him. Bass had by this stage returned to England and in his place Flinders recruited his brother Samuel Flinders and a Kuringgai man named Bungaree for the voyage. They departed on 8 July 1799 and arrived in Moreton Bay six days later.[7] He rowed ashore at Woody Point (27.2632°S 153.1039°E / -27.2632; 153.1039 (Woody Point)) and named a point 2 miles (3.2 km) west of that (27.2628°S 153.0792°E / -27.2628; 153.0792 (Clontarf Point)) as 'Redcliffe' (on account of its red cliffs). That point is now known as Clontarf Point, while the name 'Redcliffe' is used by the town of Redcliffe to the north.[9] He landed on Coochiemudlo Island (27.5703°S 153.3331°E / -27.5703; 153.3331 (Coochiemudlo Island)) on 19 July while he was searching for a river in the southern part of Moreton Bay.[10]

In the northern part of Moreton Bay, Flinders explored a narrow waterway (27.0705°S 153.1429°E / -27.0705; 153.1429 (Entrance to the Pumicestone Passage at Moreton Bay)) which he named the Pumice Stone River (presumably unaware it separated Bribie Island and the mainland); it is now called the Pumicestone Passage.[11] Most of the meetings between the Aboriginal people of Moreton Bay and Flinders were of a friendly nature, but on 15 July at the southern tip of Bribie Island, a spear was thrown which resulted in a local man being wounded by gunfire. Flinders named the place where this occurred Point Skirmish. While anchored in Pumicestone, Flinders ventured several kilometres overland with three crew including Bungaree and climbed the mountain Beerburrum. They turned back after meeting the steep cliffs of Mount Tibrogargan on about 26 July.[7]

Exiting Moreton Bay, Flinders continued north exploring as far as Hervey Bay before returning south. They arrived back in Sydney on 20 August 1799.[7]

Command of Investigator
Flinders in 1801
Main article: HMS Investigator (1801)

In March 1800, Flinders rejoined Reliance and returned to England. During the voyage, the Antipodes Islands were discovered and charted.[12] Flinders' work had come to the attention of many of the scientists of the day, in particular the influential Sir Joseph Banks, to whom Flinders dedicated his Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land, on Bass's Strait, etc.. Banks used his influence with Earl Spencer to convince the Admiralty of the importance of an expedition to chart the coastline of New Holland. As a result, in January 1801, Flinders was given command of HMS Investigator, a 334-ton sloop, and promoted to commander the following month.

Investigator set sail for New Holland on 18 July 1801. Attached to the expedition were the botanist Robert Brown, botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer, landscape artist William Westall, gardener Peter Good, geological assistant John Allen, and John Crosley as astronomer.[13] Vallance et al. comment that compared to the Baudin expedition this was a 'modest contingent of scientific gentlemen', which reflects 'British parsimony' in scientific endeavour.[13]

Exploration of the Australian coastline

Surveying the southern coast
Flinders in Investigator

Aboard Investigator, Flinders reached and named Cape Leeuwin on 6 December 1801, and proceeded to make a survey along the southern coast of the Australian mainland.[14][15] The expedition soon anchored in King George Sound and stayed there for a month exploring the area. The local Aboriginal people initially indicated that Flinders' group should "return from whence they came", but relations improved to the point where one resident participated in musket-drill with the ship's marines. In nearby Oyster Harbour, Flinders found a copper plate that Captain Christopher Dixson, on Elligood, had left the year before.[7]

While approaching Port Lincoln, which Flinders named after his home county of Lincolnshire, eight of his crew were lost when the small boat they were attempting to get to land with, capsized. Flinders named nearby Memory Cove in their honour. On 21 March 1802, the expedition reached a large island where many kangaroos were sighted. Flinders and some crew went ashore and found the animals so tame they could walk right up to them. They killed 31 kangaroos with Flinders writing that "in gratitude for so seasonable a supply [of meat], I named this southern land Kangaroo Island." The seals on the island proved less docile with a crew member receiving a severe bite from one.[7]

On 8 April 1802, while sailing east, Flinders sighted Géographe, a French corvette commanded by the explorer Nicolas Baudin, who was on a similar expedition for his government. Both men of science, Flinders and Baudin exchanged details of their discoveries, despite believing that their countries were at war. Flinders named the bay in which they met Encounter Bay.

Proceeding along the coast, Flinders explored Port Phillip (the site of the future city of Melbourne), which, unknown to him, had been explored only ten weeks earlier by John Murray aboard HMS Lady Nelson. Flinders scaled Arthur's Seat, the highest point near the shores of the southernmost parts of the bay, and wrote that the land had "a pleasing and, in many parts, a fertile appearance".[16] After scaling the You Yangs to the northwest of Port Phillip on 1 May, he left a scroll of paper with the ship's name on it and deposited it in a small pile of stones at the top of the peak.

With stores running low, Flinders proceeded to Sydney, arriving on 9 May 1802.

Circumnavigation of Australia

Flinders spent 12 weeks in Sydney resupplying and enlisting further crew for the continuation of the expedition to the northern coast of Australia. Bungaree, an Aboriginal man who had accompanied him on his earlier coastal survey in 1799, joined the expedition as did another local Aboriginal man named Nanbaree.[17] It was arranged that Captain John Murray and his vessel the Lady Nelson would accompany the Investigator as a supply ship on this voyage.[7]

Flinders set sail again on 22 July 1802, heading north and surveying the coast of what would later be called Queensland. They soon anchored at Sandy Cape where, with Bungaree acting as a mediator, they feasted on porpoise blubber with a group of Batjala people. In early August, Flinders sailed into a bay he named Port Curtis. Here the local people threw stones at them as they attempted to land. Flinders ordered muskets be fired above their heads to disperse them. The expedition continued north but navigation became increasingly difficult as they entered the Great Barrier Reef. The Lady Nelson was deemed too unseaworthy to continue, and Captain Murray sailed her back to Sydney with his crew and Nanbaree, who wanted to return home. Flinders exited the reefs near to the Whitsunday Islands and sailed Investigator north to the Torres Strait. On 29 October, they arrived at Murray Island in the east of this strait, where they traded iron for shell necklaces with the local people.[18]

The expedition entered the Gulf of Carpentaria on 4 November and charted the coast to Arnhem Land. At Blue Mud Bay the crew, while collecting timber, had a skirmish with local Aboriginal men. One of the crew received four spear wounds while two of the Aboriginal men were shot dead. At nearby Caledon Bay, Flinders took a 14 year old boy named Woga captive in order to coerce the local people to return a stolen axe. Although the axe was not returned, Flinders released the boy who spent a day tied to a tree. On 17 February 1803, near Cape Wilberforce, the expedition encountered a Makassan trepanging fleet captained by a man called Pobasso from whom Flinders obtained information about the region.[18]

During this part of the voyage much of the Investigator was discovered to be rotten, and Flinders made the decision to complete the circumnavigation of the continent without any further close surveying of the coast. He sailed to Sydney via Timor and around the western and southern coasts of Australia. On the way, Flinders jettisoned two wrought-iron anchors which were found by divers in 1973 at Middle Island, Recherche Archipelago, Western Australia.[19] These anchors are on display at the South Australian Maritime Museum and at the National Museum of Australia.[20][21][22]

Arriving in Sydney on 9 June 1803, Investigator was subsequently judged to be unseaworthy and condemned.

Attempted return to England and imprisonment

Unable to find another vessel suitable to continue his exploration, Flinders set sail for England as a passenger aboard HMS Porpoise. However, the ship was wrecked on Wreck Reefs, part of the Great Barrier Reef, approximately 700 miles (1,100 km) north of Sydney. Flinders navigated the ship's cutter across open sea back to Sydney, and arranged for the rescue of the remaining marooned crew. Flinders then took command of the 29-ton schooner HMS Cumberland in order to return to England, but the poor condition of the vessel forced him to put in at French-controlled Isle de France (now known as Mauritius) for repairs on 17 December 1803, just three months after Baudin had died there.

War with France had broken out again the previous May, but Flinders hoped his French passport (despite its being issued for Investigator and not Cumberland)[23] and the scientific nature of his mission would allow him to continue on his way. Despite this, and the knowledge of Baudin's earlier encounter with Flinders, the French governor, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen, detained Flinders. The relationship between the men soured: Flinders was affronted at his treatment, and Decaen insulted by Flinders' refusal of an invitation to dine with him and his wife. Decaen was suspicious of the alleged scientific mission as the Cumberland carried no scientists and Decaen's search of Flinders' vessel uncovered a trunk full of papers (including despatches from the New South Wales Governor Philip Gidley King) that were not permitted under his scientific passport.[23] Furthermore, one of King's despatches was specifically to the British Admiralty requesting more troops in case Decaen were to attack Port Jackson.[24] Among the papers seized were the three logs of HMS Investigator of which only Volume one and Volume two were returned to Flinders; these are now both held by the State Library of New South Wales.[25][26] The third volume was later deposited in the Admiralty Library and is now held in the British Public Record Office.[27] Decaen referred the matter to the French government; this was delayed not only by the long voyage but also by the general confusion of war. Eventually, on 11 March 1806, Napoleon gave his approval, but Decaen still refused to allow Flinders' release. By this stage Decaen believed Flinders' knowledge of the island's defences would have encouraged Britain to attempt to capture it.[28] Nevertheless, in June 1809 the Royal Navy began a blockade of the island, and in June 1810 Flinders was paroled. Travelling via the Cape of Good Hope on Olympia, which was taking despatches back to Britain, he received a promotion to post-captain, before continuing to England.

Flinders had been confined for the first few months of his captivity, but he was later afforded greater freedom to move around the island and access his papers.[29] In November 1804 he sent the first map of the landmass he had charted (Y46/1) back to England. This was the only map made by Flinders where he used the name "Australia or Terra Australis" for the title instead of New Holland the name of the continent that James Cook had used in 1770 and Abel Tasman had coined a Dutch version of in 1644, and the first known time he used the word Australia.[30] He used the name New Holland on his map only for the western part of the continent. Due to the delay caused by his lengthy confinement, the first published map of the Australian continent was the Freycinet Map of 1811, a product of the Baudin expedition, issued in 1811.

Flinders finally returned to England in October 1810. He was in poor health but immediately resumed work preparing A Voyage to Terra Australis[31] and his atlas of maps for publication. The full title of this book, which was first published in London in July 1814, was given, as was common at the time, a synoptic description: A Voyage to Terra Australis: undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner. With an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island . Original copies of the Atlas to Flinders' Voyage to Terra Australis are held at the Mitchell Library in Sydney as a portfolio that accompanied the book and included engravings of 16 maps, four plates of views and ten plates of Australian flora.[32] The book was republished in three volumes in 1964, accompanied by a reproduction of the portfolio. Flinders' map of Terra Australis or Australia (so the two parts of the double name of his 1804 manuscript reversed) was first published in January 1814[33] and the remaining maps were published before his atlas and book.

Death and reburial
St James's Gardens, shown west of Euston railway station, on an 1890 Bacon Traveler's Pocket Map of London by George Washington Bacon

Flinders died, aged 40, on 19 July 1814 from kidney disease, at his London home at 14 London Street, later renamed Maple Street and now the site of the BT Tower.[34] This was on the day after the book and atlas was published; Flinders never saw the completed work as he was unconscious by that time, but his wife arranged the volumes on his bed covers so that he could touch them.[35] On 23 July he was interred in the burial ground of St James's Church, Piccadilly, which was located some distance from the church, beside Hampstead Road, Camden, London.[36][37] The burial ground was in use from 1790 until 1853.[38] By 1852 the location of the grave had been forgotten due to alterations to the burial ground.[39]

In 1878 the cemetery became St James's Gardens, Camden, with only a few gravestones lining the edges of the park.[40] Part of the gardens, located between Hampstead Road and Euston railway station, was built over when Euston station was expanded,[41] and Flinders' grave was thought to possibly lie under a station platform.[42] The Gardens were closed to the public in 2017[43] for work on the High Speed 2 (HS2) rail project which requires the expansion of Euston station.

The grave was located in January 2019 by archaeologists.[39][44] His coffin was identified by its well-preserved lead coffin plate.[39][45] Film of the discovery and the exhumation was shown in a documentary on British television in September 2020.[46][47] It is proposed to re-bury his remains, at a site to be decided, after they have been examined by osteo-archaeologists.[39]

Church of St Mary and the Holy Rood, Donington, Lincolnshire

Following the discovery of his grave the parish church of Donington, Lincolnshire, Flinders' birthplace, saw a surge of visitors. The 'Matthew Flinders Bring Him Home Group' and the Britain-Australia Society, as well as Flinders' direct descendants,[48] campaigned to have his remains interred at the Church of St Mary and the Holy Rood in Donington. On 17 October 2019 HS2 Ltd announced that Flinders remains could be reinterred in the church in Donington, where he was baptised.[49] Permission has been given by the Diocese of Lincoln for reburial in the north aisle.[50][51]

Family

On 17 April 1801, Flinders married his longtime friend Ann Chappelle (1772–1852) and had hoped to take her with him to Port Jackson. However, the Admiralty had strict rules against wives accompanying captains. Flinders brought Ann on board ship and planned to ignore the rules, but the Admiralty learned of his plans and reprimanded him for his bad judgement, and ordered him to remove her from the ship. This is well documented in correspondence between Flinders and his chief benefactor, Sir Joseph Banks, in May 1801:[52]

I have but time to tell you that the news of your marriage, which was published in the Lincoln paper, has reached me. The Lords of the Admiralty have heard also that Mrs. Flinders is on board the Investigator, and that you have some thought of carrying her to sea with you. This I was very sorry to hear, and if that is the case I beg to give you my advice by no means to adventure to measures so contrary to the regulations and the discipline of the Navy; for I am convinced by language I have heard, that their Lordships will, if they hear of her being in New South Wales, immediately order you to be superseded, whatever may be the consequences, and in all likelihood order Mr. Grant to finish the survey.

As a result, Ann was obliged to stay in England and would not see her husband for nine years, following his imprisonment on the Isle de France (Mauritius, at the time a French possession) on his return journey. When they finally reunited, Matthew and Ann had one daughter, Anne, (1 April 1812 – 1892), who later married William Petrie (1821–1908). In 1853, the governments of New South Wales and Victoria bequeathed a belated pension to her (deceased) mother of £100 per year, to go to surviving issue of the union. This she accepted on behalf of her young son, William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who would go on to become an accomplished archaeologist and Egyptologist.

Naming of Australia and discovery of Flinders' 1804 map Y46/1
View of Port Jackson taken from the South by William Westall; engraving from A Voyage to Terra Australis, published 1814.

Flinders' map Y46/1 was never "lost". It had been stored and recorded by the UK Hydrographic Office before 1828. Geoffrey C. Ingleton mentioned Y46/1 in his book Matthew Flinders Navigator and Chartmaker on page 438.[53] By 1987 every library in Australia had access to a microfiche copy of Flinders Y46/1.[54] In 2001–2002 the Mitchell Library Sydney displayed Y46/1 at their "Matthew Flinders – The Ultimate Voyage" exhibition.[55] Paul Brunton called Y46/1 "the memorial of the great naval explorer Matthew Flinders". The first hard-copy of Y46/1 and its cartouche was retrieved from the UK Hydrographic Office (Taunton, Somerset) by historian Bill Fairbanks in 2004. On 2 April 2004, copies of the chart were presented by three of Matthew Flinders's descendants to the Governor of New South Wales, in London, to be presented in turn to the people of Australia through their parliaments by 14 November, the 200th anniversary of the chart leaving Mauritius. This celebration marked the first time the naming of Australia was formally recognised.[56]

Flinders was not the first to use the word "Australia", nor was he the first to apply the name specifically to the continent.[57] He owned a copy of Alexander Dalrymple's 1771 book An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, and it seems likely he borrowed it from there, but he applied it specifically to the continent, not the whole South Pacific region. In 1804 he wrote to his brother: "I call the whole island Australia, or Terra Australis". Later that year, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks and mentioned "my general chart of Australia", a map that Flinders had constructed from all the information he had accumulated while he was in Australian waters and finished while he was detained by the French in Mauritius. Flinders explained in his letter to Banks:[58][59]

The propriety of the name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of the Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing that captain Cooks New South Wales should be absorbed in the New Holland of the Dutch, and therefore I have reverted to the original name Terra Australis or the Great South Land, by which it was distinguished even by the Dutch during the 17th century; for it appears that it was not until some time after Tasman's second voyage that the name New Holland was first applied, and then it was long before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to have existence; New South Wales, therefore, ought to remain distinct from New Holland; but as it is requisite that the whole body should have one general name, since it is now known (if there is no great error in the Dutch part) that it is certainly all one land, so I judge, that one less exceptionable to all parties and on all accounts cannot be found than that now applied.

Flinders continued to promote the use of the word until his arrival in London in 1810. Here he found that Banks did not approve of the name and had not unpacked the chart he had sent him, and that "New Holland" and "Terra Australis" were still in general use. As a result, a book by Flinders was published under the title A Voyage to Terra Australis and his published map of 1814 also shows 'Terra Australis' as the first of the two name options, despite his objections. The final proofs were brought to him on his deathbed, but he was unconscious. The book was published on 18 July 1814, but Flinders did not regain consciousness and died the next day, never knowing that his name for the continent would be accepted.[60]

1744 Chart of Hollandia Nova – Terra Australis by Emanuel Bowen

Banks wrote a draft of an introduction to Flinders' Voyage, referring to the map published by Melchisédech Thévenot in Relations des Divers Voyages (1663), and made well-known to English readers by Emanuel Bowen's adaptation of it, A Complete Map of the Southern Continent, published in John Campbell's editions of John Harris's Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels (1744–48, and 1764).[61][62] Banks said in the draft:

It was not until after Tasman's second voyage, in 1644, that the general name Terra Australis, or Great South Land, was made to give place to the new term of New Holland; and it was then applied only to the parts lying westward of a meridian line, passing through Arnhem's Land on the north, and near the Isles St Peter and St Francis on the south: All to the eastward, including the shores of the Gulph of Carpentaria, still remained Terra Australis. This appears from a chart by Thevenot in 1663, which he says "was originally taken from that done in inlaid work upon the pavement of the new Stadt House at Amsterdam". It is necessary, however, to geographical precision that the whole of this great body of land should be distinguished by one general term, and under the circumstances of the discovery of the different parts, the original Terra Australis has been judged the most proper. Of this term, therefore, we shall hereafter make use when speaking of New Holland and New South Wales in a collective sense; and when using it in an extensive signification, the adjacent isles, including that of Van Diemen, must be understood to be comprehended.

Although Thévenot said that he had taken his chart from the one inlaid into the floor of the Amsterdam Town Hall, in fact it appears to be an almost exact copy of that of Joan Blaeu in his Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus published in 1659.[63] It seems to have been Thévenot who introduced a differentiation between Nova Hollandia to the west and Terre Australe to the east of the meridian corresponding to 135° East of Greenwich, emphasised by the latitude staff running down that meridian, as there is no such division on Blaeu's map.[64]

In his Voyage, Flinders wrote:[65]

There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected.

...with the accompanying note at the bottom of the page:[66]

Had I permitted myself any innovation upon the original term, it would have been to convert it into Australia; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth.

So Flinders had concluded that the Terra Australis, as hypothesised by Aristotle and Ptolemy (which would be discovered as Antarctica less than six years later) did not exist; therefore he wanted the name applied to the continent of Australia, and it stuck.

Flinders' book was widely read and gave the term "Australia" general currency. Lachlan Macquarie, Governor of New South Wales, became aware of Flinders' preference for the name Australia and used it in his dispatches to England. On 12 December 1817, he recommended to the Colonial Office that it be officially adopted.[60] In 1824 the British Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.

Legacy of Flinders
Australia 10 Shillings 1961–1965 ND Banknote. Obverse: Bust of Flinders. Reverse: Parliament House in Canberra
Statue of Flinders outside St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne
Statue of Flinders along North Terrace, Adelaide

Although he never used his own name for any feature in all his discoveries, Flinders' name is now associated with over 100 geographical features and places in Australia,[67] including Flinders Island in Bass Strait, but not Flinders Island in South Australia, which he named for his younger brother, Samuel Flinders.[67][68]

Flinders is seen as being particularly important in South Australia, where he is considered the main explorer of the state. Landmarks named after him in South Australia include the Flinders Ranges and Flinders Ranges National Park, Flinders Column at Mount Lofty,[69] Flinders Chase National Park on Kangaroo Island, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, the suburb Flinders Park and Flinders Street in Adelaide. In Victoria, eponymous places include Flinders Peak, Flinders Street in Melbourne, the suburb of Flinders, the federal electorate of Flinders, and the Matthew Flinders Girls Secondary College in Geelong.

Flinders Bay in Western Australia and Flinders Way in Canberra also commemorate him. Educational institutions named after him include Flinders Park Primary School in South Australia, and Matthew Flinders Anglican College on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. A former electoral district of the Queensland Parliament was named Flinders. There are also Flinders Highways in both Queensland and South Australia.

Bass and Flinders Point in Cronulla, New South Wales

Bass & Flinders Point in the southernmost part of Cronulla in New South Wales features a monument to George Bass and Matthew Flinders, who explored the Port Hacking estuary.

Australia holds a large collection of statues erected in Flinders' honour. In his native England, the first statue of Flinders was erected on 16 March 2006 (his birthday) in his hometown of Donington. The statue also depicts his beloved cat Trim, who accompanied him on his voyages. In July 2014, on the 200-year anniversary of his death, a large bronze statue of Flinders by the sculptor Mark Richards was unveiled at Australia House, London by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and later installed at Euston station near the presumed location of his grave.[42]

Flinders' proposal[70] for the use of iron bars to be used to compensate for the magnetic deviations caused by iron on board a ship resulted in their being known as Flinders bars.

Flinders coined the term "dodge tide" in reference to his observations that the tides in the very shallow Spencer and St Vincent's Gulfs seemed to be completely inert for several days, at select locations. Such phenomena have now also been found in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Irish Sea.[71]

Flinders, who was Sir John Franklin's cousin by marriage, John's mother Hannah being the sister of Matthew's step mother Elizabeth, instilled in him a love for navigating and took him with him on his voyage aboard Investigator.

In 1964 he was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Postmaster-General's Department,[72] again in 1980,[73] and in 1998 with George Bass.[74]

Flindersia is a genus of 14 species of tree in the citrus family. Named by Investigator's botanist, Robert Brown in honour of Matthew Flinders.[75]

Flinders landed on Coochiemudlo Island on 19 July 1799, while he was searching for a river in the southern part of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.[76] The island's residents celebrate Flinders Day annually, commemorating the landing. The celebrations are usually held on a weekend near 19 July, the actual date of the landing.[77]

Flinder's explorations of the Hervey Bay area are commemorated by a monument called Matthew Flinders Lookout at the top of an escarpment facing the bay in Dayman Park, Urangan (25.2893°S 152.9080°E / -25.2893; 152.9080 (Matthew Flinder's Lookout)).[78]

Works
  • A Voyage to Terra Australis, with an accompanying Atlas. 2 vol. – London : G & W Nicol, 18 July 1814
  • Australia Circumnavigated: The Journal of HMS Investigator, 1801–1803. Edited by Kenneth Morgan, 2 vols, The Hakluyt Society, London, 2015.
  • Trim: Being the True Story of a Brave Seafaring Cat.
  • Private Journal 1803–1814. Edited with an introduction by Anthony J. Brown and Gillian Dooley. Friends of the State Library of South Australia, 2005.
  • Flinders, Matthew (1806). "Observations upon the Marine Barometer, Made during the Examination of the Coasts of New Holland and New South Wales, in the Years 1801, 1802, and 1803". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 96: 239–266. doi:10.1098/rstl.1806.0012.
  • Flinders, Matthew (1805). "Concerning the Differences in the Magnetic Needle, on Board the Investigator, Arising from an Alteration in the Direction of the Ship's Head". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 95: 186–197. doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0012.

See also

Notes
  1. Flinders, Matthew (1814). Voyage to Terra Australis Vol.1. Pall Mall: G & W Nicol.
  2. Matthew Flinders – his life in Donington Archived 21 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine South Holland Life. Accessed 14 July 2017.
  3. Scott 1914, pp. Chapter 2.
  4. Lee, Ida (1920). Captain Bligh's Second Voyage to the South Sea. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  5. Scott, Ernest. "The Life of Matthew Flinders". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  6. The Journal of Daniel Paine 1794–1797 p. 39
  7. Flinders, Matthew (1814). Voyage to Terra Australis Vol.1. Pall-Mall: G. & W. Nicol.
  8. In the wake of Bass and Flinders: 200 years on: the story of the re-enactment voyages 200 years on... | National Library of Australia Archived 13 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.
  9. "Matthews Flinders in Redcliffe". Redcliffe Guide. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  10. "Coochiemudlo Island". About Redlands. Redland City Council. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  11. "Pumicestone Passage – channel in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 27629)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  12. Robert McNab, Murihiku and the Southern Islands, Invercargill, W. Smith, 1907, p.68.
  13. Vallance, T.G., Moore, D.T. & Groves, E.W. 2001. Nature's Investigator The Diary of Robert Brown in Australia, 1801-1805, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, (p.7)
  14. Dany Bréelle, 'Matthew Flinders's Australian Toponymy and its British Connections', The Journal of the Hakluyt Society, November 2013 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. Captain M. K. Barritt, RN, 'Matthew Flinders's Survey Practices and Records', The Journal of the Hakluyt Society, March 2014 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. "AUSTRALIAN EXPLORATION MATTHEW FLINDERS IN PORT PHILLIP". The Argus. Melbourne. 24 April 1948. p. 18 Supplement: The Argus Week–End Magazine. Retrieved 7 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. Bungaree Archived 4 September 2012 at Wikiwix Australian Dictionary of Biography. Accessed 9 November 2015.
  18. Flinders, Matthew (1814). A Voyage to Terra Australis Vol.2. Pall-Mall: G. & W. Nicol.
  19. Christopher, P. & Cundell, N. (editors), (2004), Let's Go For a Dive, 50 years of the Underwater Explorers Club of SA, published by Peter Christopher, Kent Town, SA, pp. 45–49. This describes the search and recovery of the anchors by members of the Underwater Explorers Club of South Australia
  20. Christopher, P. & Cundell, N. (editors), (2004), Let's Go For a Dive, 50 years of the Underwater Explorers Club of SA, published by Peter Christopher, Kent Town, SA, pp. 48
  21. "HM Sloop Investigator anchor | SA Maritime Museum". Maritime.historysa.com.au. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  22. "NMA Collections Search – Stream anchor from Matthew Flinders' ship the 'Investigator'". Nma.gov.au. 14 January 1973. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  23. "Flinders' Voyage: Ships". State Library of South Australia. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  24. Bennett, Bruce (2011). "Exploration or Espionage? Flinders and the French" (PDF). Journal of the European Association of Studies on Australia. 2 (1): 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  25. Flinders, Matthew. "Matthew Flinders: Journal on HMS 'Investigator', vol. 1, 1801-1802". MANUSCRIPTS, ORAL HISTORY AND PICTURES CATALOGUE. The Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  26. Flinders, Matthew. "Matthew Flinders: Journal on HMS 'Investigator', vol. 2, 1802-1803". MANUSCRIPTS, ORAL HISTORY AND PICTURES CATALOGUE. The Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  27. Ida Leeson (1936). The Mitchell Library, Sydney: historical and descriptive notes. State Library of New South Wales, Sydney. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  28. Brown, Anthony Jarrold (2000), Ill-starred captains: Flinders and Baudin, Crawford House Pub, p. 409, ISBN 978-1-86333-192-0, At this critical junction Decaen could not risk releasing Flinders ... he questioned why Admiral Pellew should involve himself personally in the navigator's release – unless it were to interrogate him on the military strength and defences of Isle de France. By now Flinders was a well-informed witness to the weaknesses of the latter, and how easily a small force might overcome them.
  29. Dany Bréelle, 'The Scientific Crucible of Île de France: the French Contribution to the Work of Matthew Flinders', The Journal of the Hakluyt Society, June 2014 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. Matthew Flinders, General Chart of Terra Australis or Australia, London, 1814 Archived 4 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  31. A Voyage to Terra Australis Volume I. Gutenberg.org. 17 July 2004. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  32. State Library of New South Wales /Catalogue Archived 25 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Library.sl.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.
  33. All maps published by the British H/Office are dated.
  34. "Captain Flinders – Circumstance of death". www.flindersmemorial.org. Matthew Flinders Memorial Committee. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  35. Scott 1914, p. 395.
  36. "Final resting place". Matthew Flinders Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  37. "St. James Church, Hampstead Road". Survey of London: volume 21: The parish of St Pancras part 3: Tottenham Court Road & Neighbourhood. 1949. pp. 123–136. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  38. "HS2 exhumations prompt memorial service". BBC News. 23 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  39. Addley, Esther (24 January 2019). "Grave of Matthew Flinders discovered after 200 years near London station". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  40. "St. James' Gardens". London Cemeteries. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  41. "The body now lying under Platform 12 at Euston Station is . . . | London My London | One-stop base to start exploring the most exciting city in the world". London My London. 10 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  42. Miranda, C.: Skeleton of renowned explorer Matthew Flinders is lying in the path of London rail link — and could be exhumed News Limited Network, 28 February 2014. Accessed 13 April 2014.
  43. "St. James Gardens – A Casualty Of HS2". Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  44. The announcement appeared in Australian media on 25 January, the day before Australia Day.
  45. Whalan, Roscoe. "Body of explorer Matthew Flinders found under London train station during HS2 dig, ending 200-year mystery". ABC. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  46. "New footage of the discovery of the remains of Captain Matthew Flinders to be shown in BBC documentary". Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  47. "HS2's archaeological dig to be showcased in BBC documentary". Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  48. Harrison, Lynne (2 June 2019). "Donington church sees surge in visitors following the discovery of Matthew Flinders' remains in London". Spalding Today. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  49. "The final voyage of Captain Matthew Flinders". Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  50. "He's coming home! The remains of Captain Matthew Flinders will be buried in Donington". Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  51. Bishop, Mark. "In the Consistory Court at Lincoln; In the matter of St Mary and the Holy Rood, Donington; Judgment (25 April 2020)" (PDF). Ecclesiasticallawassociation.org.uk. Ecclesiastical Law Association. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  52. Scott 1914, pp. 185-186.
  53. Matthew Flinders: navigator and chartmaker / by Geoffrey C. Ingleton; foreword by HRH the Prince P... | National Library of Australia Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.
  54. Charts [microform] : pre-1825 :[M406], 1770–1824 | National Library of Australia Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.
  55. Matthew Flinders : the ultimate voyage / State Library of New South Wales | National Library of Australia Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.
  56. "The chart that put Australia on the map", The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 June 2004 Archived 27 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  57. "First Instance of the Word Australia being applied specifically to the Continent – in 1794" Archived 10 November 2015 at Wikiwix Zoology of New Holland – Shaw, George, 1751–1813; Sowerby, James, 1757–1822 Page 2.
  58. Flinders to Banks, Isle of France (Mauritius), 23 March 1804, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux-Board of Longitude Papers, RGO 14/51: 18 f.172
  59. Flinders, Matthew. "Letter from Matthew Flinders originally enclosing a chart of 'New Holland' (Australia)". cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk. Cambridge Digital Library. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  60. The Weekend Australian, 30 – 31 December 2000, p. 16
  61. E. Bowen, sculp. "A Complete Map of the Southern Continent survey'd by Capt. Abel Tasman & depicted by order of the East India Company in Holland in the Stadt House at Amsterdam". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  62. Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca
  63. National Library of Australia, Maura O'Connor, Terry Birtles, Martin Woods and John Clark, Australia in Maps: Great Maps in Australia's History from the National Library's Collection, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2007, p.32; this map is reproduced in Gunter Schilder, Australia Unveiled, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976, p.402. image at: home Archived 5 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine See also Joan Blaeu, Nova et accvratissima totivs terrarvm orbis tabvla, 1667 Archived 31 July 2013 at Wikiwix
  64. Margaret Cameron Ash, "French Mischief: A Foxy Map of New Holland", The Globe, no.68, 2011, pp. 1–14.
  65. Matthew Flinders, A voyage to Terra Australis (Introduction) Archived 11 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  66. Matthew Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis, London, Nicol, 1814, Vol.I, p. iii.
  67. The intrepid spirit of Matthew Flinders lives on in more than 100 Australian sites Archived 27 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine ABC News, 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  68. Flinders, 1814 (1966), p. 223
  69. Smith, Pam; Pate, F. Donald; Martin, Robert (2006). Valleys of Stone: The Archaeology and History of Adelaide's Hills Face. Belair, South Australia: Kōpi Books. p. 232. ISBN 0 975 7359-6-9.
  70. Flinders (1805)
  71. Once Again – Tidal Friction, W. Munk, Qtly J. Ryl Astron Soc, Vol. 9, p. 352, 1968.
  72. "Australia 10/- Stamp". Australianstamp.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  73. "Australia 20c Stamp". Australianstamp.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  74. "Australia 45c Stamp". Australianstamp.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  75. Floyd, A. G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3 p. 357
  76. "Coochiemudlo Island". About Redlands. Redland City Council. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  77. "Flinders Day on Coochie". Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  78. "Matthew Flinders Lookout, Dayman Park, Urangan, Hervey Bay, QLD". POI Australia. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

References
  • Bastian, Josephine (2016). 'A passion for exploring new countries': Matthew Flinders & George Bass. North Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 978-1-925333-72-5.
  • Austin, K. A. (1964). The Voyage of the Investigator, 1801–1803, Commander Matthew Flinders, R.N. London and Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
  • Baker, Sidney J. (1962). My Own Destroyer : a biography of Matthew Flinders, explorer and navigator. Sydney: Currawong Publishing Company.
  • Cooper, H. M. (1966). "Flinders, Matthew (1774–1814)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 1 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  • Estensen, Miriam (2002). Matthew Flinders: The life of Matthew Flinders. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86508-515-9.
  • Flinders, Matthew; Flannery, Timothy – (introduction) (2000). Terra Australis: Matthew Flinders' Great Adventures in the Circumnavigation of Australia. Text Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-876485-50-4.
  • Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter; West-Sooby, John (2004). Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders. Kent Town, SA: Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-86254-625-7.
  • Hill, David (2012). The Great Race: the race between the English and the French to complete the map of Australia. North Sydney, NSW: Random House Australia. ISBN 978-1-74275-109-2.
  • Mundle, Rob (2012). Flinders: The Man Who Mapped Australia. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-73363-738-4.
  • Hill, Ernestine (1941). My Love Must Wait. Sydney and London.
  • Ingleton, Geoffrey C.; Monteath, Peter; West-Sooby, John (1986). Matthew Flinders : navigator and chartmaker. Genesis Publications in association with Hedley Australia. ISBN 978-0-904351-34-7.
  • Mack, James D. (1966). Matthew Flinders 1774–1814. Melbourne: Nelson.
  • Morgan, Kenneth (2016). Matthew Flinders, Maritime Explorer of Australia. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9781474210805. ISBN 9781441179623.
  • Rawson, Geoffrey (1946). Matthew Flinders' Narrative of his Voyage in the Schooner Francis 1798, preceded and followed by notes on Flinders, Bass, the wreck of the Sidney Cove, &c. London: Golden Cockerel Press.
  • Tugdual de Langlais, Marie-Etienne Peltier, Capitaine corsaire de la République, Éd. Coiffard, 2017, 240 p. (ISBN 9782919339471).
  • Scott, Ernest (1914). The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, RN. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  • Serle, Percival (1949). "Flinders, Matthew". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Retrieved 1 October 2008.http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1157394

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