Mediterranean Squadron (United States)

The Mediterranean Squadron, also known as the Mediterranean Station, was part of the United States Navy in the 19th century that operated in the Mediterranean Sea. It was formed in response to the First and Second Barbary Wars. Between 1801 and 1818, the squadron was composed of a series of rotating squadrons. Later, squadrons were sent in the 1820s to the 1860s to suppress piracy, primarily in Greece and to engage in gunboat diplomacy.[1] In 1865 the force was renamed the European Squadron.

For the navies of other nations in the Mediterranean, see List of Mediterranean fleets.
Mediterranean Squadron
USS Enterprise of the Mediterranean Squadron capturing the polacca Tripoli during the First Barbary War.
Active1801–1865
Country United States of America
Branch United States Navy
TypeNaval squadron

History

First Barbary War
Main article: First Barbary War

The Barbary pirates' seizure of American merchant ships went back to just after the victory over Great Britain in 1783. When the Dey of Algiers demanded tribute, the Americans refused and thus began a long series of conflict between the Barbary states and the United States lasting from the 1780s to 1815. The Mediterranean Squadron was created for the protection of American merchant ships sailing in Mediterranean waters. The first squadron sent was under the command of Commodore Richard Dale. His command included the frigates USS Boston, USS Essex, USS Philadelphia and USS President as well as the sloop-of-war USS George Washington and the schooner USS Enterprise. During the squadron's deployment from 1801 to 1802, it operated by convoying merchant ships. Commodore Dale did not have orders to capture enemy vessels and could only respond to the North African's attacks if fired upon first or if coming to the aid of a merchant ship. On August 1, 1801, the twelve gun schooner USS Enterprise under the command of Lieutenant Andrew Sterett encountered the fourteen gun Tripolitan polacca named Tripoli. USS Enterprise captured Tripoli after a long and bloody fight but because the squadron could not legally make a prize of the ship, it was stripped of its fighting capabilities and released.

The burning of USS Philadelphia by the crew of USS Intrepid, 1804.

As attacks on merchantmen continued, the United States government eventually authorized the United States Navy to send a second squadron to blockade Tripoli and attack their ships. In May 1802 Captain Daniel McNeill in USS Boston assisted two Swedish frigates in a battle while blockading Tripoli. In the action several Barbary vessels sortied and the Americans and Swedish frigates fought off the attack which then forced the Tripolitans back into harbor. In June 1803, USS John Adams and USS Enterprise defeated nine enemy gunboats and a polacre near Tripoli. The polacre was sunk and the gunboats forced to flee, the Americans suffered no casualties. The second squadron returned to the United States in 1803 and that same year another force was sent and operated until 1804. On October 31, 1803, USS Philadelphia grounded on a reef just off Tripoli Harbor. Under heavy fire from enemy shore batteries the Americans attempted to refloat their ship but she was hard aground. When Tripolitan gunboats approached for her capture, her commander surrendered his ship and was made a slave along with the crew. Philadelphia was then manned by the Tripolitans as a sort of harbor defence until February 16, 1804. On that night Lieutenant Stephen Decatur in the ketch USS Intrepid boarded and recaptured Philadelphia and scuttled her by fire. This was the most remembered action in the battle for Tripoli. Decatur became famous immediately after this and had a long career of serving the American navy with distinction. He later commanded American forces during the Second Barbary War in 1815.

At the final engagement of the war in April and May 1805, the brig USS Argus, the schooner USS Nautilus and the sloop USS Hornet provided gun support for ten American marines and soldiers leading a mercenary army against Derne. During the battle the Mediterranean Squadron vessels under Oliver Hazard Perry bombarded the city while the land forces besieged the Tripolitan garrison. When the city finally fell, the Dey of Algiers surrendered and the First Barbary War was over.

Second Barbary War
Main article: Second Barbary War
Stephen Decatur's Mediterranean squadron off Algiers in 1815.

The Mediterranean Squadron continued to operate until 1807. That year the squadron was withdrawn which tempted the Barbary corsairs to attack American ships again. It was not until the end of the War of 1812 in 1815 that the United States Navy resumed operations against the Barbary coast. Now a commodore, Stephen Decatur led the main squadron of ten vessels including the frigates USS Guerriere, USS Macedonian, USS Constellation, the sloops USS Epervier and USS Ontario, the brigs USS Firefly, USS Spark, USS Flambeau and the schooners USS Torch and USS Spitfire. A second force under Commodore William Bainbridge included the ship of the line USS Independence, the frigates USS Congress, USS Java and USS United States with eight smaller vessels but these warships did not see combat. Only two battles were fought during the Second Barbary War. Decatur's squadron captured the Algerian flagship Mashouda of forty-six guns off Cape Gata on June 15 and later defeated the twenty-two gun Estedio off Cape Palos on June 19. After, the squadron arrived at Algiers and prepared for battle but before fighting began the enemy surrendered and the short war came to an end.

Ships of the Squadron

First Squadron

Commanded by Commodore Richard Dale. Deployed in 1801, and returned to the United States in 1802.[1]

NameTypeGunsCaptain
Boston [1]2nd class frigate28 guns [1]Daniel McNeill [1]
Enterprise [1]Schooner12 guns [1]Andrew Sterett [1]
Essex [1]2nd class frigate32 guns [1]William Bainbridge [1]
George Washington [1]Sloop of war24 guns [1]John Shaw [1]
Philadelphia [1]2nd class frigate36 guns [1]Samuel Barron [1]
President [1]1st class frigate44 guns [1]James Barron [1]

Second Squadron

Commanded by Commodore Richard Valentine Morris,[1] and later Commodore John Rodgers, who took command after Morris was relieved of duty by the president for inaction—he was later recommended for a court martial, but the president declined to pursue the matter.[2] Deployed in 1802, and returned to the United States in 1803.[1]

NameTypeGunsCaptain
Adams [1]2nd class frigate28 guns [1]Hugh Campbell [1]
Boston [1]2nd class frigate28 guns [1]Daniel McNeill [1]
Chesapeake [1]2nd class frigate36 guns [1]Isaac Chauncey,[1] James Barron [1]
Constellation [1]2nd class frigate36 guns [1]Alexander Murray [1]
Enterprise [1]Schooner12 guns [1]Andrew Sterett,[1] Isaac Hull [1]
George Washington [1]Sloop of war24 guns [1]John Shaw [1]
John Adams [1]2nd class frigate28 guns [1]John Rodgers [1]
New York [1]2nd class frigate36 guns [1]James Barron,[1] Isaac Chauncey [1]

Third Squadron

Commanded by Commodore Edward Preble.[1] Deployed in 1803, and returned to the United States in 1804.[1]

NameTypeGunsCaptain
Argus [1]Brig16 guns [1]Isaac Hull [1]
Constitution [1]1st class frigate44 guns [1]John Dent,[1] Thomas Robinson [1]

(Lieutenants acting as flag captain to Commodore Preble) [1]

Enterprise [1]Schooner12 guns [1]Stephen Decatur [1]
Intrepid [1]Ketch4 guns [1]Stephen Decatur,[1] Richard Somers [2]
John Adams [1]2nd class frigate28 guns [1]Isaac Chauncey [1]
Nautilus [1]Schooner12 guns [1]Richard Somers,[1] John Dent [1]
Philadelphia [1]2nd class frigate36 guns [1]William Bainbridge [1]
Scourge [1]Brig16 guns [1]John Dent,[1] Ralph Izard [1]
Syren [1]Brig16 guns [1]Charles Stewart [1]
Vixen [1]Schooner12 guns [1]John Smith [1]
N/a two bomb-vessels[3]
N/a nine gunboats[3]

In 1843, the squadron comprised four ships, Columbia, Cumberland, Fairfield and Plymouth.

Commanders
Name Picture Rank Assigned
(Orders)		 Assumed
(On Station)		 Relieved
(Orders)		 Relieved
(On Station)
1 COM Richard Dale [4]
(First Squadron) [2]




May 20, 1801 [2] July 1, 1801 [5] ? ?
2 COM Richard Morris [4]
(Second Squadron) [2]




? May 25, 1802 [6] June 21, 1803 [2] September 11, 1803 [2]
3 COM John Rodgers [6]
(Second Squadron) [2]		 June 21, 1803 [2] September 11, 1803 [6] ? ?
4 COM Edward Preble [4]
(Third Squadron) [2]		 May 19, 1803 [4] September, 1803 [5] 1804 [4] ?
5 COM Samuel Barron [2]
(Fourth Squadron) [2]




April, 1804 [6] September 10, 1804 [6] May 22, 1805 [6] May 24, 1805 [6]
6 COM John Rodgers [6]
(Fourth Squadron) [6]		 May 22, 1805 [6] May 24, 1805 [6] ? May 27, 1806 [6]
7 COM Hugh Campbell [6]
(Fourth Squadron) [6]




? May 27, 1806 [6] ? ?
COM Stephen Decatur [6] ? June 14, 1815 [7] 1815 [7] 1815 [7]
COM William Bainbridge [7] 1815 [7] ? ? 6 oct 1815 [8]
COM John Shaw [7]




? 6 oct 1815 [8] ? ?
COM Isaac Chauncey ? 1816 [9] ? February 1, 1818 [10]
COM Charles Stewart [10] ? February 1, 1818 [10] ? 1820
COM William Bainbridge [7] ? ? ? June 4, 1821 [8]
COM Jacob Jones [8] ? June 4, 1821 [8] ? 1823 [11]
COM John Creigton [6] ? ? ? 1824 [12]
COM Thomas MacDonough [6] ? Nov 24, 1824 [12] ? Apr 30, 1825 [12]
COM John Rodgers [6] ? April 30, 1825 [6] ? May 31, 1827 [6]
COM William Crane [13]




? 1827 [13] ? ?

References
  1. Allen, Gardner Weld (1905). Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Chester: Houghton Mifflin.
  2. McKee, Christopher (1996). Edward Preble: A Naval Biography. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-583-5.
  3. Allen, Gardner Weld (1905). Our navy and the Barbary corsairs. Scholar's Bookshelf. p. 324. ISBN 0-945726-24-4. OCLC 61122130.
  4. Martin, Tyrone G. (1980). A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of "Old Ironsides". Chester: Globe Peqout Press. ISBN 0-87106-033-7. OCLC 6707539.
  5. Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-984-0.
  6. Charles, Charles Oscar (1910). Commodore John Rodgers, Captain, Commodore, and Senior Officer of the American Navy, 1773–1838. The Arthur H. Clark Company.
  7. Waldo, S. Putnam (1822). The Life and Character of Stephen Decatur; Late Commodore and Post-Captain in the Navy of the United States, and Navy-Commissioner. Clarke & Lyman.
  8. Harris, Thomas (1837). The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, United States Navy. Carey Lee & Blanchard.
  9. United States Navy Historical Center. "US People--Chauncey, Isaac, Commodore, USN". Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  10. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
  11. United States Navy Historical Center. "US People--Jones, Jacob (1768–1850)". Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  12. MacDonough, Rodney (1909). Life of Commodore Thomas MacDonough, United States Navy. The Fort Hill Press.
  13. Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. (1869). New American Cyclopaedia. D. Appleton and Company.

Further reading


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