Mike Mansfield

Michael Joseph Mansfield (March 16, 1903 – October 5, 2001) was an American politician and diplomat. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a US Representative (1943–1953) and a US Senator (1953–1977) from Montana. He was the longest-serving Senate Majority Leader and served from 1961 to 1977. During his tenure, he shepherded Great Society programs through the Senate.

Mike Mansfield
United States Ambassador to Japan
In office June 10, 1977 – December 22, 1988
President	Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	James Day Hodgson
Succeeded by	Michael Armacost
Senate Majority Leader
In office January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1977
Deputy	Hubert Humphrey Russell B. Long Ted Kennedy Robert Byrd
Preceded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by	Robert Byrd
Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus
In office January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1977
Preceded by	Lyndon Johnson
Succeeded by	Robert Byrd
Senate Majority Whip
In office January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1961
Leader	Lyndon Johnson
Preceded by	Earle C. Clements
Succeeded by	Hubert Humphrey
United States Senator from Montana
In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1977
Preceded by	Zales Ecton
Succeeded by	John Melcher
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Montana's 1st district
In office January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	Jeannette Rankin
Succeeded by	Lee Metcalf
Personal details
Born	Michael Joseph Mansfield March 16, 1903 New York City, New York, U.S.
Died	October 5, 2001 (aged 98) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Maureen Hayes ​ ​ (m. 1932; died 2000)​
Children	1
Education	University of Montana (BA, MA)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Navy  United States Army  United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1918–1919 (Navy) 1919–1920 (Army) 1920–1922 (Marine Corps)
Rank	Seaman (Navy) Private (Army) Private First Class (Marine Corps)
Battles/wars	World War I

Born in Brooklyn, Mansfield grew up in Great Falls, Montana. He lied about his age to serve in the United States Navy during World War I. After the war, he became a professor of history and political science at the University of Montana. He won election to the House of Representatives and served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs during World War II.

In 1952, he defeated incumbent Republican Senator Zales Ecton to take a seat in the Senate. Mansfield served as Senate Majority Whip from 1957 to 1961. Mansfield ascended to Senate Majority Leader after Lyndon B. Johnson resigned from the Senate to become vice president. In the later years of the campaign, he eventually opposed escalation of the Vietnam War and supported President Richard Nixon's plans to replace US soldiers from Southeast Asia with Vietnamese belligerents.

After retiring from the Senate, Mansfield served as US Ambassador to Japan from 1977 to 1988. Upon retiring as ambassador, he was awarded the nation's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Mansfield is the longest-serving American ambassador to Japan in history.[1] After his ambassadorship, Mansfield served for a time as a senior adviser on East Asian affairs to Goldman Sachs, the Wall Street investment banking firm.

Early childhood

Mansfield was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the son of Patrick J. Mansfield and Josephine (née O'Brien) Mansfield,[2] who were both Irish Catholic immigrants.[3] His mother died from pneumonia in 1906, and his father subsequently sent Michael and his two sisters to live with an aunt and uncle in Great Falls, Montana.[4] He attended local public schools, and worked in his relatives' grocery store.[3] He turned into a habitual runaway, even living at a state orphanage in Twin Bridges for half a year.[5]

Military service

At 14, Mansfield dropped out of school and lied about his age in order to enlist in the US Navy during World War I.[6] He went on several overseas convoys on the USS Minneapolis but was discharged by the Navy after his real age was discovered.[6] (He was the last known veteran of the war to die before he reached the age of 100 and the last World War I veteran to sit in the US Senate.) After his Navy discharge, he enlisted in the US Army, serving as a private from 1919 to 1920.[7]

Mansfield was a Private First Class in the US Marine Corps from 1920 to 1922.[7] He served in the Western Recruiting Division at San Francisco until January 1921, when he was transferred to the Marine Barracks at Puget Sound, Washington. The following month, he was detached to the Guard Company, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Mare Island, California. In April, he boarded the USAT Sherman, bound for the Philippines. After a brief stopover at the Marine Barracks at Cavite, he arrived at his duty station on May 5, 1921, the Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Olongapo, Philippine Islands. One year later, Mansfield was assigned to Company A, Marine Battery, Asiatic Fleet. A short tour of duty with the Asiatic Fleet took him along the coast of China before he returned to Olongapo in late May 1922.[6] His service with the Marines established a lifelong interest in Asia.

That August, Mansfield returned to Cavite in preparation for his return to the United States and eventual discharge. On November 9, 1922, Marine Private Michael J. Mansfield was released on the completion of his enlistment. He was awarded the Good Conduct Medal, his character being described as "excellent" during his two years as a Marine.

Education

Following his return to Montana in 1922, Mansfield worked as a "mucker" and shoveled ore and other waste in the copper mines of Butte for eight years.[7] Having never attended high school, he took entrance examinations to attend the Montana School of Mines (1927–1928), studying to become a mining engineer.[5] He later met a local schoolteacher and his future wife, Maureen Hayes, who encouraged him to further his education. With her financial support, Mansfield studied at the University of Montana in Missoula, where he took both high school and college courses.[4] He was also a member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1933 and was offered a graduate assistantship teaching two courses at the university. He also worked part-time in the registrar's office.[3] He earned a Master of Arts degree from the University of Montana in 1934 with the thesis "American Diplomatic Relations with Korea, 1866–1910." From 1934 to 1942, he taught classes in Far Eastern and Latin American history and also lectured some years on Greek and Roman history.[5] He also attended the University of California at Los Angeles (1936–1937).[7]

US Representative

An early Mansfield portrait

In 1940, Mansfield ran for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives in Montana's 1st congressional district but was defeated by Jerry J. O'Connell, a former holder of the seat, in the primary. The general election was won by Republican Jeannette Rankin, who had previously won what was formerly an at-large seat in the House in 1916 and served until her defeat in 1920.[6] Mansfield decided to run for the seat again in the following election and won it by defeating the businessman Howard K. Hazelbaker after Rankin, who had voted against the entry of the United States into World War II, decided not to run for what would have been her third term.[8]

A new-comer to the House, who is reportedly internationalist-minded, having been professor of history and political science at Montana State University for ten years. Though a supporter of the Administration's foreign policy, he is likely to be strongly critical of the smallness of China's share of Lend-Lease, and of what he fears is the Administration's tendency to regard the Atlantic as more important than the Pacific, and of its apparent reluctance to regard the Chinese as an ally on equal footing. His strongly pro-Chinese sentiments may tend to make him somewhat anti-British on this score.

Mansfield served five terms in the House, being re-elected in 1944, 1946, 1948, and 1950. His military service and academic experience landed him a seat on the House Foreign Affairs Committee.[3] He went to China on a special mission for US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 and served as a delegate to the ninth Inter-American Conference in Colombia in 1948.[8] In 1951, he was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as a delegate to the United Nations' sixth session in Paris. During his House tenure, he also expressed his support for price controls, a higher minimum wage, the Marshall Plan, and aid to Turkey and Greece. He opposed the House Un-American Activities Committee, the Taft–Hartley Act, and the Twenty-second Amendment.[8]

US Senator

In 1952, Mansfield was elected to the Senate after he had narrowly defeated the Republican incumbent, Zales Ecton.[6] He served as Senate Majority Whip under Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson from 1957 to 1961.[7] In 1961, after Johnson resigned from the Senate to become Vice President, Mansfield was unanimously elected the Democratic floor leader and thus Senate Majority Leader. Serving sixteen years, from 1961 until his retirement in 1977, Mansfield is the longest-serving Majority Leader in the history of the Senate.[6] The Washington Post compared Mansfield's behavior as Majority Leader to Johnson's by saying, "Instead of Johnson's browbeating tactics, Mansfield led by setting an example of humility and accommodation."[5]

External video
Presentation by Mansfield in the Old Senate Chamber, reflecting on his experiences in and observations about the Senate, March 24, 1998, C-SPAN

An early supporter of Ngo Dinh Diem, Mansfield altered his opinion on the Vietnam War after a visit to Vietnam in 1962. He reported to John F. Kennedy on December 2, 1962, that US money given to Diem's government was being squandered and that the U.S. should avoid further involvement in Vietnam. He was thus the first American official to comment even mildly negatively on the war's condition.[9]

On September 25, 1963, Mansfield introduced Kennedy during a joint appearance with him at the Yellowstone County Fairgrounds, Kennedy expressing his appreciation afterward and adding, "I know that those of you who live in Montana know something of his character and his high standard of public service, but I am not sure that you are completely aware of what a significant role he has played in the last 3 years in passing through the United States Senate measure after measure which strengthens this country at home and abroad."[10]

Mansfield delivered a eulogy on November 24, 1963 as President Kennedy's casket lay in state in the Capitol rotunda, saying, "He gave that we might give of ourselves, that we might give to one another until there would be no room, no room at all, for the bigotry, the hatred, prejudice, and the arrogance which converged in that moment of horror to strike him down."[11]

During the Johnson administration, Mansfield, convinced that it was a blunder based on just aims, became a skeptic of US involvement in the Vietnam War. In February 1965, he lobbied against escalating aerial bombardment of North Vietnam in the aftermath of Pleiku, arguing in a letter to the president that Operation Rolling Thunder would lead to a need for "vastly strengthened... American forces."[12]

In 1964, Mansfield, as Senate Majority Leader, filed a procedural motion to have the Civil Rights Act of 1964 discussed by the whole Senate rather than by the Judiciary Committee, which had killed similar legislation seven years earlier.[13] Mansfield voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,[14] 1960,[15] 1964,[16] and 1968,[17] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[18][19] but did not vote on the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court.[20]

He hailed the new Richard Nixon administration, especially the "Nixon Doctrine" announced at Guam in 1969 that the US would honor all treaty commitments, provide a nuclear umbrella for its allies, and supply weapons and technical assistance to countries where warranted without committing American forces to local conflicts.

In turn, Nixon turned to Mansfield for advice and as his liaison with the Senate on Vietnam. Nixon began a steady withdrawal and replacement of U.S. troops shortly after he took office in January 1969, a policy supported by Mansfield. During his first term, Nixon reduced American forces by 95%, leaving only 24,200 in late 1972; the last ones left in March 1973.

During the economic crisis of 1971, Mansfield was not afraid to reach across the aisle to help the economy:

What we're in is not a Republican recession or a Democratic recession; both parties had much to do with bringing us where we are today. But we're facing a national situation which calls for the best which all of us can produce, because we know the results will be something which we will regret.[21]

Mansfield attended the November 17, 1976 meeting between President-elect Jimmy Carter and Democratic congressional leaders in which Carter sought out support for a proposal to have the president's power to reorganize the government reinstated with potential to be vetoed by Congress.[22]

Mansfield Amendments

Two controversial amendments by Mansfield limiting military funding of research were passed by Congress.

• The Mansfield Amendment of 1969, passed as part of the fiscal year 1970 Military Authorization Act (Public Law 91-121), prohibited military funding of research that lacked a direct or apparent relationship to specific military function. Through subsequent modification the Mansfield amendment moved the Department of Defense toward the support of more short-term applied research in universities."[23] The amendment affected the military, such as research funding by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).[24]
• The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research through the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which is largely independent of the military, to projects with direct military application.[25]

An earlier Mansfield Amendment, offered in 1971, called for the number of US troops stationed in Europe to be halved. On May 19, 1971, however, the Senate defeated the resolution 61–36.

US ambassador to Japan

1978 painting of Mansfield

Mansfield retired from the Senate in 1976 and was appointed ambassador to Japan in April 1977 by Jimmy Carter,[26] a role that he retained during the Reagan administration until 1988. While serving in Japan, Mansfield was highly respected and was particularly renowned for describing the US-Japan relationship as the "most important bilateral relationship in the world, bar none."[27] Mansfield's successor in Japan, Michael Armacost, noted in his memoirs that for Mansfield, the phrase was a "mantra." While in office, Mansfield also fostered relations between his home state of Montana and Japan. The state capital of Helena is the sister city to Kumamoto, on the island of Kyushu.[28]

Honors

The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library at the University of Montana, Missoula is named after him and his wife Maureen,[29] as was his request when informed of the honor. The library also contains the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center, which is dedicated to Asian studies, and, like the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation, "advancing understanding and co-operation in U.S.-Asia relations." The Mike Mansfield Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Missoula was renamed in his honor in 2002.[30]

The Montana Democratic Party holds an annual Mansfield-Metcalf Dinner named partially in his honor.

In 1977, Mansfield received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[31]

In 1977, he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.[32]

On January 19, 1989, Mansfield and Secretary of State George P. Shultz were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan. In his speech, Reagan recognized Mansfield as someone who has "distinguished himself as a dedicated public servant and loyal American."[33] In 1990, he was given both the United States Military Academy, Sylvanus Thayer Award and Japan's Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon. This is Japan's highest honor for someone who is not a head of state.[34]

In 1999, Missoula's daily newspaper, the Missoulian, chose Mansfield as The Most Influential Montanan of the 20th Century.[35]

Death

Mansfield died at the age of 98 on October 5, 2001.[34] He was survived by his daughter, Anne Fairclough Mansfield (1939–2013),[36] and one granddaughter.

This gentleman went from snuffy to national and international prominence. And when he died in 2001, he was rightly buried in Arlington. If you want to visit his grave, don't look for him near the "Kennedy Eternal Flame", where so many politicians are laid to rest. Look for a small, common marker shared by the majority of our heroes. Look for the marker that says "Michael J. Mansfield, PVT. U.S. Marine Corps".

— Remarks by Col. James Michael Lowe, USMC, October 20, 2004.[37]

The burial plot of Pvt. and Mrs. Mansfield can be found in section 2, marker 49-69F of Arlington National Cemetery.

See also

• List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines
• Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation

Citations

1. Warnock, Eleanor (2012-04-16). "End of an Era: Yamamoto, Top 'America Hand' Dies at 76". Wall Street Journal Japan Real Time. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
2. "New York, New York City Births, 1846-1909," database, FamilySearch(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2W8Z-L89 : accessed 15 May 2016), Michael Joseph Mansfield, 16 Mar 1903; citing Birth, Manhattan, New York, New York, United States, New York Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 1,983,861.
3. Charting a New Course: Mike Mansfield and U.S. Asian Policy. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1978.
4. "Biography". The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.
5. "125 Montana Newsmakers: Mike Mansfield". Great Falls Tribune.
6. "Senate Leaders: Mike Mansfield, Quiet Leadership in Troubled Times". United States Senate.
7. "MANSFIELD, Michael Joseph (Mike), (1903–2001)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
8. Wilson, Richard L. (2002). American Political Leaders. New York: Facts On File, Inc.
9. Glass, Andrew (December 2, 2013). "Mike Mansfield delivers assessment of Vietnam, Dec. 2, 1962". Politico. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
10. "382 - Remarks at the Yellowstone County Fairgrounds, Billings, Montana". American Presidency Project. September 25, 1963.
11. "Eulogies to the Late President Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Fast Facts: Eulogies for President Kennedy. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
12. Andrew J. Bacevich, Washington Rules: America's Path to Permanent War (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010), 103.
13. "Recess Reading: An Occasional Feature From The Judiciary Committee: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Archived from the original on 2017-04-28. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
14. "HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us.
15. "HR. 8601. PASSAGE OF AMENDED BILL".
16. "HR. 7152. PASSAGE".
17. "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN SALE OR RENTAL OF HOUSING, AND TO PROHIBIT RACIALLY MOTIVATED INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON EXERCISING HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES".
18. "S.J. RES. 29. APPROVAL OF RESOLUTION BANNING THE POLL TAX AS PREREQUISITE FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS". GovTrack.us.
19. "TO PASS S. 1564, THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965".
20. "CONFIRMATION OF NOMINATION OF THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE FIRST NEGRO APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT". GovTrack.us.
21. "Economic Crisis: 1971 Year in Review, UPI.com" Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
22. Weaver, Jr., Warren (November 18, 1976). "CARTER ASKS LEADERS OF CONGRESS TO HELP IN A REORGANIZATION". New York Times.
23. "Federally funded research, decisions for a decade" (PDF). Office of Technology Assessment report. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, March 20, 1991.by the United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Science. Pub: Washington: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O., 1991. Chapter 2: The Value of Science and the Changing Research Economy, p. 61.
24. Laitinen, Herbert A. (1970). "Reverberations from the Mansfield Amendment". Analytical Chemistry. 42 (7): 689. doi:10.1021/ac60289a600.
25. "DARPA History". See "Mansfield Amendment of 1973" about halfway down the page.
26. "United States Ambassador to Japan - Nomination of Michael J. Mansfield". American Presidency Project. April 7, 1977.
27. "Testimony of Ambassador to Japan-designate John V. Roos before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, July 23, 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
28. "Mike Mansfield Quiet Leadership in Troubled Times". United States Senate. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
29. "The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library". Course Catalog 2006–2007. The University of Montana. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
30. General Service Administration page on the Mike Mansfield Federal Building and United States Courthouse.
31. National Winners | public service awards Archived 2010-11-24 at the Wayback Machine. Jefferson Awards.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
32. "Recipients | The Laetare Medal". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
33. "Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom: January 19, 1989". The American Presidency Project. January 19, 1989. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
34. Campi, Alicia. "The Role of Mike Mansfield in Consolidating Mongolia's International Status and in Establishing Diplomatic Relations with the United States," Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine The Mansfield Foundation. May 17, 2007.
35. Doherty, Steve (1999). "Special for Missoulian Online - The 100 Most Influential Montanans of the Century". Missoulian. Archived from the original on March 3, 2001. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
36. ANNE F. MANSFIELD Obituary: View ANNE MANSFIELD's Obituary by The Washington Post. Legacy.com (2013-04-24). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
37. Keystonemarines.com Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

General references

Print

• Oberdorfer, Don (2003). Senator Mansfield: The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat. ISBN 1-58834-166-6.
• Olson, Gregory A. (1995). 'Mansfield and Vietnam, a Study in Rhetorical Adaptation. Michigan State University Press. online
• Valeo, Francis R. (1999). Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976. New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0450-7. online
• Whalen, Charles and Barbara (1985). The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Cabin John, Maryland: Seven Locks Press.

Web

• "The Honorable Michael J. Mansfield". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
• Thorne, Christopher (October 11, 2001). "Laid to Rest, A Tribute to Mike Mansfield". Associated Press.

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

External links

• The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation, U.S.-Asia relations
• The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center at the University of Montana
• United States Congress. "Mike Mansfield (id: m000113)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• "Mike Mansfield". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
• Legislative Summary: Statement by Senator Mike Mansfield, John F. Kennedy Library, 1964
• Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – January 19, 1989
• Mike Mansfield Papers (University of Montana Archives)
• Mansfield's America Oral History Project (University of Montana Archives)
• Don Oberdorfer Interviews with Mike Mansfield Oral History Project (University of Montana Archives)
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Michael Mike Mansfield" is available at the Internet Archive
• Appearances on C-SPAN