Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico

Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico is a black and white photograph taken by Ansel Adams, late in the afternoon on November 1, 1941,[1] from a shoulder of highway US 84 / US 285 in the unincorporated community of Hernandez, New Mexico.[2] The approximate location where the image was taken is 36.057186°N 106.116974°W / 36.057186; -106.116974.

Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico

The photograph shows the Moon rising in a dominating black sky above a collection of modest dwellings, a church and a cross-filled graveyard, with snow-covered mountains in the background. Adams captured a single image, with the dying second of sunset lighting the white crosses and buildings. Art historian H. W. Janson called the photograph "a perfect marriage of straight and pure photography".[3]

The photograph became so popular and collectible that Adams personally made over 1,300 photographic prints of it during his long career.[4] The fame of the photograph grew when a 1948 print sold at auction "for the then-unheard-of price of $71,500" in 1971 ($451,400 in 2019); the same print sold for $609,600 in 2006 ($773,100 in 2019) at a Sotheby's auction.[5][6]

Creation

In October 1941, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes hired Adams for six months to create photographs of lands under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior, for use as mural-sized prints for decoration of the department's new Interior Museum.[7] Adams was accompanied by his young son Michael and his best friend Cedric Wright on a long road trip around the west. They came upon the scene while traveling through the Chama River valley toward Española in late afternoon on November 1 (see section "Dating", below); accounts of what transpired differ considerably.

An example of a Weston exposure meter. An average light reading is obtained from the device and the arrow on the circular panel is rotated across the value, yielding a range of aperture and shutter speed combinations that would properly expose the scene.[lower-alpha 1]

The initial publication of Moonrise was at the end of 1942, with a two-page image in U.S. Camera Annual 1943, having being selected by the "photo judge" of U.S. Camera, Edward Steichen.[9] In that publication, Adams gave this account:[10]

It was made after sundown, there was a twilight glow on the distant peaks and clouds. The average light values of the foreground were placed on the "U" of the Weston Master meter; apparently the values of the moon and distant peaks did not lie higher than the "A" of the meter ...[lower-alpha 2] Some may consider this photograph a "tour de force" but I think of it as a rather normal photograph of a typical New Mexican landscape. Twilight photography is unfortunately neglected; what may be drab and uninteresting by daylight may assume a magnificent quality in the halflight between sunset and dark.

Adams' later accounts were more dramatic. In his autobiography, completed by his assistant and editor Mary Alinder shortly after his 1984 death, the traveling companions encountered a "fantastic scene", a church and cemetery near Hernandez, New Mexico, and pulled to the side of the road. Adams recalled that he yelled at his son Michael and at Wright to "Get this! Get that, for God's sake! We don't have much time!"[9] Desperate to capture the image in the fading light, they scrambled to set up the tripod and camera, knowing that only moments remained before the light was gone.

Adams had given a similar account in his 1983 book Examples: The Making of 40 Photographs[11]

I could not find my Weston exposure meter! The situation was desperate: the low sun was trailing the edge of clouds in the west, and shadow would soon dim the white crosses ... I suddenly realized that I knew the luminance of the Moon – 250 cd/ft2. Using the Exposure Formula, I placed this value on Zone VII ... Realizing as I released the shutter that I had an unusual photograph which deserved a duplicate negative, I quickly reversed the film holder, but as I pulled the darkslide, the sunlight passed from the white crosses; I was a few seconds too late! The lone negative suddenly became precious.

Dating the image

Beaumont Newhall, a photographer, curator and friend of Adams, was curious that Adams did not know the date of the photograph.[12] While Adams remembered that the photograph was taken in the autumn, he had variously given the year as 1940, 1941, 1942, and—despite the picture having been published in 1943—1944.[11]

Newhall wondered if the astronomical information in the photograph could provide the answer, so he approached David Elmore of the High Altitude Observatory in Boulder, Colorado. Focusing on the autumn months of 1941 through 1944, Elmore found 36 plausible dates for the image. Elmore determined a probable location and direction for the camera alongside the highway. Using that location information, he then plotted the Moon's apparent position on his computer screen for those dates to find a match. Elmore concluded that Moonrise was taken on October 31, 1941, at 4:03 p.m.[12][13] Adams thanked Elmore for determining the date and used that date in several subsequent publications, including his 1983 book Examples: The Making of 40 Photographs that used the date but rounded the time to 4:05 p.m.

Dennis di Cicco of Sky & Telescope magazine read about Elmore's results and tried verifying them. Di Cicco entered the position, direction, and time into a program that displayed the Moon's position, but the resulting position did not match the Moonrise image. Di Cicco was intrigued by the discrepancy. Working off and on over the next ten years, including a visit to the location, Di Cicco concluded in 1991 "that Adams had been at the edge of the old roadbed, about 50 feet west of the spot on the modern highway that Elmore had identified".[14] Di Cicco's calculations determined that the image was taken at 4:49:20 p.m. on November 1, 1941.[12] He reviewed his calculations with Elmore, who agreed with Di Cicco's result. Elmore had been misled by his computer monitor's distortion with an additional slight discrepancy in Adams' coordinates.[12][15] In 1981, the IBM PC's CGA display did not have a 1:1 pixel aspect ratio; plotting software would have to compensate for that aspect ratio to make an isotropic plot.

Notes
  1. The "A" and "C" positions ("Absence of contrast" and "Contrast") can also be used for flat or high contrast scenes, halving or doubling the exposure respectively. The "U" or "O" positions ("Underexposed" and "Overexposed") represent the limits of the range of light that film could reproduce.[8]
  2. Adams set his exposure so that the dark foreground wouldn't be underexposed. He also noted that relative to this exposure, the Moon and peaks were still quite dim.

References
  1. Szasz, Ferenc (2006). Larger than life: New Mexico in the twentieth century. UNM Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-8263-3883-6.
  2. Alinder, Mary Street (1998). Ansel Adams: A Biography. New York: Macmillan. p. 185. ISBN 0-8050-5835-4.
  3. Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2003). History of art: the Western tradition. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0-13-182895-7. Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico.
  4. Alinder 1998, pp. 45–46, 55–57, 62, 92, 99, 102, 112, 125, 188–191, 252, 354
  5. "Art Market Watch". Artnet. 2006-10-27. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  6. "Adams, Samaras set records at NYC Polaroid auction". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. June 22, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  7. "Ansel Adams Photographs". 15 August 2016.
  8. Weston Master III manual.
  9. Adams, Ansel; Mary Street Alinder (1996). Ansel Adams, an autobiography. New York: Little, Brown. pp. 27–31, 59, 81, 113–114, 118, 192, 230–233. ISBN 978-0-8212-2241-6.
  10. Maloney, T. J. (1942). U.S. Camera 1943 annual. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce. p. 89.
  11. Adams, Ansel (1983). Examples: the Making of 40 Photographs. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0-8212-1750-X.
  12. Haederle, Mike (1991-10-31). "It is Ansel Adams' single most popular picture. And no one, not even the photographer, was sure when it was made. Until now. : 'Moonrise' Mystery". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  13. Callahan, Sean (January 1981). "Short Takes: Countdown to Moonrise". American Photographer. Vol. 6. pp. 30–31. ISSN 0161-6854.
  14. Portions of the old highway are still visible on Google Maps.
  15. di Cicco, Dennis (November 1991). "Dating Ansel Adams' Moonrise". Sky & Telescope. Vol. 82 no. 5. pp. 529–33. ISSN 0037-6604.
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